Jan C. Schippers November 2011 Chile 22/11
Water consump.on and water cycle, 2008 Direct and indirect water consump>on equals: Abstrac>on: 9,000 10 9 /m 3 year. 4,000 10 9. Precipita>on on land: 100,000 10 9. Evapora>on: 60,000 10 9 Available: 40,000 10 9 Seawater: 13,700,000,000 10 9 2
Plenty of water, however on earth Rain fall is not evenly divided; Popula>on is not evenly divided; Water use is not evenly divided. 3
World water use in 10 9 m 3 /year 4
Projected water scarcity in 2025 5
Annual Renewable Water Resources 2500 ANNUAL RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCES (m 3 per capita) 2000 1500 1000 500 Water scarcity 0 Kuwait UAE Saudi Arabia Libya Singapore Yemen Israel Oman Algeria Tunisia Egypt Morocco India Iran China 6
Where will the people affected by water scarcity live? Renewable Water resources m 3 /capita/year 2.750 2.200 1.650 1.100 550 0 2008 2050 Water Scarcity <1000 m 3 /capita/year Kuwait United Arab Qatar Bahamas Yemen Saudi Arabia Libya Maldives Malta Singapore Bahrain Jordan Israel Barbados Algeria Djibou> Tunisia St Oman An>gua and Cape Verde Egypt Syria Kenya Burkina Faso Cyprus Morocco Rwanda South Africa Lebanon Malawi Eritrea Pakistan Hai> Ethiopia Burundi Sudan Somalia Nigeria Uganda Tanzania Niger Afganistan Zimbabwe By 2050, over 70 % of water scarce countries may be in the developing world Source : FAO Aquastat, 2011 & World Bank, 2011
Has Chile water stress or water scarcity? 8
Water stress low moderate high very high and more The water stress index is a measure of the ra.o between the water demand and the availability of renewable groundwater resources water stress index 9
Water stress in Chile low moderate high very high and more water stress index 10
Renewable sources 59,000 m 3 (including inflow from other countries) per person per year; Withdrawals are 1600 m 3 per person per year; However Rain fall is not evenly divided; Popula>on is not evenly divided; Water use is not evenly divided. 11
Integrated water resource management; Master plan Comprises inventory of: - - all current and future water consump>on; - - all current water resources: -. Renewable -. Non renewable e.g. (partly ground water) - - all poten>al solu>ons to meet water shortage. Inventory of impact of all different poten.al solu.ons on short and long term: - - - - financially; socially; environmentally e.g. energy, wildlife, marine life. poli>cally. Resul.ng in a Master plan to be discussed with all stakeholders, to be adapted and finally to be implemented. 12
Poten.al technical solu.ons to solve water stresses/scarcity Saving water: Saving water: Saving water: Increasing (water related) produc>vity in agriculture and industry. Reducing water footprint of products. Reducing leakages in public water supply. Progressive tariffs. Water transporta.on Large distances. Aquifer storage Water reuse: Desalina.on River water during high flow. Further increasing reuse e.g. in industry (recycling) and domes>c waste water for agriculture. Brackish water/waste water and sea water. 13
Poli.cal solu.ons Beyond the scope of this presenta>on 14
Desalina.on processes Dis.lla.on processes; For seawater only. Mul. Stage Flash (MSF). Mul. Effect Dis.lla.on (MED) Membrane processes;. Reverse Osmosis (RO); For seawater and brackish water. Electrodialysis (ED); For brackish water only 15
Seawater desalina.on capacity in the world Capacity (Mm 3 /day) 50 45 40 MED ED RO 35 MSF NF Total 30 25 20 15 10 5 Total RO MSF MED 0 ED 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 NF Source: DesalData, 2011 16
Dominant technology Reverse osmosis is the dominant technology applied for: - - brackish water desalina>on; seawater desalina>on. 17
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Israel is in the process of installing rapidly large seawater desalina>on capacity. Finally 75% of fresh water capacity will be based upon seawater desalina>on. Other countries in the Gulf rely for almost 100 %, already for many decades on seawater desalina>on e.g. Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain. 19
Desalina.on Capacity Source: Sabine Lattemann 20
Cost indica.ons US $/m 3 Seawater reverse osmosis 0.50 1.00 Brackish water reverse osmosis 0.25 0.50 Advanced waste water treatment for water reuse 0.25 0.50 21
Spanish cost calcula.on for seawater RO Total cost are below 0.50/m 3 Electric power cost are dominant (3 kwh/m 3 ), single pass. 42 % Capital cost are second in size. 28 % Chemical cost 9 % Membrane replacement cost 7 % 22