Zentrum für Sonnenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW)

Zentrum für Sonnenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) Stuttgart: Photovoltaics Division, Energy Policy and Energy Carriers Central Office Widderstall: Outdoor Test Facility Ulm: Electrochemical Energy Technologies Division -1-

Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) 1988: ZSW was established as a non-profit foundation under the civil code. 2010: more than 180 employees work at 3 locations in Baden-Württemberg Goal of the foundation: Industry-oriented research and technology transfer in the field of renewable energies -2-

Technology Transfer at ZSW Technical maturity Fundamental research Applied research Industry -3- Time

-4- ZSW Organisational Chart

R&D Topics at ZSW Energy systems analysis Accumulators Fuel cells R&D Topics Photovoltaics: Materials research Photovoltaics: Systems technology Fuels and hydrogen -5-

Systems Analysis Policy consulting Technology evaluation Promotion strategies Monitoring of renewable energies (AGEE-Stat) Non-linear modeling wind energy forecast -6-

Fuels and Hydrogen Production of renewable fuels Gas processing technology / chemical energy storage (Focus: SNG / H 2 ) Thermo-chemical conversion of biomass (AER) Fuel reforming / fuel synthesis -7-

Fuel cells Cell and manufacturing technology, modeling and simulation, stack integration Fundamental research on fuel cells, alcohol cells, metal-air-cells Fuel cell test center, hydrogen and methanol systems, automotive systems technology -8-

Photovoltaics: Materials Research Semiconductor development Thin films Manufacturing processes Flexible solar modules New materials for solar cells -9-

Photovoltaics: Systems Technology Tests in laboratory and outdoors Europ s largest solar testing facility Plant measurement Yield prognosis / meteorology Module technology Building integration -10-

Accumulators Synthesis, evaluation and characterisation of active materials Cell manufacturing technology and post mortem analyses Battery test field, parameters, life-time and safety Battery management, modeling and simulation -11-

ZSW in Ulm Electrochemical Energy Technologies Division Electrochemical Energy Technologies Division -12-

ZSW in the City of Science Ulm New ZSW building: elab in 2011 University Ulm ZSW

Electrochemical Energy Technologies Fuel cells: technology, systems, test center Accumulators and supercapacitors Materials, systems, qualification Scientific co-operations national and international Industrial co-operations national and international New building 2008: 1000 m² technology center with Würth solar power plant Area ZSW Ulm

Electrochemical Energy Technologies (EC) Departments Fuel Cell Systems (ECS) Accumulators Materials Research (ECM) Fuel Cell Stacks (ECB) Fuel Cell Fundamentals (ECG) Accumulators (ECA)

Electrochemical Energy Technologies (EC) Heads of Departments Fuel Cell Fundamentals (ECG) Dr. Ludwig Jörissen Accumulators (ECA) Dr. Harry Döring Fuel Cell Stacks (ECB) Dr. Joachim Scholta Accumulators Materials Development (ECM) Dr. Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens Fuel Cell Systems (ECS) Dr. Alexander Kabza

Electrochemical Energy Technologies (EC) Heads of Departments Fuel Cell Fundamentals (ECG) Dr. Ludwig Jörissen Accumulators (ECA) Dr. Harry Döring Fuel Cell Stacks (ECB) Dr. Joachim Scholta Fuel Cell Systems (ECS) Dr. Alexander Kabza Accumulators Materials Development (ECM) Dr. Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens - Development of active materials - Evaluation and synthesis - Post mortem analysis - Cells manufacturing technology

Requirements on Accumulators for new Applications Safety Power Density Accumulators Energy content Batteries for customer: < 90 Wh Hybrid cars: 1-2 kwh Plug-In HEV: 6-10 kwh Battery vehicle: > 20 kwh Energy Density Costs Lifetime

Requirements on Accumulators for new Applications Safety Power Density Accumulators Energy content Batteries for customer: < 90 Wh Hybrid cars: 1-2 kwh Plug-In HEV: 6-10 kwh Battery vehicle: > 20 kwh Energy Density Costs Lifetime new materials and concepts needed

Electrochemical Materials Development

Synthesis of new Active Materials For batteries For supercapacitors For fuel cells Ongoing process Kilogram scale Optimization, morphology and particle size Parameter optimization

Characterization Glove box Electrochemical methods Impedance spectroscopy X-ray powder diffractometry Rietveld, DIFFaX Scanning electron microscopy with EDX analysis 3D optical microscopy Thermal analysis Gas adsorption methods (BET) Mercury porosimetry ICP-OES (elemental analysis), FTIR, UV-VIS

Cathode Materials: Structures Layer structure LiCoO 2, Li(Ni,Co)O 2, LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 Spinel structure LiMn 2 O 4, LiMn 1.5 Me 0.5 O 4 Olivine structure LiFePO 4, LiMePO 4 Differences in ionic conduction and stability of the grid in delihated state

Lithium-Ion Batteries Lithium-ion cell forms: Round cells and Foil cells overpressure valve deflector negative pole sealing gasket Deckteil Abstandhalter Laminierter Film separator Grafitverbindungen (anode) Li-Verbindungen (cathode) Li-Verbindungen (cathode) Grafitverbindungen (anode) positive pole Source: Varta Kritisch: Ableiter, Druckabbau

Electrochemical Energy Technologies (EC) Heads of Departments Fuel Cell Fundamentals (ECG) Dr. Ludwig Jörissen Fuel cell Stacks (ECB) Accumulators (ECA) Dr. Harry Döring - Battery tests - Battery safety tests - Battery systems engineering Dr. Joachim Scholta Fuel Cell Systems (ECS) Dr. Alexander Kabza Accumulators Materials Research (ECM) Dr. Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens

Battery seminars / Battery training Contents: Fundamentals Lead-acid batteries Nickel-metal hydride battery Lithium battery Systems engineering

Investigation of Battery Safety 100.0 C 100 80 Honda-Civic HEV battery modified from NiMH on Li-ion Lifetime and safety investigations Nail penetration test 60 40 20 15.4 C

Battery tests & modeling Average discharge power for NiMH-module LEXUS submodul Nominal capacity: 6.5Ah, Nominal voltage: 125 V, Number of cells: 96 Number of modules: 12 theoretic PP discharge 0.9V/cell P 20C DCH average [W] theoretic PP discharge 2/3 OCV P 15C DCH average [W] -25000 P 10C DCH average [W] P 5C DCH average [W] Average 10 sec discharge power [W] -20000-15000 -10000-5000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 SOC LEXUS Ni-MH HEV battery prepared for performance testing, tests for thermal balancing and parameters generated by modeling

Electric Power Storage for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems for Houses or Villages Mr. James Wafula, PV system installer, and Mr. Japhet Diru, house-owner, in front of a newly electrified home at Kitale, Kenya Picture: Renewable Energy World, Jan Feb 2001 Enersys Huada Solar, 3 x 110 cells, lead, 2 V / 1300 Ah GFM S/85/1300, 3 parallel lines with additional parallel connections on every 5th cell, total 858 kwh, daily cycling ca. 15%

Universitiy Ulm New building in 2011 in Ulm: elab - ZSW Laboratory for battery technology

New 6.600 m² in June 2011 Equipment: - Lithium-ion cells production technology - 3 safety test bunker - 20 test cabins with climate chambers - car cabins

Topics: Battery safety and battery test center Safety, lifetime and electrical tests for cells Modules and battery systems up to 20 kwh Nail penetration test Lithium-ion cells production technologies Optimization of cells manufacturing processes New materials verification in standard cells Post mortem analyses Coating

Battery safety test center Battery test center Li-ion cells production technology

Weiterbildungszentrum Brennstoffzelle Ulm e.v. WBZU Der Verein Eingetragener, gemeinnütziger Verein seit Juli 2002 Standort: Ulm / Science Park 50 Vereinsmitglieder Wirtschaftsunternehmen und Energieversorger Handwerksverbände und Kammern Forschungsorganisationen Hochschulen WBZU Das Themen-Angebot Brennstoffzelle Wasserstoff Batterie Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung WBZU Die Zielgruppen Handwerk Industrie Schulen und Hochschulen Entscheidungsträger und Öffentlichkeit

References Supply Industry OEM and User