LEGRAND INVESTOR DAY. July 3, 2014 Afternoon



Similar documents
Investor Day. Group Strategy. Jean-Pascal Tricoire Chairman & CEO. February 20, 2014

Investor day. November 17, Energy business Michel Crochon Executive Vice President

MADE TO TRADE. Media-Saturn Group Online Strategy

Property & Casualty: AXA Direct

VOLEX INTERIM RESULTS TO OCTOBER Christoph Eisenhardt, CEO Nick Parker, CFO November 2014

The impact of the growing online market on the sanitary, heating & plumbing industry

Advance your CPQ selling process. Table of Contents. Product Brief Grow your business with product configuration management

EUROPE S LEADING ONLINE FASHION DESTINATION Q4 / Full-Year 2014 Earnings Call 5 March 2015

T H E O P P O R T U N I T Y O N L I N E F A S H I O N I N E U R O P E

Legrand. Group. LEGRAND GROUP World specialist in products and systems for electrical installations and data networks CORE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE

Focus on fleet customers SAF-HOLLAND Annual Financial Statements 2013

What Information Can I Expect From a Presentation by Swiss Life?

STAR CONFERENCE 2015 Milan

First quarter Wednesday, April 22, Bezons

Analyst Roundtable. Cologne, December 12, 2013

The Customer Relationship Management Process

Goldman Sachs European Financials Conference Improving growth and profitability in life insurance. Bruno Pfister, Group CEO Berlin, 11 June 2008

Future of European Consumer Finance A joint Eurofinas Roland Berger Survey

Société Générale Premium Review 2013 Paris

Four distribution strategies for extending ERP to boost business performance

DATA CENTER SOLUTIONS GUIDE

WE ARE. SHOWROOMPRIVE.com FY2015 RESULTS February, 16 th 2016

Atos to enhance its global leadership in digital services

JP Morgan European Capital Goods CEO Conference 2015

France Telecom Orange investor day conquests 2015

EUROPE S LEADING ONLINE FASHION DESTINATION Q Earnings Call 12 November 2015

IT AND DIGITAL SOLUTIONS. Cristina Ruiz

HAIER ELECTRONICS GROUP CO., LTD (STOCK CODE: 1169)

Migros Ticaret A.Ş. Tesco Kipa Acquisition Roadmap. June 2016

How To Profit From Trailer Production

H Earning Results JULY 30 TH, 2014

Investor day. November 17, Power business Julio Rodriguez Executive Vice President

IT BUSINESS. Hal Grant, EVP IT. February 19, 2015

Saft Groupe SA Full year results 2014

2016 Interim Results Presentation 24 November 2015

Ángel Rivera Head of Retail & Commercial Banking

NKT Carnegie - Nilfisk Americas Roadshow

Telecom Italia Citi: 11th Annual European & Emerging Markets Telecoms Conference London, 22 March 2011

Lecture Series: Consumer Electronics Supply Chain Management

Full Year Report January 2006

Interim report Second quarter 2015

Ten Steps to CRM Success. A Customer Relationship Management White Paper

From Data to Decision

FINANCIAL OVERVIEW. Juan Carlos Baena

Organic Growth and Strategic Acquisitions. Delivered record 66 million of validated cost savings to our customers

Strategic Supply Chain Management The five disciplines for top performance. Food & Consumer Products of Canada Webinar Toronto, February 24, 2014

August 11, Q Earnings Presentation

Capital Markets Day. Feb 3, 2015 The New York Stock Exchange

Second Quarter and First Half 2015 Trading Update

FINANCIAL RESULTS Q4/2015 & 2015 ESA TIHILÄ, CEO NICLAS ROSENLEW, CFO FEBRUARY 2, 2016

Javier Marín Private Banking, Asset Management and Insurance

Recommended Acquisition of Networkers International plc Presentation to Analysts & Investors

Building out the Global Leadership in Online Takeaway

Investor Day. February 20, IT Business. Daniel Doimo EVP, IT Business

Creating value in the mobile and fixed businesses

ABHINAV NATIONAL MONTHLY REFEREED JOURNAL OF REASEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT

CASE STUDY: UTILISING E-BUSINESS TECHNOLOGIES FOR MARKETING SUPPORT IN THE CE INDUSTRY

CRM Buyer s Guide. Volume III: How Can I Get the Most from My Chosen CRM Solution?

Life & Protection. Scott Ham CEO. John Hunter COO. Analyst & Investor Conference

Corporate & Investment Banking Top 5 position in Europe

FY 2013 Results & Strategic Outlook STAR Conference

Telecom Italia Group CARLO BUORA. Executive Deputy Chairman

telegate group: 6-months results 2010

NetSuite: Global Leader in Cloud ERP

INDUSTRY BUSINESS. Clemens Blum, EVP Industry. February 19, 2015

DSV Air & Sea, Inc. Aerospace Sector. DSV Air & Sea, Inc. Aerospace

France Telecom Orange investor day conquests 2015

Case Study: The Hong Kong and China Gas Co. Ltd. (Towngas) Optimizes Customer Care and Field Service Operations by Leveraging CRM Technology

Service Excellence Study 2014

SBERBANK GROUP S IFRS RESULTS. March 2015

Full Year 2012 Results. Madrid, February 28 th, 2013

CURATING THE ASSORTMENT. Capital Markets Day 25 March 2015

Agenda. Company Platform Customers Partners Competitive Analysis

Accelerating for the future. Amer Sports CMD 2014 // Heikki Takala, President & CEO

Investor s day. 15th June 2012

Key Trends in Outsourced Contact Centers. 12 Congreso Andino, April 2015 Peter Ryan, Principal Analyst

Agility Logistics Datacenter Trends in Enterprises. Ben N. Hasnai VP IT Infrastructure and Operations

GLOBAL BANKING & MARKETS

Cisco IT Data Center and Operations Control Center Tour

Reaching the audience. Ströer enters the online advertising business Investor call, 17 December 2012

The face of consistent global performance

Axel Springer acquires Business Insider Investor/Analyst Conference Call

MonotaRO Co.,Ltd Tokyo Stock Exchange First Section

Zalando Europe s leading online fashion destination. May 22, 2014 Zalando AG

Transcription:

LEGRAND INVESTOR DAY July 3, 2014 Afternoon

INVESTOR DAY AGENDA Introduction Gilles Schnepp, Chairman and CEO Further enhancing Legrand s growth potential Benoît Coquart, Executive Vice President Strategy and Development Megatrends boosting growth and innovation Fabrizio Fabrizi, Executive Vice President Innovation and Systems Towards a multipolar organization Patrice Soudan, Deputy CEO and COO Value creation management Antoine Burel, Executive Vice President CFO Lunch break Legrand s international development model Frédéric Xerri, Executive Vice President Export Business innovations in France Bruno Barlet, Executive Vice President France North America John Selldorff, President and CEO Legrand North America Final Q&A and wrap-up 10:30 AM 10:50 AM 10:50 AM 11:35 AM 11:35 AM 12:20 PM 12:20 PM 01:05 PM 01:05 PM 01:15 PM 01:15 PM 02:15 PM 02:15 PM 03:00 PM 03:00 PM 03:45 PM 03:45 PM 04:30 PM 04:30 PM 04:55 PM 2

LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL Frédéric Xerri Executive VP Export Investor Day July 3, 2014

AGENDA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PHASE 1 CREATION OF AN ANCHOR POINT PHASE 2 ENLARGEMENT TO NEW PRODUCTS OR CHANNELS PHASE 3 SATURATION OF EXISTING DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS PHASE 4 LEVERAGING OFFER IN COMPLEMENTARY CHANNELS CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESS MATURITY CYCLE CONCLUSION 2

1 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL PHASE 1 CREATION OF AN ANCHOR POINT A THROUGH ORGANIC GROWTH STEP 1 Push strategy Direct export to customers STEP 2 Mono channel Opportunistic Pull strategy Representative office Specified Structured STEP 3 Push / Pull strategy Creation of subsidiary Typology of business Legrand is a local actor B THROUGH ACQUISITIONS 3

2 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL PHASE 2 ENLARGEMENT TO NEW PRODUCTS OR NEW CHANNELS Enlargement of the offer through specification From a product approach to the specifications for a global solution: VDI, power, wiring devices Possible thanks to the anchor point allowing brand recognition Enlargement of channels through specification or push From electrical distributors to panel builders From systems integrators to datacom/it distributors 4

3 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL PHASE 3 SATURATION OF EXISTING DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS ED (1) RETAIL DIY DATACOM IT PB (2) TRUNKING SOCKET CIRCUIT BREAKER POWER We do segment the offer for saturating channels VDI DES (3) UPS Saturating distribution channels: means more sales with same sales organization leads to more attractive sales conditions for our partners increases brand loyalty We enter into a virtuous circle (1) ED: Electrical Distribution (2) PB: Panel Builder (3) DES: Door Entry Systems 5

3 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL PHASE 3 EXAMPLE UPS IN VARIOUS CHANNELS Retail DIY Electrical distributors Web shop 6

4 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL PHASE 4 LEVERAGING OFFER IN COMPLEMENTARY CHANNELS Lighting showrooms Assisted living channel Manufacturer services E-business Retailers Web retailers DIY Web shops Distributors Web platforms 7

5 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL 4 CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESS Know your market Right understanding of the local market Know what to do A clear and defined ambition A segmented approach / The right offer for the right channel Reach the right expertise Design office Training center Central business development Local business development/local expert/areas Export marketing Human resources Effective organization and staffing The right system of motivation 8

6 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL MATURITY CYCLE Creation of anchor point Philippines Burkina Faso Pakistan Bangladesh Kenya Etc. Enlargement of the offer Saudi Arabia Malaysia Slovakia Romania United Arab Emirates India Australia Czech Republic Etc. Saturation of channel Russia Chile Colombia Spain Portugal Belgium Etc. 9

7 LEGRAND S INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL CONCLUSION Many countries are still at the beginning of the maturity cycle Legrand is organizing itself in these countries Potential for growth is still very high 10

BUSINESS INNOVATIONS IN FRANCE Bruno Barlet Executive VP France Investor Day July 3 2014

AGENDA 1 2 3 4 5 MARKET TRENDS LEGRAND S KEY ASSETS & EXPERTISE INNOVATION & BUSINESS INITIATIVES MIX OPPORTUNITIES DIGITAL ACCELERATION 2

1 MARKET TRENDS 3

1 MARKET TRENDS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE & CONNECTED BUILDINGS All electrical & digital Connected buildings Move toward sustainable building New professional behaviors & needs 4 4

1 MARKET TRENDS MARKETS: LARGER PLAYING FIELD (1/2) Customers Channels D.I.Y. M.R.O. distribution Electrical distribution End users Multi-tech contractors Technical engineers Architects Systems Products Electrical contractors Offers M.R.O. : Maintenance Repair & Operations 5 5

1 MARKET TRENDS MARKETS: LARGER PLAYING FIELD (2/2) Customers D.I.Y. E-commerce Electrical distribution M.R.O. distribution Channels Investors / End users Integrators / Service providers Prefab M.R.O. / Multi-tech contractors Technical Distributio engineers Architects n Electrique Electrical contractors Solutions Systems Products Offers M.R.O. : Maintenance Repair & Operations Prefab: Electrical pre-fabrication 6

2 LEGRAND S KEY ASSETS & EXPERTISE 7

2 LEGRAND S KEY ASSETS & EXPERTISE E l e c t r i c a l & d i g i t a l e q u i p m e n t s p e n d i n g s DIFFERENT NEEDS ALONG THE BUILDING LIFE CYCLE B u i l d i n g l i f e t i m e Construction Space equipment & upgrading Extensive refurbishment Electrical & digital MRO Legrand solutions at each stage in the building life cycle Construction & original equipment Maintenance / Repair / Extension Extensive refurbishment Scope of solutions: full infrastructure & user interfaces 8

2 LEGRAND S KEY ASSETS & EXPERTISE BUILDING EQUIPMENT: A HIGHLY FRAGMENTED MARKET 75% of buildings < 1,000 square meters 20,000 catalog references cover 50% of electrical contractors needs (1) 80,000 (2) companies install and maintain buildings 4,000 (2) points of sales proposing Legrand products (1) In value (2) French Market data (Electrical Distribution / MRO & DIY stores) 9

2 LEGRAND S KEY ASSETS & EXPERTISE CLOSE TIES & SUPPORT TO PROFESSIONALS 30,000 professionals have close relationships with Legrand teams 3,500 professionals attended Innoval training programs in 2013 20,000 professionals (1) use Legrand software and mobile apps Salesforce C.R.M. (1) Source: Legrand C.R.M. 10

2 LEGRAND S KEY ASSETS & EXPERTISE SPONTANEOUS BRAND AWARENESS AMONG END USERS End user brand awareness: wiring devices in France «What are the brands that you know, in electrical wiring devices (even by name only)» 34% 4% 4% 3% 3% B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 Other brands (1) Source: Image and brand awareness study (Ipsos 2013) 11

2 LEGRAND S KEY ASSETS & EXPERTISE DIY: CATEGORY MANAGEMENT & CONSUMER RELATIONS END-USER EXPERIENCE Discover Choose Configure CATEGORY MANAGEMENT Select Merchandize Manage performance Innovations & News Promotions Web configurators Videos Catalogs User guides Digital connection between stores & Legrand 12

3 INNOVATION & BUSINESS INITIATIVES 13

3 INNOVATION & BUSINESS INITIATIVES CUSTOMER INTIMACY PROGRAM WITH PROFESSIONALS Legrand professional web portal Listen to customers Give customers high level of feed-back Show consideration & connectivity Personnalized Make customer job easier Simplify access to useful information Provide news & services Simple Connect all information & interfaces to the Legrand sales force Integrated SMART / PERSONALIZED / MOBILE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE 14 14

3 INNOVATION & BUSINESS INITIATIVES 8 INNOVAL SHOWROOMS IN FRANCE (1) CUSTOMER PROJECTS MEET LEGRAND SOLUTIONS DISCOVER EXPERIENCE QUOTE / SPECIFY TRAIN NETWORK SUPPORT (1) Under construction: 2014-2015 15

3 INNOVATION & BUSINESS INITIATIVES VERTICAL BUSINESS APPROACH: TODAY Legrand comprehensive solutions New collective housing Social housing Needs Energy management Media management Wiring devices Lighting Emergency lighting Access control & CCTV Assisted living Home & building automation Security Energy efficiency Aging population Competitiveness Efficiency Sustainability Dedicated sales team to maximize cross-selling & solution approach >> Vertical approach targeting specifiers, installers & maintainers 16 16

3 INNOVATION & BUSINESS INITIATIVES VERTICAL BUSINESS APPROACH: TOMORROW New scope of connected solutions for Lower building OPEX New collective housing Social housing Legrand devices will be connected > to deliver information > to enable remote monitoring > to improve maintenance efficiency Propose connected services by Legrand Access control / emergency lighting / energy management, etc. 17 17

4 MIX OPPORTUNITIES 18

4 MIX OPPORTUNITIES ENERGY SAVING SOLUTIONS Index (in value terms) 100 175 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Est. 2014 Est. 2009-2014 CAGR: +12 % 19

4 MIX OPPORTUNITIES RESIDENTIAL DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE Index data (in value terms) 100 165 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Est. 2014 Est. 2009-2014 CAGR: +11 % 20

4 MIX OPPORTUNITIES END USER & WIRING DEVICES CHOICE Celiane decorative plates - average sales prices (index) 25 10 3 1.3 1.5 1 1 ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS DIY / RETAIL E-COMMERCE 21

5 DIGITAL ACCELERATION 22 22

5 DIGITAL ACCELERATION Thousands of single visitors 6 000 LEGRAND FRANCE WEB TRAFFIC: 2009-2014 5 000 4 000 3 000 2 000 1 000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 E 2014 Legrand web sites traffic x 2.5 over 5 years 23

5 DIGITAL ACCELERATION ONLINE DIGITAL CONFIGURATORS LEADS & SALES GENERATION TRANSFERRED TO PARTNERS Electrical distributors (1) Electrical contractors (1) DIY stores & webstores (1) Pure players webshops (1) ONLINE DEMAND GENERATION Legrand online configurators (1) Commercial partnerships involve data / tech and sales support / web engineering / loyalty programs and more 24

NORTH AMERICA John Selldorff President and CEO Legrand North America Investor Day July 3, 2014

NORTH AMERICA Wiring devices Cable management Overhead systems VDI Lighting management Home automation Audio-video Cabling systems LEGRAND NORTH AMERICA HISTORY Wiring devices Cable management VDI Overhead systems Lighting management Home automation Audio-video Cabling systems $60M $600M $1.2Bn 1984 2002 2005 2007 2008 2011 2014 Pass & Seymour Slater Electric WattStopper Ortronics Wiremold Greyfox Systems, etc. 2

VOLUME Design Digital engagement Application solutions New channels Expanded catalog Scale and stature Aligned sales Cross selling Teamwork & collaboration INTERSECTION OF EXPERTISE Back office Rationalization Make vs. buy Low cost country Energy efficiency Productivity tool kit Strategic approach to docking Range strategy Best practices VALUE 3

VOLUME Design Digital engagement Application solutions New channels Expanded catalog Scale and stature Aligned sales Cross selling Teamwork & collaboration INTERSECTION OF EXPERTISE Back office Rationalization Make vs. buy Low cost country Energy efficiency Productivity tool kit Strategic approach to docking Range strategy Best practices VALUE 4

NORTH AMERICA INNOVATION VOLUME: SOLUTIONS APPROACH FOR DATA CENTER Airflow management A new foundation for the OSI model the critical role physical infrastructure plays in network performance. Solution Wins Energy efficiency and lower operating cost by focusing on the IT operator and their needs in the white space 5

NORTH AMERICA INNOVATION USING DIGITAL TO ENGAGE CUSTOMERS DIRECTLY Digital communications Web site CRM Marketing automation We are leading the use of digital capabilities to change how a traditional industry operates. Digital training All training Highest ranked web site in our industry 2013: Alexa ranking Digital tools Specify & quote Design & configure Automation tools Web shop Digital information flow Data storage Building Information Modeling Attribute management Business software 6

NORTH AMERICA INNOVATION RANGE STRATEGY Reinvented a boring category Expanded range Differentiated offering Used design and function as a high value benefit Value per unit Increase in choices New functionality 6 x 10 x 12 x 4 finishes 2 on/off options 1 automation type 32 finishes 7 on/off options 12 automation types 7

NORTH AMERICA ACQUISITION EXPANSION INTO NEW CHANNELS Sales Integrators Webshop Lighting showrooms A/V Home automation security IT Retail Core distribution Almost 28% of sales today are from new channels due to acquisitions 8

NORTH AMERICA ACQUISITION SCALE & STATURE STRATEGIC RELATIONSHIP GROWTH Legrand has outpaced Leviton in design and new Audio-video technology. Cable tray LEGRAND: Delta Strut won EC&M Product of the Year Competition Cable assemblies Supplier Partner of the Year - Yale Appliance & Lighting blog Lighting control Datacom Supplier Partner of the Year Wiring devices Wire and cable management LEGRAND: Only Manufacturer nominated in all 4 award categories won in 2 (Service & Support). 9

NORTH AMERICA INTEGRATION CROSS-SELLING TEAMWORK & COLLABORATION Wiremold and Middle Atlantic collaborate for launch of Evolution Ceiling Box We will not allow anything but P&S on the new tower and it just makes sense to bundle Ortronics, Cablofil and now WattStopper as well. Gary Brown Cook Children s Hospital Cook Children s Hospital Palmetto health Sharing of information in order to drive specification of Legrand lines 10

NORTH AMERICA INTEGRATION REDUCE THE COMPLEXITY FOR THE CUSTOMER PAST CURRENT Products Business Unit products Business Unit products Business Unit products Business Unit products Business Unit products SIMPLE FEWER BUSINESSES SHARED SALESFORCE Sales Sales Sales Sales Sales Sales Sales Sales Retail stores Channel Channel Channel Channel Channel Channel Channel COMPLEX SIMPLE 11

NORTH AMERICA INTERSECTION OF EXPERTISE: VERTICAL MARKET EXAMPLE - HEALTHCARE 82% less energy consumption with Wattstopper complete energy management solution Beat energy efficiency goal for ASHRAE 2007 standards for hospitals 12

NORTH AMERICA INTERSECTION OF EXPERTISE: BROAD PENETRATION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL ACCOUNTS RETAIL STORES - Wiremold trunking system - Arteor wiring devices - Wiremold floor boxes CAMPUS DATA CENTER - Electrical branch circuit infrastructure and pathways -Racks -Power strips -Containment pods -Cable assemblies 13

NORTH AMERICA INTEGRATION PROFITABILITY: OPERATIONAL INITIATIVES (2003-2013) Closed 14 sites (from 21 to 7) Doubled percentage of low cost country content Make vs. buy program Phase 1 Rationalization and strategic purchasing Phase 2 Strategic sourcing and multi-sourcing Phase 3 Engage suppliers in value added/value engineering Phase 4 Assist suppliers with sustainable and lean practices Lean and sustainable practices OPERATIONAL LEVERAGE: Centralize logistics, IT, sourcing Factory consolidation 12 pts in gross margin Value creation Shift to low cost country Rigorous sourcing 23 pts in capital employed as % of sales (at comparable structure) 14

NORTH AMERICA INTEGRATION PROFITABILITY: ADMINISTRATION (2003-2013) OPERATIONAL LEVERAGE: Centralize digital, marketing communication, services, HR Offshore engineering Competency centers approach Leverage Legrand expertise 28 % Organic growth 45 % Acquisition growth 73 % Total sales Adorne truly a global development 8% increase in revenue per commercial head Acquisitions benefit and contribute to new product development Consistency of benefits, practices and central admin Centralized warehouses, indirect purchases, other admin 33% of R&D people in China 22 % Logistics improvement (from 6.3% of sales to 4.9%) 15

NORTH AMERICA INTERSECTION OF EXPERTISE: MARGIN IMPROVEMENT & DEMONSTRATION OF OUR SOLUTIONS We walk the talk Recognized by President Obama 16

NORTH AMERICA LEGRAND NORTH AMERICA (2003-2013) Performance over 10 years Front Office 2013 sales 2013 Adj. EBIT $1bn margin 15.8% x1.7 vs 2003 x2 vs 2003 Aligned by channel Enhanced profile of Legrand brand Multi discipline solutions Leverage digital to reach new customers Leadership positions Back Office #1 Cable management 67% fewer sites (at comparable structure) #1 Audio-video enclosures - New #1 Energy-efficient lighting control #1 Pre-terminated solutions for VDI and A/V networks - New Double the weight of low cost production Centralized admin #1 Structured cabling for residential buildings - New Lean processes 17

DISCLAIMER The information contained in this presentation has not been independently verified and no representation or warranty expressed or implied is made as to, and no reliance should be placed on, the fairness, accuracy, completeness or correctness of the information or opinions contained herein. This presentation contains information about Legrand s markets and its competitive position therein. Legrand is not aware of any authoritative industry or market reports that cover or address its market. Legrand assembles information on its markets through its subsidiaries, which in turn compile information on its local markets annually from formal and informal contacts with industry professionals, electrical-product distributors, building statistics, and macroeconomic data. Legrand estimates its position in its markets based on market data referred to above and on its actual sales in the relevant market for the same period. This document may contain estimates and/or forward-looking statements. Such statements do not constitute forecasts regarding Legrand s results or any other performance indicator, but rather trends or targets, as the case may be. These statements are by their nature subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside Legrand s control, including, but not limited to the risks described in Legrand s reference document available on its Internet website (www.legrand.com). These statements do not reflect future performance of Legrand, which may materially differ. Legrand does not undertake to provide updates of these statements to reflect events that occur or circumstances that arise after the date of this document. This document does not constitute an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy Legrand shares in any jurisdiction. 1