Topic 1: Internet Architecture & Addressing Objectives Understand the general architecture of Internet Identify the main actors in the Internet architecture Identify the main organizations implied in Internet Understand IPv4 address depletion problem Is it IPv6 the solution to IPv4 depletion problem?
Topic 1: Internet Architecture & Addressing Internet Architecture: ISP's, corporate networks and access networks. Organizations that manage the operation of businesses on the Internet: RIR (Regional Internet Registers), LIR (Local Internet Registries). Internet Addressing: IPv4 depletion and IPv6. Exchange Points.
Internet: global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard TCP/IP suite protocol to connect users and applications. Users are inter-connected through ISP (Internet Service Provider) Internet Service Provider (ISP) Provides connectivity and services to end users (Dial-up), corporative networks (IP-Net Clients) and other ISPs
Internet Service Provider End users (Dial-clients): Contract an access line (i.e., modem, ADLS, ). The ISP may be a telecom operator or has sub-contracts with telecom operators to offer service connectivity Corporative Networks (IP-Net-client) Local Area Networks (LANs) Contract switched/dedicated lines for linking their sites forming a VPN Contract one or several lines (backup, redundancy, load balancing, ) to the ISP ISP Peering between ISPs: ISPs act with con client-to-provider, peer-to-peer and provider-to-client relationships ISPs connections may be private (using Telecom operator lines) or public ( Exchange points ) Retail services (directly to customers) versus Wholesail services (in large quantities that later can be re-selled)
Internet Architecture
Internet Architecture ISP ISP ISP Internet Providers ISP ISP WAN Access Technologies WAN WAN WAN Users IP-Net clients IP-Net clients IP-Net clients Dial-up clients IP-Net clients
IANA The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the body responsible for coordinating some of the key elements that keep the Internet running smoothly. Whilst the Internet is renowned for being a worldwide network free from central coordination, there is a technical need for some key parts of the Internet to be globally coordinated and this coordination role is undertaken by IANA.
IANA Activities Domain Names IANA manages the DNS root, the.int and.arpa domains, and an IDN practices resource. Number Resources IANA coordinates the global pool of IP and AS numbers, providing them to Regional Internet Registries. Protocol Assignments Internet protocols numbering systems are managed by IANA in conjunction with standards bodies.
Domain Names country code top-level domains (cctld): Used by a country or a dependent territory. It is two letters long, for example.us for the United States. With some historical exceptions, the code for any territory is the same as its two-letter ISO 3166 code. generic top-level domains (gtld): Used by a particular class of organizations (for example,.com for commercial organizations). It is three or more letters long. Most gtlds are available for use worldwide, but for historical reasons.mil (military) and.gov (governmental) are restricted to use by the respective U.S. authorities. gtlds are sub classified into sponsored top-level domains (stld), e.g..aero,.coop and.museum, and unsponsored top-level domains (utld), e.g..biz,.info, and.name. infrastructure top-level domains (itld): The top-level domain.arpa.int,.root. http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/
Internet Numbers (addresses) Users are assigned IP addresses by Internet service providers (ISPs). ISPs obtain allocations of IP addresses from a local Internet registry (LIR) or national Internet registry (NIR), or from their appropriate Regional Internet Registry (RIR) IPv4: http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space IPv6: http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-address-space
Protocol Numbers IANA is responsible for maintaining many of the codes and numbers contained in a variety of Internet protocols, enumerated below. We provide this service in coordination with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Address Family Numbers Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Parameters Autonomous System (AS) Numbers http://www.iana.org/protocols/ http://www.iana.org/assignments/as-numbers
IANA organization Regional Internet Registry (RIR) National Internet registry (NIR) Local Internet registry (LIR) RIR AfriNIC Africa Region APNIC Asia/Pacific Region ARIN North America Region LACNIC Latin America and some Caribbean Islands RIPE NCC Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): Independent organizations that supports Internet resources coordination in a geographical region and develop consistent policies and promote best current practice for the Internet. Each RIR manage: IPv4 and IPv6 Address blocks and AS number assignments DO NOT manage Name Domains (done by ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ) There are 5 Regions ARIN, RIPE, AFRINIC, LACNIC, APNIC
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs):
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): LIR (Local Internet Registry) Members of RIR NIR (National Internet Registry) coordinate IP allocations at national level. There are no NIR in Europe, but APNIC and LACNIC have them. RIRs allocate IP address space and AS Numbers to Local Internet Registries (LIRs) that assign these resources to End Users
RIPE NCC (http://www.ripe.net/) Provides Internet resource allocations, registration services and coordination activities that support the operation of the Internet globally. Internet Governance: based on a commitment to enhance the cooperation between the public and private sectors LIR (Local Internet Register) Services: members of a RIR Data & Tools: provides databases and monitoring tools that support stable, reliable and secure Internet operations. RIPE Database support: contains registration details of IP addresses and AS Numbers originally allocated by the RIPE NCC Operates 1 of the 13 K-root Name Servers Provides high-quality measurements and analysis that can be used for a variety of operational, media, governmental and law enforcement activities.
Criteria to obtain an AS number Only when the routing policy is different from your ISP provider routing policy (RFC 1930) That implies that the customer has to be connected to at least two ISP (multi-homing) with different routing policies What is a LIR (Local Internet Registry)? Any member of a RIR is a LIR Typically ISP, Telecom Operators and Corporative Networks (Enterprise) Obligatory if you need IPv4 blocks higher or equal to /21 IPv4 blocks If you need lower blocks contact an ISP See http://www.ripe.net/membership/maps/ in order to see ISP and LIR in any geographical zone covered by RIPE
AS numbers in Internet Data taken from IPJ Internet Protocol Journal (March 2006)
Autonomous Systems (AS) or Routing Domain: is a group of IP networks run by one or more network operators with a single, clearly defined routing policy. AS are identified with 16 bits (65535 AS s) AS s exchange routes (IP subnets) using Inter-domain Routing Protocols such as BGPv4 Internally, AS s exchange routes (IP subnets) using Intra-domain Routing Protocols such as OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, AS 1 AS 2 IGP EGP IGP AS 3 IGP
Internet Service Provider (ISP) and Autonomous Systems (AS): An ISP is an administrative entity that may have one or more AS numbers assigned depending of its architecture and geographical situation In general an AS number may be assigned to an ISP or to a Corporative Network, Thus, not all AS are ISP, however all ISPs have one or more AS number assigned We will clarify ISP in the next sections
Autonomous Systems
AS relationships The relationships between these networks are generally described by one of the following three categories: Transit - You pay money (or settlement) to another network for Internet access (or transit). Peer (or swap) - Two networks exchange traffic between each other's customers freely, and for mutual benefit. Customer (or sell) - Another network pays you money to provide them with Internet access.
Hierarchical Organization Tier 1 - A network that can reach every other network on the Internet without purchasing IP transit. Tier 2 - A network that peers with some networks, but still purchases IP transit to reach at least some portion of the Internet. Tier 3 - A network that solely purchases transit from other networks to reach the Internet.
Master in Innovation and Research in Informatics Default Free Zone IPJ Vol2 March 1999. Geoff Huston MIRI: Computer Networks
Master in Innovation and Research in Informatics Default Free Zone Default Free Zone MIRI: Computer Networks
ISP peering Private peering Point-to-point connections among two AS in order to transport routes and traffic Increase link reliability and offer high bandwidth but at cost increases Alleviate the traffic that crosses public exchange points Connections are bi-laterally negotiated among the ISP (peerto-peer basis) Routing and business treats are confidential and only known among partners (peers)
ISP peering Public peering National: inter-connect ISP belonging to the same country Espanix (www.espanix.net) with 45 partners and 96 averaged Gb/s of traffic, Catnix (www.catnix.net) with 24 partners and approx 700 switched Mb/s, EuskoNix with 7 partners and 100 Mb/s International: inter-connect National IXP; EuroIX (www.euro-ix.net) with 105 European IXP The inter-connectivity matrix between IXP will give us information about ISP peering Not all ISP are connected to IXP
Motivations for peering Increased capacity for extremely large amounts of traffic (distributing traffic across many networks). Increased control over your traffic (reducing dependence on one or more transit providers). Improved performance (attempting to bypass potential bottlenecks with a "direct" path). Improved perception of your network (being able to claim a "higher tier"). Government regulations, or the desire to avoid the appearance of being a monopoly.
Exchange Points An Internet exchange point (IX or IXP) is a physical infrastructure that allows different Internet service providers (ISPs) to exchange traffic between their networks (autonomous systems) by means of mutual peering agreements, which allow traffic to be exchanged without cost. European Internet Exchange Association http://www.euro-ix.net/ Espanix (punto neutro español) http://www.espanix.net/
Master in Innovation and Research in Informatics Internet Exchange Point Requirements for an ISP to be member: One BGP router, at least, AS number With IPv4 and IPv6 One or more connections to the IXP switches MIRI: Computer Networks
Master in Innovation and Research in Informatics Internet Exchange Point MIRI: Computer Networks
Master in Innovation and Research in Informatics Internet Exchange Point MIRI: Computer Networks
Espanix (daily and weekly traffic)
Catnix:
Tiers: Tier 1 ISPs (troncales) are large and together hold all the world s Internet routes, and peer with each other to give each other access to all Internet routes. Tier 2 ISPs buy connectivity (upstream transit) to the world Internet routes from one or more tier 1 ISPs, and hence their IP network(s) becomes a sub-set of those tier 1 s IP networks. Tier 2 ISPs will also peer with each other to minimize the amount of traffic to and from the tier 1 ISPs from whom they buy upstream transit. Tier 3 ISPs buy upstream transit from Tier 2 ISPs and so on, however the model becomes increasingly vague, since an ISP may buy upstream transit from both a tier 1 ISP and a tier 2 ISP, and may peer with tier 2 and tier 3 ISP s and occasionally a tier 1 ISP, and so on. The term is really only of use to differentiate between tier1 ISPs who do not need to buy upstream transit due to their peerings with other tier 1 ISPs, and the rest of the ISPs, tier 2 and below. Tier 1 (International), Tier 2 (National/regional) and Tier 3 (regional/local)
The Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA): http://www.caida.org/home/ Provides statistics about AS organization, size, peering, etc E.g. AS rank by customer cone (number of AS s or IPv4 addresses ) reachable via customers or customers of customers of an AS (http://as-rank.caida.org/)
Internet 1995-2007 Arbor Networks. ATLAS Internet Observatory. 2009 Annual Report. NANOG47
The new Internet Arbor Networks. ATLAS Internet Observatory. 2009 Annual Report. NANOG47
Internet Service Provider ISP offer different types of services Dedicated Internet Access services T1/E1 lines (1.5, 2 Mbps), T3/E3 (45, 34 Mbps), OC3 (155 Mbps), OC12 (622 Mbps), OC48 (2.5 Gbps), etc Switched Internet Access services FR (Frame Relay) or ATM Other Internet Access services Modems, ADSL, RDSI (BRI, PRI), etc Hosting/housing Services and CPD services Racks, servers (e.g.; Web), equipment, etc End user services VPNs, e-mail, news, Web, IP multicast, etc Content Provider services (Content Distribution Networks such as Akamai)
SLA (Service Level Agreement): agreement that guarantees the contract offered by an ISP and that penalize the ISP if this one does not comply the contract Availability level (% of time that the customer agrees in losing connectivity) measured as the number of delivered packets respect to the transmitted Bandwidth contracted (Mb/s) Throughput (Mb/s) in high availability (rushy hours) Response time against connectivity failures (e.g. 24/7 service), penalize with respect the amount of time without connectivity Redundancy (multi-homing) Security Monitoring services Quality of Service (QoS): service levels (e.g. Gold, Silver, ) Packet marking, dropping, end-to-end delays,. El SLA is a customer support service http://www.ndo.com/service-level-agreement.html http://www.localisp.com/company/policies/sla-t1.pdf
Corporative Networks or IP-Net Client Companies with end users and end services As any end user, they are connected to other end users and other corporative networks via an ISP A corporative network can be something ranging between: Small company with few users, to a large company with thousands of users A corporative network may: Manage their services in a CPD (Centre Processing Data) located in the Main Site Manage their services via others (e.g. either another corporative network or an ISP) that provides the service (e.g. hosting, housing, virtualization, )
Corporative Networks or IP-Net Client SERVER BLOCK WAN BLOCK BACKBONE CORE BLOCK DISTRIBUTED LAYER ACCESS LAYER SWITCH BLOCK SWITCH BLOCK SWITCH BLOCK * Internetwork Design Guide, CISCO documentation