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Denver International Airport PV Projects and Energy Management Presented to Environmental Regulations for Airports Conference Sep 27, 2013 Energy Management Program Evolution Woods Allee

Major Energy Management Initiatives at DIA Three Photovoltaic Solar Energy Installations Other Energy Management Projects: Less glamorous but usually better bang for the buck

Energy Management Program Energy Management Program - Evolving: Primary Goal: Reduce Life Cycle Costs, reduce carbon foot print, constraints: 24/7 operation FAA, TSA and other Regulations Unintended consequences Currently mostly Project based Implementing Comprehensive Energy Management Program Help from Xcel Energy s Commercial Efficiency Program Systematic Approach to Energy Management Upper Management Support necessary Multi-discipline, interdepartmental buy-in

Data Example 4

Major DIA Energy Management Projects Completed and In Progress EcoStart Motor Controllers installed 2007-2009 Lighting Retrofits 2008-2012. Nearly 10,000 fixtures so far Parking Garage Retrofit in the works LED Taxiway Lighting Tested Turn off Airfield lights on selected runway complexes when slow HVAC Control Upgrades Hydronic Pump System Optimization Central Plant Sump Separation Central Plant Controls Renewables - Solar

EcoStart Motor Controller Example November 2006 - Employee Comments Talked with Kone Representative (OEM/Operator) U.S. Vertical Transportation Code At the time did not allow intermittent operation of escalators/powerwalks Code changed in 2012 but still requires variance in Colo. Motors sized to operate escalators in up mode with 300 lb. per step Thus motors are vastly oversized and usually underloaded even if can shut off when vacant

EcoStart Motor Controller Example EcoStart Motor Controllers: Manufactured by Power Efficiency Corp of Las Vegas (at the time) EcoStart: Kone s brand name for the product. Now are coming as a standard option on Kone escalators. Also Otis, etc

EcoStart Motor Controller Example Mechanism: Monitor power factor, related to the motor loading, and adjusts voltage accordingly, reduces core losses does not change speed of escalator DIA has 110 escalators and 54 power-walks. Escalators 10-20 HP; Powerwalks: 10-30 HP Significant potential to reduce electrical usage. Professional Skepticism

EcoStart Motor Controller Example Overall installed cost $380,000 Total Annual Savings = $95,000 Average savings was 1.22 kw/unit, 28.5% Average of 10,655 kwh per year per unit $73,000 rebate from Xcel. Simple Payback (avg) = 3.4 yr IRR = 27.5 % Project was very successful Benefit for escalators better than power-walks reduced the average.

More Energy Related Projects Hydronic Pump Optimization - Replace tertiary hydronic pumps with control valve system - Direct energy saving related to removal of 168 pumps from the system - Maintenance savings related to decision not to replace and maintain pumps - Central utility plant sump separation - Estimated to reduce energy by more than 1,900 kw and 14 million kwh annually - On the order of $750 thousand annually 10

Solar PV Basics All Photovoltaic (PV) cells produce DC Cells -> Modules (Panels one or more modules) Panels joined in Strings ; Strings Array Then what do you do with the DC power? Either charge a battery, Use DC directly, or Use an Inverter to convert the DC to AC. Sometimes a combination of these. Most large PV systems convert DC to AC; like all systems at DIA. Then you can either use the electrical energy on-site or sell it to the electrical grid.

PV Design Considerations How big? - Solar PV is sized in MW DC nominal power rating @ STC = 25 C, 1000 W/m 2 Types of Solar PV Panels: Mono-crystalline Most efficient most expensive Poly-crystalline Less efficient less expensive Non-crystalline (thin film) Least efficient least expensive, and more flexible. New generation multijunction; exotic compounds. Tracking System vs. Fixed Tilt System Tracking - follows the sun Tracking is more expensive but more efficient Tracking Systems: Single Axis or Dual Axis. Also how much does land cost? Other design factors: weight of snow and wind forces.

DIA III DIA II Existing DIA Solar Installations DIA I

DIA PV Installations All poly-crystalline panels Combined, DIA Solar I, II and II produce approximately 13 million kwh per year; This is about 6% of electricity used by DIA in a year All DIA Solar Arrays are Public-Private Partnerships DIA has Ground Lease Agreement and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Owner DIA is site host : Owner Sells Electricity to DIA at agreed prices DIA use some Electricity on site, and sells excess Electricity to Xcel Energy at current Energy prices

DIA PV Installations Owners of the DIA Solar Arrays receive: Payments for Electrical Energy from DIA Federal tax benefits, Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) and Rebate Payments from Xcel Energy Without Tax Benefits and Xcel Payments, these DIA Solar Installations would probably not have been built; would not be financially attractive to Owners We all helped to pay for these Solar Arrays: Through Federal taxes Through Xcel Electric Bills Colorado Renewable Energy Standard - Increased to 30% by voters in 2010

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. DIA I - Pena Blvd PV Facility Facility Owner MMA Renewable Ventures (now Sun Edison) Developer - World Water & Solar Technologies (now Entech Solar) Prime Construction Contractor - Intermountain Electric (IME) Total construction cost approximately $14 million Leased Area 8.8 Acres Commissioned September 2008

DIA I Nominal Rating is 2 MW DC. Annual production is approximately 3.5 million kwh 9254 panels at 216 watts each Strings of 14 panels. Flat single axis tracking system Tracks east-west, but no north/south tilt Tracking is hydraulically operated Trackers required expensive foundation - clay 8 Arrays served by 8 Inverters Cost $7 per watt

DIA II Fuel Facility Serves DIAs Fuel Storage & Distribution Facility (Fuel Farm) Owner - Airport Solar One LLP Developer - Oak Leaf Energy Partners Contractor Intermountain Electric Leased Area 9.4 Acres Commissioned February 2010.

DIA II Nominal Rating is 1.6 MW DC 7392 Panels at 216 watts per panel Also Strings of 14 panels Fixed Tilt at 25 degrees South 25 degree fixed tilt 17% less efficient per panel than the flat tracker but far less costly to construct Produces 2.5 million kwh per year Cost $4.38 per watt Output matches well to the overall electrical usage of the Fuel Farm

The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. DIA III Lift Station 2 Connects to Sewer pump station far north end of DIA Owner: Denver Airport Solar, LLC (Constellation Energy) Developer: Oakleaf Energy Partners Construction Contractor: Intermountain Electric Leased Area: 26 Acres Commissioned in July 2011.

DIA III Nominal Rating is 4.46 MW DC 18,980 panels at 235W each Strings of 13 panels Fixed Tilt at 25 degree South Produces about 7 million kwh per year Cost $3.14 per watt

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