U.S. Concentrating Solar Power World Bank October 29, 2009 Chuck Kutscher National Renewable Energy Laboratory
CSP: The Other Solar Energy Parabolic trough Linear Fresnel Power tower Dish-Stirling
Parabolic Troughs
354 MW Luz Solar Electric Generating Systems (SEGS) 1984-1991
On-Peak Capacity (%) Insolation (kwh/m^2/day) SEGS Historic Plant Capacity Value On-Peak Performance For 5 Parabolic Trough Plants 120% 100% 80% 60% 12 10 8 6 Over 100% capacity with fossil backup Averaged 80% on-peak capacity factor from solar 40% 4 20% 2 0% 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Solar Contribution Boiler Contribution Direct Normal Radiation 0 SCE Summer On-Peak Weekdays: Jun - Sep 12 noon - 6 pm Source: KJC Operating Company
Site filtering example - USA Solar > 6.75 kwh/m 2 /day Land Exclusions Slope & Area Exclusions
Best Sites Only 6X U.S. electric capacity!
Hours of sunshine or average wind power (Watts/m 2 ) Solar and Wind Resources Are Often Complementary 400 350 Data from SE Iowa Hours of sunshine/month 300 250 200 150 100 Average wind power/month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
State RPS Requirement Arizona 15% by 2025 California 20% by 2010 Colorado 20% by 2020, 4% Solar Nevada 20% by 2015, 5% Solar New Mexico Texas 20% by 2015 5,880MW (~4.2%) by 2015
2006 1-MW Saguaro Parabolic Trough Plant Renewable Energy
New 64 MWe Acciona Solar Parabolic Trough Plant
but the BIG ATTRACTION: STORAGE!
Thermal inertia avoids rapid power changes Comparison of power output from large CSP and PV plants located within 50 km of each other. Mehos, et al., IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, May/June 2009.
APS Lo ad (MWe) Net Sol ar O utpu t (MWe) Parabolic Trough Output Profile Summer Day 7,000 140 6,000 120 5,000 100 4,000 80 3,000 60 2,000 40 1,000 20 0 0 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00 APS Load MWe Solar Output Solar with TES
CSP Power Plant with Thermal Storage Hot Tank HX Cold Tank
CSP Power Plant with Thermal Storage Hot Tank HX Cold Tank
Planned 280 MW Solana Plant with 6 hrs Storage 1500 construction jobs over two years 85 permanent jobs Artist Rendition Renewable Energy
Nominal LCOE ($/kwh) Real LCOE (2005$/kwh) CSP Costs 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 Assumes: - Trough Technology w ith 6 hours of TES - IPP Financing; 30-year PPA - California Property Tax exemption - Includes scale-up, R&D, learning effects - Barstow, California site Technology Cost in 2007 ~$0.16/kWh (nominal) 2015 Goal ~$0.10/kWh 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 Cost Reductions anticipated via R&D Deployment Plant Size 0.00 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0.00 Cumulative New Capacity by 2015 (MW) Source: WGA Solar Task Force Summary Report, includes 30% federal Investment Tax Credit
Real Levelized Cost of Energy (2006 $/kwh) Parabolic Trough Potential Cost Reductions 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 25% 35% 45% 55% 65% 75% Annual Capacity Factor Baseline 100 MWe 2-Tank Indirect Molten-salt Thermocline @ 500C Power Park 4x200 Baseline Plus Advanced Solar Tech Scale-up to 200 MWe Power Park w/ 3X Learning
Solar Plants and Announced Projects Plant or State Capacity (MW) Technologies SEGS I thru IX 354 Trough Nevada Solar One 64 Trough Kimberlina pilot 5 Linear Fresnel (Ausra) Sierra pilot 5 Power Tower (esolar) Utility-scale PV 32 Three sites in CO and NV Utility-scale PV 3500 Sites in CA, NM, NV, TX, CO, others California 6390 Trough, Tower, Fresnel, Dish/Stirling Nevada 484 Trough Arizona 1147 Trough, Dish/Stirling New Mexico 92 Tower Texas 27 Dish/Stirling Florida 75 Trough/NGCC Total ~ 12,000 NSee http://seia.org/csp/
Solar Applications for BLM-Managed Land Over 50 different companies have filed 97,000 MW of applications 40% trough; 20% tower; 20% PV; 20% other
Long Distance Transmission: Europe Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 2005
Long Distance Transmission: U.S. Seattle 500 km km1500 600 Salt Lake 1500 km Chicago 3000 km Boston 1000 km Dallas 3000 km Miami
CSP integration Challenges Cost higher than coal, natural gas, or wind Economics favor large installations (high capital cost) Land use & impact 5-10 acres required per MWe Land typically cleared and graded Impact minimized by locating plants on previously disturbed lands Water consumption 2.2 to 3.0 m 3 per MWh for wet-cooled plant Air-cooled plants use 90% less water, but cost more and run at lower efficiency during hot days Dish/Engine systems use water for mirror cleaning only Transmission required
Water Use per Land Area National Renewable Energy Laboratory Sources: CSP: Reducing Water Consumption of CSP Electricity Generation, Report to Congress 2009. Crops: Blaney, Monthly Consumptive use of Water by Irrigated Crops & Natural Vegetation, 1957. Golf : Watson et al., The Economic Contributions of Colorado s Golf Industry: Environmental Aspects.
Water Usage of Solar Technologies Reference: Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application Study: Reducing Water Consumption of CSP Electricity Generation, Report to Congress, U.S. DOE, 2009 Values representative; specific usage varies by plant.
Water Usage Hybrid air/water cooling systems can reduce water use 80% with modest performance and cost penalties
Land Use/Habitat
NREL CSP Research Capabilities Sky VSHOT Testing of Concentrators Optical Efficiency Testing on 2-Axis Tracker Field Assessment of Receivers Receiver Test Laboratory Distant Observer Test Optical Materials Development
Cumulative Installed Capacity (GW) Modeling and Analysis Tools Solar Advisor Model (SAM) 2000 Storage 1800 Conc. Solar 1600 Wind Geothermal Regional Electricity Deployment System Model (REEDS) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048 2050 Hydro Nuclear Gas-CC-CCS Gas-CC Gas-CT Oil-gas-steam Coal-CCS Coal-IGCC Coal-new Coal-w/scrub Coal-no scrub
chuck.kutscher@nrel.gov Visit us online at www.nrel.gov National Renewable Energy Laboratory Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute Battelle
the POWER of csp