CRUISE REPORT. Report compiled by T. Watmough Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Texel, The Netherlands

CRUISE REPORT Project: IN PLACE / P-REDUCE Vessel: R.V. Navicula Cruise: NA0152 In Place Cruise Code: NAV09 Date: 26 th September 28 th September 2011 Location: Western Wadden Sea Principle Investigator: J. Kromkamp Report compiled by T. Watmough Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research Texel, The Netherlands

CONTENTS 1 SCOPE... 4 2 INTRODUCTION... 4 2.1 The IN PLACE project... 4 2.2 Pre-NAV09 cruises... 4 2.3 Aims of the 2011 cruises & NAV09... 6 3 CRUISE PROGRAMME & RESEARCH AREA... 6 3.1 General programme... 6 3.2 Timing & tides... 8 3.1 Weather & auto meteorological measurements... 10 4 SAMPLING THE GULLY: NAVICULA... 12 4.1 Stations sampled... 12 4.2 Events log... 12 4.3 In-situ water column measurements... 12 4.3.1 Current velocity (ADCP)... 19 4.3.2 Stationary conductivity (C) and temperature (T) measurements... 19 4.3.3 Temperature-salinity and turbidity profiles... 20 4.4 Water sampling... 21 5 SAMPLING THE MUDFLATS AT HIGH WATER: ZEEVONK... 22 6 SAMPLING THE MUDFLAT SEDIMENT AT LOW WATER: ZEEVONK/ZODIAC... 23 7 SAMPLE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS... 25 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... 25 9 APPENDICES... 26 9.1 Appendix I: participants and crew of NAV09... 26

1 SCOPE This cruise report documents the goals, sampled stations, activities and methods used on the IN PLACE cruise in September 2011 (NAV09), and contains the metadata and an inventory of all samples collected. This report will serve as a basic reference for the IN PLACE database. 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 The IN PLACE project The Integrated Network of Production and Loss Assessment in the Coastal Environment (IN PLACE) project aims to establish a coastal monitoring observatory in the Dutch western Wadden Sea. The ultimate objective is to identify drivers and controls of pelagic and benthic primary production, which are considered decisive processes for the carrying capacity of the western Wadden Sea. To this end, two continuous survey stations are under development: one located at the jetty of the NIOZ and one at the Balgzand intertidal mudflat. In addition to measuring water parameters (temperature, turbidity, chlorophyll a, incident irradiance, above water hyperspectral reflectance and water currents), both stations will measure photosynthesis and primary production of phytoplankton. Some sensors have also been placed on the ferry that travels between Den Helder and the island of Texel. In addition, for calibration purposes and to investigate spatial variability, regular cruises are being carried out aboard the R.V. Navicula. Remote sensing will be used to upscale biomass and primary production of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos and to investigate spatial patterns in algal biomass and sediment properties. 2.2 Pre-NAV09 cruises During the IN PLACE pilot year of 2009, two cruises were organized aboard the R.V. Navicula (NAV01 and NAV02) to identify stations of interest in the subtidal domain of the Marsdiep basin. During the first cruise (NAV01), a total of 15 stations (Figure 2.1) were selected on the basis of grain size distribution of the sediment, water depth and

the tidal water transport routes. This cruise provided a first order indication of the variability in hydrographic and sedimentary conditions throughout the area. Figure 2.1: Stations sampled during the NAV01 cruise of the Western Wadden Sea. However, as stations were visited at different phases of the tidal cycle, a straightforward comparison between stations for water column variables was limited. To overcome this drawback, for the second cruise (NAV02) 5 stations were selected to conduct a more detailed analysis of variables and process rates over a tidal cycle. A similar sampling programme was adopted for NAV03, 04, 05 and 06 to monitor phases in algal growth as follows: 20 th -24 th April 2009: pilot cruise spring bloom (NAV01) 6 th -10 th November 2009: pilot cruise autumn bloom (NAV02) 15 th -19 th February 2010: initial bloom conditions (NAV03) 22 th -26 th March 2010: mid-exponential phase of bloom development (NAV04) 3 rd -7 th May 2010: maximum phytoplankton biomass and onset of inorganic nutrient limitation/ regenerative production (NAV05) 6 th -10 th September 2010: Mineralization of phytocarbon, supporting regenerative production (NAV06)

18 th -20 th April 2011: 1 st 2011 cruise (NAV07) - refer to Section 2.3. 30 th May 1 st Jun 2011: 2 nd 2011 cruise (NAV08) - refer to Section 2.3. 2.3 Aims of the 2011 cruises & NAV09 The 2011 cruises aim to study in more detail, the dynamics and interactions between the water column and the mudflats. Long-term records suggest maximum nutrient availability and low stocks of chlorophyll a around mid-february, i.e. prior to or at the onset of the spring plankton bloom in the western Wadden Sea. By May the phytoplankton biomass is at its maximum and inorganic nutrient limitation and regenerative production starts. Following on from NAV07 (April 2011), and NAV08 (May 2011), the NAV09 cruise in September specifically aims to define the conditions of mineralization following the spring and summer blooms. This will include examining the phytoplankton community structure and biomass along with determining factors both in the water column, and on the intertidal mudflats. This will provide an important baseline from which the extent and efficiency of organic carbon transfer to higher trophic levels in the Wadden Sea may be estimated. 3 CRUISE PROGRAMME & RESEARCH AREA 3.1 General programme In order to obtain a basin-wide overview of conditions, yet limited by the available ship time, the NAV09 sampling programme aimed to cover 1 mudflat area per day for 3 days, focusing on a 3-part sampling scheme at each: 1. Water conditions over a complete tidal cycle, sampled aboard the R.V. Navicula, stationed in the main water channel next to the mudflat (Chapter 4). 2. The smaller NIOZ vessel, Zeevonk was used as a second platform from which to sample the water above the mudflat at high water (HW) (Chapter 5). 3. During low tide (LW), the mudflat sediment was sampled on foot. The Zeevonk and zodiac were used to shuttle people and samples between the mudflats and the Navicula (Chapter 6).

The specific locations of sampling stations were chosen due to their proximity to previous sampling sites in addition to their accessibility and one-way current velocity patterns (Figure 3.1). Figure 3.1: Stations sampled during NAV09 by the Navicula ( ), and by the Zeevonk/zodiac at HW ( ). The corresponding mudflat areas sampled on foot by teams A, B and C are also circled. Station coordinate details are listed in Table 4.1 & 6.1).

3.2 Timing & tides All sampling and instruments were recorded in UTC time (Dutch summer time = UTC +2 hours). One Navicula station was sampled per day beginning at 05:30 AM UTC. In order to evaluate the tidal variation in parameters, the water column was monitored and sampled for 12.5 hours (a full tidal cycle). Casts were labeled from 1 to 9 (T=1 = first cast). Tidal predictions for Den Helder and Oudeschild (www.getij.nl) were used to estimate the tidal phase (Figure 3.2, Figure 3.3, Figure 3.4). More accurate estimates, accounting for site-specific tide-shifts and meteorological conditions were to be retrieved from the continuous measurements of temperature, conductivity and current speed/direction recorded during the NAV09 cruise. Figure 3.2: Tidal prediction and sampling scheme for NAVst_18 on 26 th September, 2011 given in local time (UTC+2hours) (source: www.getij.nl).

Figure 3.3: Tidal prediction and sampling scheme for NAVst_19 on 27 th September, 2011 given in local time (UTC+2hours) (source: www.getij.nl). Figure 3.4: Tidal prediction and sampling scheme for NAVst_20 on 1 st June, 2011 given UTC time (source: www.getij.nl).

3.1 Weather & auto meteorological measurements A number of weather parameters were recorded by the ship s captain aboard R.V. Navicula based on cockpit instrumentation and sight (Table 3.1). In addition, auto meteorological ( meteo ) measurements were logged by the new weather station mounted on the Navicula s bridge. Table 3.1: Weather conditions and sea state recorded during the NAV09 cruise. Station NAVst _18 NAVst _19 NAVst _20 Date Time (UTC) Water depth (m) Wave height (m) Wind force (bft) Wind direction ( ) Precipi -tation Air pressure (mb) Cloud cover Air temp. ( C) Remarks 26-09-11 05:30 9.95 0.3 3 S No rain 1021.0 80% Chilly No thermometer 26-09-11 06:00 10.15 0.3 3 S No rain 1021.0 75% - 26-09-11 07:00 10.35 0.3 4 SSE No rain 1021.0 40% 15.1 Bucket at 7:07 26-09-11 08:00 10.10 0.3 4 S No rain 1021.0 80% 16.2 Temperature at 26-09-11 09:00 10.05 0.3 4 SSE No rain 1021.0 70% 17.9 Temperature at 26-09-11 10:00 9.70 0.3 4 SW No rain 1022.0 90% 18.4 Temperature at 26-09-11 11:00 9.35 0.4 5 SW No rain 1023.0 90% 19.0 Temperature at 26-09-11 12:00 9.15 0.5 5 WSW No rain 1024.0 95% 18.4 Temperature at 26-09-11 13:00 9.05 0.6 5 SW No rain 1024.0 100% 17.4 Temperature at 26-09-11 14:00 9.40 0.6 4 WSW Rain 1024.0 100% 16.9 Temperature at 26-09-11 15:00 9.65 0.3 3 NW Rain 1025.0 100% 15.2 Temperature at 26-09-11 16:00 10.15 0.2 1 WNW No rain 1025.0 100% 15.1 Temperature at 26-09-11 17:00 10.30 0.1 1 WNW No rain 1025.0 100% 15.2 Temperature at 27-09-11 06:00 10.05 0.15 2 SE No rain 1030.0 100% 13.2 Temperature at 27-09-11 07:00 10.15 0.10 1 SE No rain 1030.0 100% 14.7 Temperature at 27-09-11 08:00 9.55 0.15 1 SE No rain 1031.0 100% 15.2 Temperature at 27-09-11 09:00 9.05 0.15 2 SE No rain 1032.0 60% 15.7 Temperature at 27-09-11 10:00 8.70 0.15 2 SSE No rain 1032.0 Misty 15.7 Temperature at 27-09-11 11:00 8.70 0.15 2 S No rain 1032.0 80% 18.6 Temperature at 27-09-11 12:00 8.00 0.15 2 S No rain 1032.0 60% 18.3 Temperature at 27-09-11 13:00 7.65 0.15 2 S No rain 1032.0 50% 18.9 Temperature at 27-09-11 14:00 7.65 0.15 2 S No rain 1032.0 60% 18.9 Temperature at 27-09-11 15:00 8.20 0.15 2 W No rain 1032.0 100% 18.6 Didn't turn on the tide 27-09-11 16:00 8.85 0.15 2 SW No rain 1032.0 100% 18.5 Haar 28-09-11 06:00 6.70 0.1 1 S No rain 1033.0 Misty 9.9 Temperature at 28-09-11 07:00 6.80 0.1 1 S No rain 1033.0 50% 10.8 Temperature at 28-09-11 08:00 6.55 0.1 1 S No rain 1033.0 50% 14.9 2 mile visibility 28-09-11 09:00 6.50 0.1 1 SE No rain 1033.0 30% 16.3 Sunny day, mist on the horizon

Station Date Time (UTC) Water depth (m) Wave height (m) Wind force (bft) Wind direction ( ) Precipi -tation Air pressure (mb) Cloud cover Air temp. ( C) 28-09-11 10:00 5.85 0.1 1 SE No rain 1033.0 30% 17.1 28-09-11 11:00 5.65 0.1 2 E No rain 1033.0 30% 18.9 28-09-11 12:00 5.55 0.1 3 E No rain 1033.0 30% 19.5 28-09-11 13:00 5.20 0.1 3 E No rain 1033.0 30% 19.7 28-09-11 14:00 4.95 0.1 3 E No rain 1033.0 30% 19.9 28-09-11 15:00 5.30 0.1 3 E No rain 1033.0 30% 20.1 28-09-11 16:00 6.15 0.1 3 E No rain 1033.0 30% 20.0 Remarks

4 SAMPLING THE GULLY: NAVICULA 4.1 Stations sampled The Navicula was stationed at 3 sites during NAV09 (Figure 3.1; Table 4.1). Activities carried out over the 13 hour sampling period at each station are listed (Table 4.2). For sampling protocols refer to the IN PLACE GROOVE/Sharpoint space (Files Werkgroep Veldwerk Protocols). Table 4.1: Date and position (dd mm.mmm) of the R.V. Navicula (NAVst_x) and the HW mudflat stations (FLst_x) sampled for water parameters during the NAV08 cruise. Date Station Latitude Latitude Longitude Longitude Location Vessel dd mm.mmm dd mm.mmm 26.09.11 NAVst_18 53 3.140 5 1.031 Lutjeswaard Navicula FLst_001 53 2.556 4 59.482 Lutjeswaard Zeevonk/Zodiac 27.09.11 NAVst_19 53 3.941 4 54.696 Vlakte van Kerken Navicula FLst_002 53 6.886 4 56.463 Vlakte van Kerken Zeevonk/Zodiac 28.09.11 NAVst_20 52 57.572 4 48.637 Balgzand Navicula FLst_003 52 57.225 4 50.213 Balgzand Zeevonk/Zodiac 4.2 Events log During NAV09, the logging software, CASINO, was implemented aboard the Navicula for the third time on an IN PLACE cruise. The resulting data will be compared to the Navicula sampling events logged by Margriet Hiehle (Table 4.3). 4.3 In-situ water column measurements The water current-speed and current-direction, conductivity and temperature were continuously monitored at 60cm water depth by ADCP and CT sensor, mounted on the Navicula probe at portside. A CTD up- and-down-cast was performed from the aft of the ship every 1 to 2 hours to establish a vertical profile of temperature, conductivity, and turbidity (OBS). Secchi depth and a number of above-water and subsurface radiometer measurements (irradiance/radiance) were measured up to 5 times per station (following

niskin water sampling, refer to Page 21; Figure 3.2 3.4). For the second time on an IN PLACE cruise, continuous optical data were also recorded automatically throughout the cruise, by the TRIOS sensors mounted on the Navicula. Table 4.2: Sampling activities, protocols and responsible persons on board of the R.V. Navicula during the NAV09 cruise. SAMPLING KIT PARAMETER SAMPLING PROTOCOL ANALYSIS PROTOCOL RESPONSIBLE PERSON Cockpit Meteo station - auto ADCP pole - continuous CT - continuous CTD profiles TRIOS Radiometers ( Optics ) Wind direction N/A N/A Kees van der Star Wind speed N/A N/A Kees van der Star Precipitation N/A N/A Kees van der Ster Air pressure N/A N/A Kees van der Star Air temperature N/A N/A Kees van der Ster Cloud cover N/A N/A Kees van der Star Temp, wind, pressure, precip. N/A N/A Auto Turbidity/current Section 4.3.1 N/A Margriet Hiehle s Conductivity, Section 4.3.2 N/A Margriet Hiehle temperature. Conduct., temp, Section 4.3.3 N/A Margriet Hiehle depth Lsfc, Lsky, Es OPTICS-2010-05 N/A Suhyb Salama FLU - Cya N/A N/A Suhyb Salama TRIOS Radiometers - Continuous Lsfc, N/A N/A Auto auto Lsky, Es Secchi disc Secchi depth SECCHI-2010-05 N/A Suhyb Salama Niskin Bucket Diss. NUTS + DIC NUTS-2010-03 NUTS_ANAL-2010-03 Mark van Dijk TSM TSM-2010-03 TSM-2010-03 Mark van Dijk Part. NUTS TSM-2010-03 POC-N-2010-03 Mark van Dijk FRRF meas. FRRF-2010-03 N/A Mark van Dijk QFT QFT-2010-03 QFT-2010-03 Mark van Dijk CDOM acdom-2010-03 acdom-2010-03 Mark van Dijk Flowcytometry (FCM) Fluoresence excitation spectra (SF) Bivalve larvae distribution FCM-2011-02 FCM-2011-02 Mark van Dijk TBC TBC Mark van Dijk IN_PLACE_bivalve_larvae_v 110411 DNA-2010-08 Monique Veenstra HPLC IN_PLACE_pigments_v1104 TBC Monique Veenstra (Phytopigments) 11 PLFA analyses 13CPLFA-2010-03 13CPLFA-2010-03 Juliette Ly POC APA APA-2010-03 APA-2010-03 Juliette Ly DNA/RNA analyses Plankton species composition TBC TBC Juliette Ly IN_PLACE_phytoplankton_ species_composition_v110 411 PHYTO_Count-2009-10 Monique Veenstra 14 C PP analysis 14CPP-2011-04 14CPP-2011-04 Monique Veenstra

Table 4.3: Log of sampling events aboard the Navicula during NAV09. Tidal phase is expressed as time (h:mm) before (LW-) or after (LW+) low water and is a preliminary estimate derived from getij prediction data (www.getij.nl). 1 indicates sample taken, blank indicate no sample taken. Mark van Dijk Monique Veenstra Mark van Dijk Juliette Ly SAMPLING_DATE _TIME_UTC STATION CAST EVENT_DEVICE EVENT_ACTION EVENT_COMMENTS GETIJ_TIDE _ESTIMATE Diss_NUTS Part_NUTS TSM HPLC BIVLAR PLANKTON C14PP FRRF QFT CDOM FCM SF PLFA APA DNA RNA 26/9/2011 05:13 NAVst_18 18_1 CT Start LW-07:38 26/9/2011 05:13 NAVst_18 18_1 ADCP Start LW-07:38 26/9/2011 05:30 NAVst_18 18_1 Weather Air LW-07:21 26/9/2011 05:30 NAVst_18 18_1 CTD Profile LW-07:21 26/9/2011 07:00 NAVst_18 18_2 Weather Air LW-05:51 26/9/2011 07:00 NAVst_18 18_2 Bucket Top Bucket sampled by Monique Veenstra LW-05:51 1 1 26/9/2011 07:02 NAVst_18 18_2 CTD Profile LW-05:49 26/9/2011 07:04 NAVst_18 18_2 Niskin Top HW sample LW-05:47 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 07:06 NAVst_18 18_2 Niskin Mid HW sample LW-05:45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 07:08 NAVst_18 18_2 Niskin Bottom HW sample LW-05:43 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 07:15 NAVst_18 18_2 Niskin Top 5x10L LW-05:36 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 07:25 NAVst_18 18_2 Optics Deck/Profile LW-05:26 26/9/2011 07:25 NAVst_18 18_2 Secchi Depth LW-05:26 26/9/2011 08:30 NAVst_18 18_3 Weather Air LW-04:21 26/9/2011 08:30 NAVst_18 18_3 CTD Profile LW-04:21 26/9/2011 10:00 NAVst_18 18_4 Weather Air LW-02:51 26/9/2011 10:00 NAVst_18 18_4 CTD Profile LW-02:51 26/9/2011 10:00 NAVst_18 18_4 Niskin Top LW-02:51 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 10:00 NAVst_18 18_4 Niskin Mid LW-02:51 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 10:00 NAVst_18 18_4 Niskin Bottom LW-02:51 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 10:00 NAVst_18 18_4 Optics Deck/Profile LW-02:51 26/9/2011 10:00 NAVst_18 18_4 Secchi Depth LW-02:51 26/9/2011 11:30 NAVst_18 18_5 Weather Air LW-01:21 26/9/2011 11:30 NAVst_18 18_5 CTD Profile LW-01:21 26/9/2011 13:10 NAVst_18 18_6 Weather Air LW+00:19 26/9/2011 13:10 NAVst_18 18_6 Bucket Top LW sample; Sampled by Monique Veenstra LW+00:19 1 1 26/9/2011 13:12 NAVst_18 18_6 CTD Profile LW+00:21 26/9/2011 13:14 NAVst_18 18_6 Niskin Top LW sample LW+00:23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

26/9/2011 13:16 NAVst_18 18_6 Niskin Mid LW sample LW+00:25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 13:18 NAVst_18 18_6 Niskin Bottom LW sample LW+00:27 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 13:25 NAVst_18 18_6 Optics Deck/Profile LW+00:34 26/9/2011 13:25 NAVst_18 18_6 Secchi Depth LW+00:34 26/9/2011 14:30 NAVst_18 18_7 Weather Air LW+01:39 26/9/2011 14:30 NAVst_18 18_7 CTD Profile LW+01:39 26/9/2011 16:00 NAVst_18 18_8 Weather Air LW+03:09 26/9/2011 16:00 NAVst_18 18_8 CTD Profile LW+03:09 26/9/2011 16:00 NAVst_18 18_8 Niskin Top LW+03:09 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 16:00 NAVst_18 18_8 Niskin Mid LW+03:09 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 16:00 NAVst_18 18_8 Niskin Bottom LW+03:09 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26/9/2011 16:00 NAVst_18 18_8 Optics Deck/Profile LW+03:09 26/9/2011 16:00 NAVst_18 18_8 Secchi Depth LW+03:09 26/9/2011 17:30 NAVst_18 18_9 Weather Air LW+04:39 26/9/2011 17:30 NAVst_18 18_9 CTD Profile LW+04:39 26/9/2011 18:00 NAVst_18 18_9 CT End LW+05:09 26/9/2011 18:00 NAVst_18 18_9 ADCP End LW+05:09 27/9/2011 05:16 NAVst_19 19_1 CT Start LW-08:15 27/9/2011 05:16 NAVst_19 19_1 ADCP Start LW-08:15 27/9/2011 06:00 NAVst_19 19_1 Weather Air LW-07:31 27/9/2011 06:00 NAVst_19 19_1 CTD Profile LW-07:31 27/9/2011 07:35 NAVst_19 19_2 Weather Air LW-05:56 27/9/2011 07:35 NAVst_19 19_2 Bucket Top HW sample; Sampled by Monique Veenstra LW-05:56 1 1 27/9/2011 07:37 NAVst_19 19_2 CTD Profile LW-05:54 27/9/2011 07:39 NAVst_19 19_2 Niskin Top HW sample LW-05:52 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 07:41 NAVst_19 19_2 Niskin Mid HW sample LW-05:50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 07:43 NAVst_19 19_2 Niskin Bottom HW sample LW-05:48 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 07:50 NAVst_19 19_2 Niskin Top 5x10L LW-05:41 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 08:00 NAVst_19 19_2 Optics Deck/Profile LW-05:31 27/9/2011 08:00 NAVst_19 19_2 Secchi Depth LW-05:31 27/9/2011 09:00 NAVst_19 19_3 Weather Air LW-04:31 27/9/2011 09:00 NAVst_19 19_3 CTD Profile LW-04:31 27/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_19 19_4 Weather Air LW-03:01 27/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_19 19_4 CTD Profile LW-03:01 27/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_19 19_4 Niskin Top LW-03:01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

27/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_19 19_4 Niskin Mid LW-03:01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_19 19_4 Niskin Bottom LW-03:01 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_19 19_4 Optics Deck/Profile LW-03:01 27/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_19 19_4 Secchi Depth LW-03:01 27/9/2011 12:00 NAVst_19 19_5 Weather Air LW-01:31 27/9/2011 12:00 NAVst_19 19_5 CTD Profile LW-01:31 27/9/2011 13:45 NAVst_19 19_6 Weather Air According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:14 27/9/2011 13:45 NAVst_19 19_6 Bucket Top LW sample; Sampled by Monique Veenstra; According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:14 1 1 27/9/2011 13:47 NAVst_19 19_6 CTD Profile According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:16 LW sample. According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be 27/9/2011 13:49 NAVst_19 19_6 Niskin Top approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 13:51 NAVst_19 19_6 Niskin Mid LW sample. According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

27/9/2011 13:53 NAVst_19 19_6 Niskin Bottom LW sample. According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 14:00 NAVst_19 19_6 Optics Deck/Profile According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:29 27/9/2011 14:00 NAVst_19 19_6 Secchi Depth According to captain: real LW on this spot = 1hr after Oudeschild- LW, which would be approx 14:15 UTC LW+00:29 27/9/2011 15:15 NAVst_19 19_7 Weather Air LW+01:44 27/9/2011 15:15 NAVst_19 19_7 CTD Profile LW+01:44 27/9/2011 16:45 NAVst_19 19_8 Weather Air LW+03:14 27/9/2011 16:45 NAVst_19 19_8 CTD Profile LW+03:14 27/9/2011 16:45 NAVst_19 19_8 Niskin Top LW+03:14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 16:45 NAVst_19 19_8 Niskin Mid LW+03:14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 16:45 NAVst_19 19_8 Niskin Bottom LW+03:14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27/9/2011 16:45 NAVst_19 19_8 Optics Deck/Profile LW+03:14 27/9/2011 16:45 NAVst_19 19_8 Secchi Depth LW+03:14 27/9/2011 18:00 NAVst_19 19_8 CT End LW+04:29 27/9/2011 18:00 NAVst_19 19_8 ADCP End LW+04:29 28/9/2011 05:15 NAVst_20 20_1 CT Start LW-08:41 28/9/2011 05:15 NAVst_20 20_1 ADCP Start LW-08:41 28/9/2011 06:00 NAVst_20 20_1 Weather Air LW-07:56 28/9/2011 06:00 NAVst_20 20_1 CTD Profile LW-07:56 28/9/2011 07:30 NAVst_20 20_2 Weather Air LW-06:26 28/9/2011 07:30 NAVst_20 20_2 Bucket Top HW sample; sampled by Monique Veenstra LW-06:26 1 1 28/9/2011 07:32 NAVst_20 20_2 CTD Profile LW-06:24 28/9/2011 07:34 NAVst_20 20_2 Niskin Top HW sample LW-06:22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

28/9/2011 07:36 NAVst_20 20_2 Niskin Mid HW sample LW-06:20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 07:38 NAVst_20 20_2 Niskin Bottom HW sample LW-06:18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 07:45 NAVst_20 20_2 Niskin Top 5x10L LW-06:11 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 07:55 NAVst_20 20_2 Optics Deck/Profile LW-06:01 28/9/2011 07:55 NAVst_20 20_2 Secchi Depth LW-06:01 28/9/2011 09:00 NAVst_20 20_3 Weather Air LW-04:56 28/9/2011 09:00 NAVst_20 20_3 CTD Profile LW-04:56 28/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_20 20_4 Weather Air LW-03:26 28/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_20 20_4 CTD Profile LW-03:26 28/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_20 20_4 Niskin Top LW-03:26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_20 20_4 Niskin Mid LW-03:26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_20 20_4 Niskin Bottom LW-03:26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_20 20_4 Optics Deck/Profile LW-03:26 28/9/2011 10:30 NAVst_20 20_4 Secchi Depth LW-03:26 28/9/2011 12:00 NAVst_20 20_5 Weather Air LW-01:56 28/9/2011 12:00 NAVst_20 20_5 CTD Profile LW-01:56 28/9/2011 13:45 NAVst_20 20_6 Weather Air LW-00:11 28/9/2011 13:45 NAVst_20 20_6 Bucket Top LW sample; sampled by Monique Veenstra LW-00:11 1 1 28/9/2011 13:47 NAVst_20 20_6 CTD Profile LW-00:09 28/9/2011 13:49 NAVst_20 20_6 Niskin Top LW sample LW-00:07 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 13:51 NAVst_20 20_6 Niskin Mid LW sample LW-00:05 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 13:53 NAVst_20 20_6 Niskin Bottom LW sample LW-00:03 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 14:00 NAVst_20 20_6 Optics Deck/Profile LW+00:04 28/9/2011 14:00 NAVst_20 20_6 Secchi Depth LW+00:04 28/9/2011 15:00 NAVst_20 20_7 Weather Air LW+01:04 28/9/2011 15:00 NAVst_20 20_7 CTD Profile LW+01:04 28/9/2011 16:10 NAVst_20 20_8 Weather Air LW+02:14 28/9/2011 16:10 NAVst_20 20_8 CTD Profile LW+02:14 28/9/2011 16:10 NAVst_20 20_8 Niskin Top LW+02:14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 16:10 NAVst_20 20_8 Niskin Mid LW+02:14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 16:10 NAVst_20 20_8 Niskin Bottom LW+02:14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28/9/2011 16:10 NAVst_20 20_8 Optics Deck/Profile LW+02:14 28/9/2011 16:10 NAVst_20 20_8 Secchi Depth LW+02:14 28/9/2011 17:00 NAVst_20 20_8 CT End LW+03:04 28/9/2011 17:00 NAVst_20 20_8 ADCP End LW+03:04

4.3.1 Current velocity (ADCP) Current velocities and acoustic backscatter were continuously measured at each station, using a WH Rio Grande 1200 khz DR Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) from Aquavision. The instrument was mounted on a pole on the portside of the vessel, attached to the ship by two fixed consoles (able to rotate to the right position). The measured ADCP-depth with container on deck = 0.60 meters below surface. Current velocities were recorded on three planes (u = eastward, v = northward, w = vertical). Acquisition details: Computer: Windows-XP Software: Visea + Planadp Data output files: *.log, *.dat, *.txt, *.000, *.mat software: ViSea + Calibration: 15 th April 2011. 4.3.2 Stationary conductivity (C) and temperature (T) measurements An Aanderaa sensor, type 3919IW, was mounted on a specially constructed open layer, above the ADCP. Computer: temporary from Fysica, OS = Ubuntu Software: Eijgenraam. 19

4.3.3 Temperature-salinity and turbidity profiles Vertical profiles of conductivity, temperature and pressure were recorded with a Seabird SBE9 Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) sensor. The CTD was mounted on a metal frame with a Seapoint turbidity meter (OBS), and lowered with the winch on the aft deck of the ship. A profile was recorded once every 2 to 3 hours over a 13-hour period at each station. The instruments were kept in the water in between profiling times to record continuous temperature/salinity data. At very shallow depths (2 4 m) the CTD pump had to be activated by lowering the CTD a few times in the water column. The status of the pump was visible on the deck unit as well as on the screen display. Sensor details: Temperature: S/N=031337, calibration date: 28 feb 2008 Conductivity: S/N=041204, calibration date: 28 feb 2008, cpcor = -9.5700e-08 Pressure: S/N=53978, calibration date: 5 jan. 2009 OBS: S/N= 1543, calibration date: unknown. Acquisition details: Computer: Windows Vista Software: Seasave Win32 Version 5.35 Postprocessing software: SBE DataProcessing, Version 7.18C. Modules: datcnv, wildedit, filter, celltm, derive, binavg, split, asciiout, by using 2 script files for batch processing. All processed data were averaged at 25 cm depth and stored in ASCII format. Calibration of the pressure sensor: After loading all goods on board the height between water surface and deck was measured. The difference was incorporated in the calibration of file NAV08.con All CTD files will be post-processed with this calibration file.

4.4 Water sampling Subsequent to every other CTD cast, water samples were collected at port side with a 8 L Niskin bottle at three water depths: near the surface, at mid-depth, and near the bottom. Water samples were transferred to three transparent 20 L polycarbonate bottles (1 per depth) for further distribution and processing. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved and particulate nutrients, total suspended matter, phytopigments, bivalve larvae presence, photosynthetic light response curves, absorption of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) etc. (Table 4.2; Table 4.3). At high tide and low tide only, a surface water sample was collected at portside by bucket for phytoplankton species identification and abundance. Productivity measurements (14C) were also carried out on these high and low water bucket samples (Table 4.2; Table 4.3).

5 SAMPLING THE MUDFLATS AT HIGH WATER: ZEEVONK At high tide, the water column above the intertidal mudflats was sampled aboard the Zeevonk or zodiac with a bucket, and transferred to the Navicula for for chemical and biological analyses (Table 5.1; Table 5.2). Station positions are listed (Table 4.1) and illustrated (Figure 3.1). Table 5.1: Sampling activities, protocols and responsible persons aboard of the Zeevonk/zodiac during high water sampling above the mudflats during the NAV09 cruise. SAMPLING KIT Bucket PARAMETER SAMPLING PROTOCOL ANALYSIS PROTOCOL RESPONSIBLE PERSON Part. NUTS TSM-2010-03 POC-N-2010-03 Mark van Dijk FRRF meas. FRRF-2010-03 N/A Mark van Dijk QFT QFT-2010-03 QFT-2010-03 Mark van Dijk CDOM acdom-2010-03 acdom-2010-03 Mark van Dijk Flowcytometry FCM-2011-02 FCM-2011-02 Mark van Dijk (FCM) Fluoresence TBC TBC Mark van Dijk excitation spectra SF Larvae distribution IN_PLACE_bivalve_larvae_v110 DNA-2010-08 Monique Veenstra 411 HPLC (Phytopigments) IN_PLACE_pigments_v110411 TBC Monique Veenstra Plankton species composition IN_PLACE_phytoplankton_speci es_composition_v110411 Diss. NUTS + DIC NUTS-2010-03 NUTS_ANAL-2010- Mark van Dijk 03 TSM TSM-2010-03 TSM-2010-03 Mark van Dijk PHYTO_Count- 2009-10 Monique Veenstra Table 5.2: Log of high water sampling events above the mudflats during NAV09. Tidal phase is expressed as time (h:mm) before (LW-) or after (LW+) low water and is a preliminary estimate derived from getij data (www.getij.nl). 1 indicates sample taken. SAMPLING_ DATE_TIME _UTC STATION C A S T EVENT DEVICE NAME EVENT DEVICE ACTION EVENT COMMENTS GETIJ TIDE ESTI- MATE Diss_NUTS Part_NUTS TSM FRRF QFT CDOM SF FCM HPLC BIVLAR PLANKTON 26-09-11 07:06 FLst_001 1 Bucket Surface Estimated sampling time LW- 05:45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 27-09-11 07:35 FLst_002 1 Bucket Surface Estimated sampling time LW- 05:56 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 28-09-11 07:30 FLst_003 1 Bucket Surface Estimated sampling time LW- 06:26 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 SAMPLING THE MUDFLAT SEDIMENT AT LOW WATER: ZEEVONK/ZODIAC At low water, sediment samples were collected from a total of 30 mudflat stations (Table 6.1). Samples were collected with handcores and/or syringes and were analyzed for pore water chemistry, benthic pigments, sediment composition and benthic species composition (Table 6.2). PAM and radiometry measurements were also taken at some of the stations (team C; Table 6.1). Table 6.1: Coordinates of the mudflat stations sampled on foot at low tide by teams A (Lieke Mulder), B (Juliette Ly) and C (Anneke Van Den Oever, Jacco Kromkamp, Suhyb Salama & Eelke Folmer) during NAV09. Station_ID Sampling_Date_Time _UTC Location Latitude dd Latitude mm.mmm Longitude dd Longitude mm.mmm Team FLst_013 26/9/2011 TBC Lutjeswaard TBC TBC TBC TBC A FLst_021 26/9/2011 11:30 Lutjeswaard 53 2.532 4 59.44 B FLst_072 26/9/2011 11:35 Lutjeswaard 53 2.529 4 59.466 C FLst_073 26/9/2011 11:57 Lutjeswaard 53 2.488 4 59.369 C FLst_074 26/9/2011 12:20 Lutjeswaard 53 2.371 4 59.271 C FLst_075 26/9/2011 12:30 Lutjeswaard 53 2.314 4 59.24 C FLst_076 26/9/2011 12:55 Lutjeswaard 53 2.407 4 59.366 C FLst_077 26/9/2011 13:15 Lutjeswaard 53 2.403 4 59.366 C FLst_014 27/9/2011 TBC Vlakte van Kerken TBC TBC TBC TBC A FLst_078 27/9/2011 12:27 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.544 4 56.596 C FLst_022 27/9/2011 12:30 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.513 4 56.534 B FLst_079 27/9/2011 12:42 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.624 4 56.654 C FLst_080 27/9/2011 12:58 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.677 4 56.789 C FLst_023 27/9/2011 13:00 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.571 4 56.71 B FLst_081 27/9/2011 13:17 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.772 4 56.65 C FLst_082 27/9/2011 13:35 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.731 4 56.441 C FLst_083 27/9/2011 13:51 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.667 4 56.272 C FLst_084 27/9/2011 14:04 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.67 4 56.273 C FLst_085 27/9/2011 14:23 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.567 4 56.048 C FLst_086 27/9/2011 14:44 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.44 4 55.911 C FLst_087 27/9/2011 15:06 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.375 4 56.156 C FLst_088 27/9/2011 15:19 Vlakte van Kerken 53 7.346 4 56.346 C FLst_015 28/9/2011 TBC Balgzand TBC TBC TBC TBC A FLst_089 28/9/2011 11:10 Balgzand 52 56.955 4 50.661 C FLst_090 28/9/2011 11:26 Balgzand 52 57.103 4 50.907 C FLst_024 28/9/2011 11:30 Balgzand 52 56.852 4 50.747 B Comments No sediment samples

Station_ID Sampling_Date_Time _UTC Location Latitude dd Latitude mm.mmm Longitude dd Longitude mm.mmm Team FLst_091 28/9/2011 11:52 Balgzand 52 56.874 4 50.724 C FLst_025 28/9/2011 12:00 Balgzand 53 56.874 4 50.724 B FLst_092 28/9/2011 12:07 Balgzand 52 56.776 4 51.188 C FLst_093 28/9/2011 12:29 Balgzand 52 56.749 4 51.226 C FLst_094 28/9/2011 12:52 Balgzand 52 56.75 4 51.244 C FLst_095 28/9/2011 13:07 Balgzand 52 56.748 4 51.229 C FLst_096 28/9/2011 13:23 Balgzand 52 56.66 4 51.198 C FLst_097 28/9/2011 13:50 Balgzand 52 56.694 4 51.089 C FLst_098 28/9/2011 14:13 Balgzand 52 56.666 4 50.899 C FLst_099 28/9/2011 14:30 Balgzand 52 56.678 4 50.862 C FLst_100 28/9/2011 14:50 Balgzand 52 56.781 4 50.799 C FLst_101 28/9/2011 15:04 Balgzand 52 58.875 4 50.746 C Comments Table 6.2: Sampling activities, protocols and responsible persons on the intertidal mudflats during the NAV09 cruise. TEAM SAMPLING KIT PARAMETER SAMPLING PROTOCOL ANALYSIS PROTOCOL RESPONSIBLE PERSON A Hand cores P profile TBC TBC Lieke Mulder B TBC 13 C PP PLFA TBC TBC Juliette Ly analyses POC TBC APA TBC TBC Juliette Ly TBC DNA/RNA TBC TBC Juliette Ly PAM PAM IN_PLACE_MPB_RLC_v2305 IN_PLACE_MPB_RLC_v23052 Jacco Kromkamp 2011 011 Trios Lsfc, Lsky OPTICS-2010-05 N/A Suhyb Salama Radiometers Cut-off syringe HPLC (Microphytobenth os) IN PLACE benthic pigments v110411 TBC Eelke Folmer C Cut-off syringe Microphytobenth os species IN PLACE MPB species composition v110411 TBC Eelke Folmer Cut-off syringe Grain size IN PLACE sediment grain size v110411 MEE-BENTHOS-P.7.8 Sediment analyse Eelke Folmer Cut-off syringe Foraminifera IN PLACE foraminifera v110411 TBC Eelke Folmer Cut-off syringe Dinoflagellates IN PLACE dinoflagellate cysts v110411 TBC Eelke Folmer

7 SAMPLE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS The Navicula can accommodate a single container only. Since the entire suite of work required a thermo-container and a 14 C-container, sample processing and analysis activities were distributed between the NIOZ labs and the Navicula. Water samples for 14 C production measurements and sediment cores for sediment nutrient analyses and sediment-water exchange measurements were transferred to NIOZ aboard R.V. Stern for incubation/processing. All water filtration was done on board the Navicula. Samples were fixed, frozen or stored in the fridge as appropriate, before further post-cruise analysis at NIOZ. 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The sampling and monitoring as described in this report could only be obtained thanks to skillful assistance of captain (Kees van der Star) and crew of R.V. Navicula. We are indebted to Richard Doggen for measuring 14 C primary production. We thank Jack Schilling and our fleet managers Theo Buijsman and Erica Koning for supporting the cruise preparations and execution, along with NIOZ marine research facilities (MRT) and associated departments. We thank the physics department for loan of various equipment. Cruise NAV09 is a NIOZ contribution to the IN PLACE project (ZKO Carrying Capacity program), funded by the Royal Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Earth and Life Sciences.

9 APPENDICES 9.1 Appendix I: participants and crew of NAV09 NAV07 CRUISE PARTICIPANTS - NAVICULA Number Name Surname Institute Role 1 Juliette Ly NIOO PLFA, DNA analyses 2 Annke Van Den Oever NIOZ Mudflat sampler for GS, and MPB-samples 3 Margriet Hiehle NIOZ Niskin, ADCP & CTD 4 Mark van Dijk NIOZ FRRF, NUTS, CDOM etc. 5 Monique Veenstra NIOZ Bivalve larvae, HPLC, phytoplankton species 6 Suhyb Salama ITC Optics on Navicula and Flats (radiometers), missed part of day 1 7 Jacco Kromkamp NIOO Mudflat PAM measurements 8 Eelke Folmer NIOZ Mudflat sampler for GS, and MPB-samples NIOZ-NAV DAILY STERN SHUTTLE Number Name Surname Institute Role 1 Lieke Mulder NIOZ Mudflat P profiling and lab experiments 2 Timothy Dube ITC Mudflat sampling assistant 3 Sudha Shrestha ITC Navicula optics assistant 4 Micael Woldegiorgis ITC Mudflat radiometry assistant NIOZ - Phytoplankton lab for C14 analysis (2 samples per day) Number Name Surname Institute Role 1 Richard Doggen NIOZ 14CPP incubations NAV07 CREW Number Name Surname Institute Vessel 1 Kees van der Star NIOZ Navicula 2 Tony van der Vis NIOZ Navicula 3 Wim-Jan Boon NIOZ Navicula 4 Ewout Adriaans NIOZ Stern