Bio-optical monitoring of coastal Baltic Sea waters from research to applications

Transcription

1 Bio-optical monitoring of coastal Baltic Sea waters from research to applications Susanne Kratzer Department of Systems Ecology, SU Gerald Moore Petra Philipson Christian Vinterhav Therese Harvey

2 Jerlov s water mass classification Jerlov's optical classification into the oceanic water types I-III and the coastal water types 1-9 (Jerlov, 1976).

3 Jerlov s water mass classification Clear tropical Jerlov's optical classification into the oceanic water types I-III and the coastal water types 1-9 (Jerlov, 1976).

4 Jerlov s water mass classification Clear tropical Baltic Sea Jerlov's optical classification into the oceanic water types I-III and the coastal water types 1-9 (Jerlov, 1976).

5 Attenuation of light 90% of signal from the atmosphere Figure: IOCCG Report Number 3 (2000)

6 Attenuation of light

7 Attenuation of light Case-1 water

8 Attenuation of light Case-2 Case-1 water

9 Attenuation of light Case-2 Case-1 water Classification: Morel and Prieur, 1977

10 Light penetration in the open sea and in coastal waters Oceanic Optical Case-1 waters Coastal Optical Case-2 waters Kurt Holacher, 2002

11 A multi-scale approach to monitoring Satellite remote sensing Optical monitoring Seatruthing Atmospheric corrections Large scale synoptic information Small and meso scale information Coastal Zone monitoring: Ecological and physiological variables Physics and chemistry Optical biogeochemical variables: CDOM, Chlorophyll, SPM Platforms: Research and monitoring vessels, moorings, ships-of-opportunity Decision-making Environmental policies and management Socio-economics (e.g. tourism and fisheries) (from Kratzer et al., 2003)

12 Approach Use remote sensing to map water quality in the coastal zone Use optical indicators as diagnostic tool for management (Secchi depth, Kd490 and chlorophyll as indicators of eutrophication Use bio-optics as a link between remote sensing and ecology

13 Area of investigation: Himmerfjärden STP outlet Landsort Deep

14 Validation Limanda

15 NASA Aeronet-OC Station at Gustaf Dalén light house

16 Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state

17 Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater

18 Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM): land drainage and to wind-stirring in shallow waters,

19 Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM): land drainage and to wind-stirring in shallow waters, and phytoplankton: productive status of the pelagic ecosystem; anthropogenic nutrients from land.

20 Polynomial decay from source to sink Himmerfjärden Open Sea Contribution of each optical component to K d (490) assuming a polynomial decline of optical components in relation to the source (land), Kratzer and Tett, 2009.

21 TACCS radiometer

22 Optical monitoring of water quality

23 Optical monitoring of water quality

24 Optical monitoring of water quality K d (490) is a standard product of ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS)

25 Optical monitoring of water quality K d (490) is a standard product of ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS) K d (490) has been the most accurate and a reliable remote sensing product for the Baltic Sea.

26 Optical monitoring of water quality K d (490) is a standard product of ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS) K d (490) has been the most accurate and a reliable remote sensing product for the Baltic Sea. K d (490) has been the best link between optical in-water measurements and remote sensing data.

27 1/SD, m-1 Inverted Secchi Depth (SD) and K d (490) 0.6 y = x R² = Askö Kd(490) Kratzer et al., 2003

28 SeaWiFS image SeaWiFS Kd(490) image In-water algorithm: SD = (0.55 * K d (490) 0.04) -1 meters Secchi Depth (SD) map of the Baltic Sea (last week of July/beginning of August 1999, Kratzer et al., 2003)

29 MERIS improved monitoring of coastal waters

30 MERIS improved monitoring of coastal waters MERIS: improved spatial resolution over coastal areas (300 m resolution 1.2 km in open sea).

31 MERIS improved monitoring of coastal waters MERIS: improved spatial resolution over coastal areas (300 m resolution 1.2 km in open sea). Improved spectral resolution (more bands that are also more narrow; more optical substances can be derived).

32 Spatial resolution- example Wadden Sea MERIS, , 10:33 UTC FR, 300 m resolution Landsat 5, , 10:19 UTC 30 m resolution Borkum RR, 1.2 km resolution Ems Images courtesy of Carsten Brockmann

33 MERIS image 19 Aug 2002 RR HFV H5 HFV H4 H5 H3 H4 H3 FR H2 B1 H2 FR (300 m resolution) B1 RR (1.2 km resolution)

34 H5 H4 H3 H2 22 August, 2002, Kratzer et al., 2008

35 New K d 490 algorithm derived from sea-truthing data Kratzer et al, 2008

36 Secchi depth map ln(secchi depth) derived from MERIS data to test model output

37 Match-ups NW Baltic Sea July 2008 Sampling stations and transects during Askö field campaign 2008 (see PINS on each RR scene). The conditions were very good for sea-truthing. The MERIS RR RGB composites show how patchy the waters become during good conditions in summer. Kratzer & Vinterhav, 2010

38 Improvement of MERIS processors

39 Improvement of MERIS processors (*100) operational system

40 Test of BPAC Outputs (ICOL Processed) Moore et al. 2010

41 Aerosol Properties In-Situ α=1.87+/-0.02 BPAC α=1.71+/-0.09 Moore et al. 2010

42 TSM Scaled bb p Sta TSM BPA % C C C Moore et al. 2010

43 Chl Scaled a p (665) Sta Chl BP % C C C C Moore et al. 2010

44 Participation in COASTCOLOUR algorithm Round Robin global intercomparison of coastal algorithms

45 Applications Cyanobacteria Bloom in the Baltic Sea, MERIS full resolution (300 m), 13 July ESA

46 Operational system from research to applications

47 Interactive maps based on ArcGIS tool for data delivery and administration simple user interface and GIS functionality only web access necessary for the end-user! Server Zoom Measure Inquire Print Scale etc.

48 Suspended matter map in Himmerfjärden 31 July

49 Map of humic substances in Himmerfjärden 31 July 2008

50 Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student

55 Temporal resolution Himmerfjärden, 2008 Measurements between April and September MERIS passes by every 2-3 day Regular cruises by monitoring vessels: 17 Remote sensing by MERIS: 20 Total set of chlorophyll a measurements: 37 Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student

56 How representative is the satellite-derived chlorophyll a product? In costal areas Chlorophyll a concentrations are overestimated by 91 %. In open Sea the Chlorophyll a concentrations are overestimated by 25 %. (Kratzer and Vinterhav, 2010) Correct for this in the chl-a estimates

58 Summary MERIS provides us with a new tool to assess coastal systems from space Indicators for eutrophication, e.g. chl-a and Secchi depth, can be derived from space Remote sensing data provides improve spatial and temporal resolution Chl-a concentrations from remote sensing not significantly different from conventional monitoring data Together with Vattenfall Power Consultant we have developed a user-friendly operational system

59 Outlook Continuation of operational system by joining GMES MarCoast downstream services for (BC-VPC- SU) Aim: continuous system update with best processor available (more funding is required) Stockholm University is champion users of the COASTCOLOUR project Validation of coast colour algorithm in the Baltic Sea Continuation of MERIS mission through Sentinel-3 (ocean colour sensor OLCI and SST / (A)ATSR) through 2023

60 Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD): Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication

68 SPICOSA project: use of Secchi depth as model link Nitrogen loading Total Nitrogen concentration Water exchange Nitrogen retention Secchi depth (water transparency) Secchi depth is estimated according to empirical relationship between nitrogen concentration and Secchi depth Courtesy: Jakob Walve ln(secchi depth) derived from satellite data to test model output

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70 MVT intercalibration work-shop July 2008, Askö

71 Aeronet-OC Pålgrunden June 2009 (SENT-3 validation)

72 MVT Field inter-comparison at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT), Italy, July 19-22, 2010; lab calibration at JRC Above water systems In- water systems Water sampling In- water systems

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74 Sea-truthing PhD training course, Askö, May 2010 Intercalibration with IOPAS (Poland)

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76 Recent articles Kratzer, K. and Vinterhav, C., 2010, Improvement of MERIS data in Baltic Sea coastal areas by applying the Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land processor (ICOL), Oceanologia, 52 (2), Kratzer, S. and Tett, P., 2009, Using bio-optics to investigate the extent of coastal waters a Swedish case study, Hydrobiologia, 629: Kratzer, S., Brockmann, C. and Moore G., 2008, Using MERIS full resolution data (300 m spatial resolution) to monitor coastal waters a case study from Himmerfjärden, a fjord-like bay in the north-western Baltic Sea, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(5), Pierson, D., Kratzer, S., Strömbeck, N., and Håkansson, B., 2008, Relationship between the attenuation of downwelling irradiance at 490 nm with the attenuation of PAR (400nm- 700nm) in the Baltic Sea, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112 (3),

77 Current aquatic remote sensing projects at SU Swedish National Space Board (SNSB): Using MERIS full resolution data for improved monitoring of coastal areas in the Baltic Sea from research to application, Focus: Fundamental research. ESA/ESRIN: Technical Assistance for the validation of MERIS products in lake Vänern and coastal waters of the north-western Baltic Sea (Sweden), mid mid Focus: Validation of MERIS data and intercalibration of radiometers. Participation in SPICOSA, and EU FP6 project on integrated coastal zone management: Focus: Academic training & developing remote sensing as diagnostic tool for integrated coastal zone management. Participation in Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) project: Development of evaluation criteria for pelagic quality elements (Secchi depth) in coastal areas. Focus: Ecosystem monitoring and management. NordForsk: NORDic network for AQUAtic REMote Sensing ( nordaquarems.org/), Sept 2008-Sept 2011; coordinator: S.Kratzer. Focus: Networking, PhD training & curriculum development. WaterS: EU FP7 Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP),

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80 Thanks for listening! Any questions?

81 Thanks for listening! Any questions? SST bio-sensor, Kratzer Ltd. at Landsort Deep (BY31).