by The Transvaal prace Council.

(, T. r. c. & BACTERIOLOGICAL memorandum WARFARE. t t m y j by The Transvaal prace Council. 1. Whatever opinions might exist us to the deeirebility fxid possibility of the total abolition of warfare as a means of deciding international diajwtes, world opinion hns long condemned r.na outlawed the use of weapons of exceptional inhumanity, in particular those aimed at the indiscriminate destruction of the civilian population. / 2. At Geneva, on June 17, 1925, thirty-six States adopted and subsequently ratified the Protocol prohibiting the use of poisonous gases and tho uso of means of bacteriological warfare, and ' dreeing to hold themselves bound by the torms of this declaration. Such means **f warfare, stated the Protocol, "hove been justly condemned by the overwhelming body of opinion of the civilised world. The signatories included Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union and the Union of South Africa, but excluded the United States end Japan which have till this day failed to ratify the Protocol. 3. At the conclusion of the Second Vforld War, a number of officials of tho German, Japanese and other enemy regimes were tried and condemned in a number of cases to death as. war criminals for aimes against humanity,, arising out of savage and indiscriminate massacres of civilians. In taking these measures of Justice, the United Nations were supported by public opinion throughout the world. 4. During the post-war period repeated declarations opposing indiscriminate weapons have been m^de by important and representative bodies. On April 5th, 1950, the Seventeenth International Conference of the Red Cross urged that the Powers forbid the use of atomic and other "indiscriminate weapons that caanot be directed with any kind of precision or the ravages of which are effected without discrimination over wide areas". Such weapons, it declared, "mean the annihilation of people and of human values which it is the purpose of the Red Cross to defend, and which places even the future of civilisation in jeopardy." 5 # At the third meeting of the World Council of Churches at Totonto 9-15 July, 1950, a declaration was adopted affirming, inter alia: «... Some methods of modern warfare, suoh as the use of atomic or bacteriological weapons and obliteration raids, involve the use of forcu sol destruction of life on such a terrible scale that they shake the very base on which Law and civilisation exists. It is, therefore, imperative that they should bo prohibited by international agreement and we greet any sincere proposal which has this end in view..." 6. The Second World Peace Congress held at Warsaw, 16-22 November, 1950, issued a "solemn appeal to the United Nationa to the Parliaments and to all people,," proposing - 2 -

* Unconditional prohibition of all typos of etomls, bacteriological, chemical, poisonous, radioactive weapons and all other mans of maes destruction! Denunciation as a war crix-.inel of that Government which henceforth is the first to u p s t ^ s a weapons." 7. Since February 1952 a aeries of extremely grave allegations have been made by the Governments of both North Korea and China to the effect that the United States has boen wegir^ bacteriological warfare on a large scale in Korea and in Chinn itself. Since both the accusations themselves and tha detailed evidence adduced has been subjedted to a virtual black-out by the South African press, we annex to this Memorandum a selection of documents which have been issued* (See Annexure "A") 8. While the United States Government has denied these allegations, it has declined to submit these charges for investigation by an Impartial international body acceptable to both aides, or to make any statement condemning the use of bacterioloflical warfare as such. Indeed, the American authorities make no secret of their l u g e scale preparations for such warfare. A large research station for this purpose is known to be maintained at Camp Detrick, Maryland, U.S.A., and numerous public statements have been made by official parsonages envisaging the use of such mathoda of war. (See Anaaxurs *B ) 9. In publishing this Memorandum the Traatvaal Beaoa Council is actuated by tha most earnest and responsible concern tha preservation not only of peaoe, but of olvllleation; lsdeed</ he survival of humanity It s e lf. * Vs reiterate Our urgent appeal for the conclusion of a long term past of peeee between the Five Great Powers, open to all other states, which oan reduce present international tensions, provide the sortitions for large-aoaj* disarmament, and open the way for all peoples to live in peace and security. Ve urge an immediate peace in Korea and impartial investigation of thm charges regarding the use of bacteria as a weapon. We eall for the immediate rennunclatlon by all states of all weapons of lmdiserlmlnate warfare against civilians: atomic, chemical and baoteriologleal. 10. We call upon all organisations and Individuals of goodwill to suppert us In these proposals. JOHANNESBURG APRIL 1952. THE TRANSVAAL PKACE COUNCIL. P.O. BOX 525. JOHANNESBCJRO.

m umr BY THE CO imxsslon OF O T U C T S OF THE *» «?? S W t I C W H S *. THE INTERNET ICN,vL, com ission consisted of -, L Professor of International La" HEINRICH... ic the University of Graz - (Austria), President. Advocate at the 9up*M» Court of BJICI CAVAL1BI... S o ^,, (Ita ly ), Vlce-Presl.ent. 3-licltcr, London (Greet Britain). J CK CASTER.... jttivocate at the Court of A p l «l, UARC JACQUlffi... J.s,rls (Iranee). ni"-ctor of the Research Depart- ko ^...s s s :. M M...'"' ',ocot0 Br *9 7 lrl >. H O O K A S DK BhlTTO. H i. - Janeiro - _ Julge of the Supreme Court, ZOFJA... v.arsaw (Poland). -o 1952 lidabors Th0 Commission in Korun * " /. T & n. Of the comnlsaion via t.d the j r L a c e. ^ ang, Nampo, Kalchen, H-an, Hal, Km, on l n l» i l «# 0 M, n. Pek Don*, Anju, Ana*, Slnchon, <i-n«lf faced *ith vr.e Oa its arrival in Korea the C Buni8S^ t gorious allegation that the in E X & s r a a r a s = r t ie army and the civil popuu-i6n. dtfmront regions of the country evidence on the s*ot, circumstances, i s s z r t s = % ; ^ r E l? ' r n» ^ S r fouoi examined experts, obtained a. f il3ease from heeltn a S f n i recent yaors and as to the o u t otfulol aocua,nts service officials and exports on. antothor material put bo fora them. CCmmls3lon»ns lmirj33t ^ % Ceraclty of the M W simple - - - ' s r ; : : L * *.. - detachments, different kin^s or m e North Korea. ^GTS b08fcxtf8j uu*» f - - le* et rlterb' «* «and amon,. stones.... ^ ^ ^ (ln -in.- thj very low ten: em tur^s.r< 'V /. _ y five depreos, hut S ^ r S S «<» - «one ^ % & r - only for a few hxnre, the av r M *...., M 9 cf insects, a w * Centi.-rsde) * 1 * '3 2 ^ «-? «^ ^ S S. S S s ^» «* *» _ 2

Annex. "A ". - L f ~ of insects shich w i l d normally newer to founfl to* > 10JU TtJe insects ware Infected. ««>* < * «* ^ D t lt le s o f, 0 t K.,t t^e insects were carrying eggs. In muny cases it was also foun- t... _ v t tyq3q insects were In the Opinion of expert3 it m y be assumel tto. t h e * ^ ^ bred artificially. On 23 February far" f ror Suk Shun Myan village, pye ngan Province, on a mountain not far f r a a w c &? clcb wv ich in addition to flie s, * greet quantity -t * w found. live in the regions between fresh water a - cbol ra. The fish were fouirt in a half rotten j t a t t a n o n the It is assumed that these fishes were dropp inountains., (n AKr.i,>r<«3 rasteurella p> stis, The kinds of bacteria found wer«: ' ^ ^ rickettsia and eberthella typhosa, salmonella par-. ccnfiris3d the local reports shigella dysenteriae. The examination, J { ~, ^ alsc. o^fabthat different kinds of insects were b *u ^ ith p[aknie, cholera?ai lished that the insects dropped %..re i-t. CttlQT GpiiiOITliC disgb.s^3s«the Commission particularly investigated a number of cases of which the following arc characteristic:., f t r hen Kan? Won Province, (c) On the 13 January 1952, s o u t h s - - ^ the snow and among flie s, bugs, and s p i e r s w^*re fou affcer discovering stone;s. Though the place had been _ u ^ fouffii tn the insects, 20-30 s p e c i e s per " B U e en area of 600 to 700 netres in diameter. E x p e rt examination showed that the flies ^ the ge of cholera. At a distance of atoou^j00^ ^ ^ contciqcr3 point where the insects had been d. ^ sljciai appliance that like leaflet bombs feave been found t^ ched the ground. An caused them to break open as soon a the ptotos No.8 and 0 eye witness identified this ^ he Coflulsaion personally which is of the same type as the remains inspected) On 18 February I * *. 1. * 1»!. * " s ^ 5 E ^ 'South Pyengan Province, fle& s >» separate lots on open found crowded into one yard square " from the next. One spot was ground, each spot being about one metr g wer0 Qllve # By the c o v e r e d with snow, others not. All t 0 ^ insects had scattime the investigation group reache^ ^ pc ^ n0 fllos 0r trred over an area around. At before. The ground tempera- Bpiders have ever been found in this a ture was 20 degrees below zero Centigrade. Towards midnight on the day before the ' ^ ^ n^ ' ge^ f al times very low, planes had been seen above this bomb, or m a c h in e gunning. without dropping any e * P j ^ 7 f w we-e inftcted with plague. Expert examination showed that the fleas yifty ^r s o n s were On Fenruary 25, plague broke out in th - ^ fjaloh taken ill of whom 36 died (in a populate,a of a * > u t ^ ^ ^ 11 and the disease had not then run i - previously occurred in this region. (o) February 22, in Jong Doag Hwang on ice~ Cho Wa Myen region, flies were ^ ^ dlameter wlth five to and snow, over about an area - ~ lu the Ojwn fiel~, ten flies to the square metre. ihoy far from bum^.n habitation. ^OOi n->t.ros from Also in wol San, * a e r.on ^ ro.inn fl es * -. *» * W the Dearest house. In W * ^ - 3 -

-»T Annex,,*A"«*1 n^.o *rvi hniriov ixviy thnn normally knuwn. In the whole prcvlac 36 ceses have been established up to March 12, In which flies, mcaquitoes, spiders and unfhmiliar insects similar to fleas were found. (i) On February 28, near Son*; n i, K&ng Don Gecn, Won Ton Myon ration, South i-^on^an Province, on the ice cf the t'ink of the Puk Kang hiver (which serves the we.t<-r supply of lycnryaog) e.ot-like insects wera found in dusters of >:lout 30 ctr.. diari.ter, with about three to five metres between each cluster. By the next day, thu insects had alreidy spread ever nr* are* of 8 V metres. The day before the insucts wtre found, five American pi s hud bt.ee seen c i r c i i v over thu piece for half an h ur, without- drf-;pin«explosive cr incendiary bombs or m c.inci unjttioc. The witness ftatea that t ex/ert exojnineiicn Msclcs. -a tnat tho insects we:-- ii.f ct i /.it:. bacteria whier, caused an intestinal disease. '.'I -st- croups ci iniivi'ual cases, prc-v:d by the Coo*T.i?sicn, r«present rely u small --art f the rvd facts fcr it was net feasible fcr the C-'cjrlsoics to visit ill the rlr.eea affected..-.'heiw contdners like leaflet bejnba hr:ve Uer. feu a. it should be it:do clear that no leaflets h' ve b k n f and in the neifi.beurhoed. In Ncrth K^ren there he ve I ert no previous epidemics for nt least four years an; n Case has up to the time of the Commission's visit been reported uxoe. t in i'.n immediate area where elustera of insects hp.v.~ b-en found aa described above. The fact that no widespread epidemic :as occurred in c nsequence of the dejosits cf infected inaocta i a, from our own observation, undoubtedly due to the careful and strict anti-epidemic measurea that have teen taken by the authoritiea with the fullest ani closest oo-cpcration of the reople. The firat caae of cholera was diagnosed on February 20. Thia waa 40-year old Kim Hok Mun cf the Myen region, Chel Won Goon, Kang Won Province, who died cn February 23. On February 25, 35-year old Kira 3hul Sun fell ill in the s..tb village. In the South Pyencan Province, Suk Chan Myen, two lersons in the sama village fell ill on Larch 5, end both died on the following day. On March 8, three more persons fell ill, one of whom died the sa/tt day end another on March 9. In Pyongyang city (as mentioned above) two persons fell ill on March 8. The quarter has been isolated. In Hwang Kni Province, where the local redstor (as mentioned above) ahowed 36 cases of discovery cf inse-cta, in Suan Goon, SH Gu Myen, Sok Dal Ri village, two persons fell ill on March 8, one of whom died on March 9. No soldier fell ill of cholera. Total number of cholera cases ia 13, nine of whom died. Firat case of plague waa diagnosed cn February 25, Hawang Li Shai, aged 29, of Bal Nam Hi, Anju r e d o n. The case took a mortal turn. On February 29, Pak Sun Ok, aged 26, of the same village, fell i l l. In thia case it wap established that pla^uo-infected fleos had been found on February 18. The number of plague cases in the village amounted to 50, 36 of whom died, up tc the time of the Ccmdssicn's visit to Anju. In view of these facts the Commission states it is beyond doubt that great quantities cf inaecta, often, of apeciea unkown in Korea, wore f^und under very low temperatures on the anow, on the open field or on the ice cf rivers. The insects were proved to bo infected in gr^at number with plague, cholera and other contagious diseases. Close by the places where insects were discovered containers hove been found wllose construction remits- the conclusion that they served for the carrying of gryat quantities of insects. Da a part of one f them a c*> king in En^Lish wag discovered. I-n sevwal casus a loo: 1 awl temporal ecindd'ghco- fctrtween the objects rcund and the a r'-var<*.ncc ~f eirplanus, which circlei low above the place without firin g or strafing waa proved. Shortly after these _.discoveries cas^c >f plague an4. cholera occurred. The coses invi?tigated by the C o rdcaim which arj» only a few of the eusos reported, have b-.-en set out above.. T h * w <11odoeod a envious and - 4 -

Annex* "A*...Idaaptaad depoait ot * * & m i Kor9 by " M r l M n ^ pl " - 2. -n?iyv>t Of T} INTSSNATIONhL ASSOCIiiTION o f ^ S i S c S S s ^ S s T J OF BACTERIOLOOICAL X f l w o F S m M TKhKITOY BY THK J U D FORCES OF THE UOTED STATES of iileric*. (A) f o r e * s r j l : ^ f- ^,ri9 ts from eiarht countries, was en- A Commlflaion, 'u» 0 ictino f Demooartlc La«yera «lth tmated by the I '' r^', " #icl!ltl0i.s,-f International La«by the U.S. ^ r t c l a ' r f o i f.! 106 ~ p o a lt lo n or t h U c o ^ a a l c n, «a. f0ll3w3: m o e n U M i n ti*ea.! u j i o i c a v u b b x (v i o *-b».. > m p a S S? KABB- MUI3I aoerens S *»» m o Purir* tha time when the <«* r. - whore they jad lnvaatlqated in [a - civilian population, the fcarona by the U.S. air foroea ^ ^. e n t publicly aocuaed tlnl^ s!,.! f o f S S t a S e r i o i J n.a i ~.p o n. U «Xoptheaat.ro pro- vinces of China. Govern/rent of the People s Republic of China. For thla rnrpoae the mambera of the commlaalon went to tha North- eastern provinces cf China. case, of dlsaemlnation or bacteria < - * «*» - S informod, were so numerous that. y itself to examination of commission. The commission had to <5onfine ^ ^ f n t i e e in the southern ton of these cases which occurred in various localities part of Northeast China. Kr. ft5i Hsi-chin.-, chief assistant of fc^ l^ ^ \ n d e n T O ^ o * t k e coo- ^ r. hea? L ^ l s i - r a f T b t a i n e d 'testimonies of a certain number c witnesses, relating to those facts. In addition, the Commission has also ^ a e r S clinical logical, entomological, pathological, ** reaulta of their examinaexperta who furnished the commission with the results tions, analyses and experiments. On the other hands the commission h a s by three Maericsn Immunology" of May, 1947, which certains a Ion? r e * * * cy bacteriologists cf Columbic University. * r «o T i T r i T f ; :, r weapons*,b) S»,nt «. U - S U _ U U i (Exaarlea) r * S insects JMRFia* '*?. cr.-iwlin: on S j a - cr1ipcting and destroying authorities cf his 4 1 *» d a v. Tne inoocts were the inaects was organised on tn* nay. - $

- 7 - Annex. "A ". scattered over an area of more than or* kilometre lcng ; two Chinese li) nisj about 500 metres (one li) wide. The inhabitants of this village had naver before ae^n insects of this kind even during the hot season, while In the beginning of Larch it was still very cold in this rer.ion and the snow r.ni ice had not yet thawed. Thr<-e witnesses incluhr.' farmer Lin Xuan-i, first ct see tie ins.-ts, inferred the c m ission of the eircumstanccs u s every aa.* conditions t which specimens *er sent t- the authorities* " * f U. Wj/*1 r. fec«s,.«chir. Y^. -tin* who ma.te an ont ' 'lc<?ical oxoir.in-.t: r..v., insects, point*! cut that insects *.f these kir.is c'.uor.;.elr hai : -jen scatter* T i n l.«r : :* quantities in roc. an 1 rth-.-ast O M ar. Dr. Cv" Chi-r.ir.' t' 1- th-> crrxiesi n afcpjt- tr n s. l t s f t - t-at-.n I' jier*l xrfrlr»jiits c arri- o u t by t: r-.' x c r t s 5 r- 1 : tr-j.,-i,..»i.. i i,'ht days later a;.' r.unerous risk ttsioe ap:-ar- in its* s iu o n. Thus the f^ct war statlish. : that thes- in l e t s carried tyre f rath. - nic ricki.'ttsl': -. The a shun re.-i n v..s iora led by.american aircraft n February P J. Lv; witnesses testified that on that day an air rol; alarm w*..a aoun,.-'.. in Fushun. ii) On March 4, 195 E, swarma of insects were discovered on the banks f a river in the village f Lao Kuan in I-en r-si regi n. Insec-o ware scattered over on area mere than one kilometre in 1 n *th t:.ree- -quarters of a Kilometre broad. Those were several ty;ea f inaecta, notably spiders end mosquitces. Frcfesscr Chine Kwan Hua pointed out to the commission that oiperimonts made upon mice and guinea pigs showed that the spiiers carne. bacteria of the pasteurella -^roup to which plague bacilli belong. On February 29, 1952, American aircraft were observe! by the military observation service in the south of flan Hai and in both the north and south of Fuahun. iii) A member of an anti-epidemic team in Chinch: *1, Ur. Jen testified before the commission that on torch 5, 1952, he had seen croups of mosquitoes flying in the village of Fan Chin, Chinchow. On March 6 and 7, mosquitoes, flies and s;iders were discovered in large quantities, particularly on the ice of a jartlally frozen r v,r. According to testimonies made by Professor Chia-. Kwan-hun before the commission, certain inaecta Identified as "chircncmus" or as alomyzidea" flies carried typhoid bacilli and pnratyphoi - bac -. The Chinchow region was invaded by U.S. aircraft on!..arch in the mornin^., at six iv) On March 7, 1952, a U. S. aircraft flew over the Fushun regi n. On the aaan day a railway.omplpy^e diacovered a large; number f fliea 10 kilometres from Kcchiatze station. The f l i e s *inrch L r nni th. bridge of Wu LI f c i. A few Says 11 he an! other railway workers wont tc the same *laee to 1-Ok nicer the raila: there were still flies and they cou-fct s e a them W-. sent thorn to Shenyang (Nukden). It was very cola at tr.is tl...u, m e termperature wr*s.10 degrees c» below zero. The commission heard the testimony of J'Tofoss: r Chen 5'icicn who ^u'iied^ these insects erd identified them aa "hylemyia" flies, di..or^-, - "anthomyitdea" family. On this subject, the witness g^v-' t.^ * explanation: these flies could be found in large numbers tht - nth of May, but they ofculi net nd-rl.ly auw iv^ ca %fa sftw. totf ** * v v c- rrv Jr.- r.iil a; vonli n- bacteria.

"> On torch n, 1952, at eight aaj u. th.., * the Y" iu r it««ty district of Ciang-aea'twlce - i ^ S ^ T a o u L ' e f Til^ a*e rjf lbi T«l«-T.o aircraft coming from the northwest f l t i i? 8RW fchree object drop from an aircraft This 80u^ oast* They saw an But a large quantity of poultry nct later be located. a I. U «, m i. dlapo o i e r e / u t ^ n T Ch * * " * M t e p r o r ^ ^ t h e±!srl nt8 on ^ a ' J Z,? n n the ' * =31=0 quarter.too rlaiws p. J! 1 h,, \ * r r v l r ^, f *5 * * «the west to the east nnri thi f. ' y Q,^r,3Qt height from beard the aound of t^e 1! f ^ * aa V ry clear* T1* aircroft. ' 5 an. sq*v streaks of white smoke from the form of*a^tube^and^hich^seened^to0^-iii in t h e ^ QfP* ar0 1 t0 hevb the city. ~ " oil in the eastern part cf the 5 L^Sze-chien^who ^ m r U c i S a H f Kwaatien> b* the naaa the order of the a u t h o r ^ t ^, P the SSQrCh for lgaects under kilometre putaide the East Oatfl13^ ^ ^ \ lq the malze flelda about one inch) deep. Near t h i. L ty a hola fbur "tsun" (Chinese inneraurface cf which was C T e v l ^. M t 6 umeroua small fragments, the and three metroa awav from f h! II! the ^ t e r sll^ry- grey, extremity of which was attnoh T ft'a '^»nts was a ateel rod, at one fied before the commis^ n J J? etal ^ s k. The witneaa, who teati- feathera, some of which were short10 6^n vlcinity of the hole chicken black. Judging by the ouantitv whlte» M<J 80ffie l o w and they aeemed to have ccme J!! different colcxira of the feathere, Of L y t o. u ' l X l Tlololty? ^ H* dld * > > n o r m S l i a ^ r t 'e i i t t I * 1*? W one of hi a exiat in this area. He handed to aeemed to him to have come^frr ~f ^ f0atbbre and the fragments which and burned the inaeeta exeenfc To*. 6rl0^0fi:1Cal b Qb* He 0^ t e d turned orer to the authorities. ^ ^ 8pecljnen8 which were * I* ; *nd C flunl! 8i0Q WQre ab^ to examine ^r a o n e lly the Analysis of the U* 8peciman3 of fa th e r s found at Kwantien. Place. The i n o c n? ^ 8 T fragm0nt8 of th«b0fllb * no** taking < iaolated. ' m 8 lod» bufc the bacteria haa nct yet been (C) C oncluslon: rtrch 1?' 1952 the unusunl presence of insects of in the souttoj T? " ig different ^ U t i a. from the Korean border. these places are far away II# thg preaenoe of these inaects was unusual, becaustof t f the 9eQaon aai the temperature: also' s- w w fact that they were ccncentrated in limited are«s. I I I. In many oesna r * ap.a M o.. QJfl00, ^ ; 1n ^ r e

--v knw x, "A ". - f - their presence could n^t be c^ as1 lerad np.nntural. IV. In moat rt the onbee, the results f einffiiajtinns rr* experiments on guinea r1 8 rj ric9 SCf * t;v 1 thc3v iuae'cts and feathers carried disease-frctfucia* misr'er *ani«&: bncteri* c-f pasteurellusis, anthrax, ty hot- and pcntyrh-m: riel--attcia, r:.i viru3 of encephalitis. Y, xt was established in n i c a s -3 ^xuml^-i jy tr.a c r.. if.6i teat ever the areas in which insects <:s r ath-a «.r. n-sc- v-re, A fr ic a n aircraft had fl wb (fcho Jan. : V I. In racy cases, 7»itB-:-J*a*'6 k- : r. r'y-.'t:. * fr - rircraft. In one case f~ -a:r.ts f c r.t::in-<r v. ;r f uni which was epfhreatl used f'-r hel'.irs» insects«v II. Although ur t n..w he:. 1th m-nsires t-jca 'y *.v nutfcoriti.a i eliminated any dnng*r -t ep i tnioc, 17 rscr.3 ccatrjnimt-;d by. microbe-carrying ir.pc.-ets h v. U.. The ec-imnisbioc c nailers t-.t thu infects! inr-cts an*. fa c t o r s coul > nly be transport*'.* t t: -?s< ofess by.... r cr il t 1 tne rirh- n-r any justifiable reat)* n t" fly -vor tle i. rtheaat-.ra territory of Jhina. This conclusion carries all tho rvre wei ght when enc ctmparos taw.* ''actb with those obtained by the commission duriu-- its investi -iti>-n in Korea. The rercrt made after this first invcsti^ati >n Indicated notably the discovery <f fragment s cf a sjecial be mb which carrie. an inscription inenc-lish, find established the fact t.aat L.S. f -c-s dlssominated in Korea insects laden with r,erms cf contagious.isec.sos. liany infectod insects discovered in China are similar to these f.u a in Korea. The use of bacteriological weapons le prohibited by the laws of war. This prohibition, confirmed by the Geneva Protocol cf 17 Ju 1925, must be upheld even more strongly when there is no armed ccr.llic. The Statute of tne International Military Tribunal cf Nuremberg has also termed tho killing and extermination of civilian population a 'crime against humanity, without,..istiuction whether there be a state of peace or a state of war. The Convention cf 9 December 1948 for the prevention and regression of genocide positively applies "in tiro of peace as m tiro of war to murders or rtbto injuries to the physical iute*rrlty rt the mcr.-ars a national, ethnical or racial group, committed or attempted wi.h tne intention of destroying such a group, in whole or in part. We consider that the facts reported above constitute an act of agcr.;ssirn by the United States, an net of genocide, a n a articular j odious crime against humanity. It lndoed han.'s ever >h. w.. a... o an extremely r;rave menace, the limits ana consequences - -*' -* c.... be foreseen. Our conviction is founded on the facts which we have verified with the strictness of juridical discipline and the consciousness of cur responsibility. As jurists, we raise cur solemn protest against those viclatir.in internatioi.nl law..is dyiuocrata, we denounce tho act of a^ivjssic-n vjhich threatens th«peace cf tie world. ;.s nen end woman wo express cur in.il/ astiea agujrot the svnalntoo use of til3 proetreac Ol B'*i' n w f' J ri-imi r«l r>1n s. 8 -

Annex. "A" This report la written in French and signed by all the members of the commission in f-eking on *pril 2, 1952, 3. STATEMENT BY A L ln WINNINOTQH, EilTlSH REI-OATER IN KOREA. "Today I personally witness' d an,.m*:rlcan bacteriological air-raid. It was an absolute conclusive prc of thr t the /jner ic:;ns are waging germ warfare, I was driving in a Jeep throu^th a remote mountain area tc the scono cf a raid and we stopped to eat in a wide velley, A rlcne went overhead, too hi^h for us tc see. About 20 minutes afterwards I noticed some little spots floating 1own from a great height. VJe watche4 them end as they came nearer could see that they were trjwn leaves - Lua ru.a.f t.a«:r. «u ccurht sc mo befcro* they reached the i?roun'>. Suddenly tho cir wa3 full ol6r-of long winded fluttering insects mr.ay of which landed cn us. We caught dozens ia a few minutes, usin- chopsticks for the ;urpose. There was a very light breeze - not enough tr onrry the leaves fr.fl. nearby hills, but to make certain,»vo took samilos of all leaves in the vicinity. All were different an: were weathered and dusty whereas those frcm the sky were bright m 1 clean, though they weru spotted v.ith some fungoid growth. "I walked about 300 yards into the brooze and found no sign either of flies or leaves. Back at the Jeep, the air was still full of flies which were in a strong flyinr condition when they arrived. Instead of going on, we waited to see what wculd happen and in two hcurs they had dispersed, After that time, we could only find a dozen or bo in the whole area. "On our way back we stopped every tan miles and looked fur similar insects. There were none, "This evening we handed tho specimens to bacteriologists, Tbe iaso'cts were instantly recognised by entomclocists as "stcne flie s ". They and the leaves are now be in?' examined for infection. The flios are water breeders. I have now joined the great army of eye*it nesses of germ war. The evidence is undeniable. From a clear blue sky leaves come down from a great height. Flios suddenly appeared at the same time and then disperse!. They cair*j from a rlane ani could have come from nowhere else." DECLARATION ON THE BACTERIOLOGICAL WAR BY ~LL THE JCURXALI3T3 COVERING THE ARMISTICE TALKS IN KOREA. The following is a joint declaration by a group of correspondents of Chinese, French, Korean, Hungarian an" lolish newspapers at Kaesong. "As a result of visi3ts to many widely scattered districts, interviews with hundreds cf people, soldiers, civilians, bacteriologists, doctors, medical workers ani persons ia health administration at all levels, we state: "Firstly, U.S. fcrce3 are using bacteriological weapons on a large scale and in a (Treat variety against both it c h d forces and xsiviliane in North Korea, but especially against civilians. "Secondly, this weapon can be, and is being m?t and defeated by clcse co-operation between the Government and resple, by mass social consciousness, discipline and courage. It is being defeated here. There are no epidemics. "The evidence is conclusive, V,e fount that U.S. forces have dropped from planes, or fired in she 1J e of special design, a great variety cf - 9 -

/ / - ^ Annex. "A insects infected with virulent diseases of en epidemic nature. Many i' the insects used are of species hitherto unkown in Korea and other native tyros vjhich r.re net normally seen at this tine of the year. "Flies, fleas, ncscuitoes und spilers nre the commonest insects drop- * : but lice, san-. flics, bu^s, ants and otter species are also used, l nt*:. inat 1 it at, fish, cloth, feathers and straw have also been ny.;'i 'us bnct ria are carried b«t the commonest are bubonic pla<?ue anl c'. lcra. Oth^rr include rala-'sia:* fever anl typhus. Bubonic pi". n nr. s ~u.-v r tver. known in the hist cry cf Korea before, e n ', apart fr: r. U. 'ill :-ca." f cholera in Scuth Korea in 1946, this too, has been unk'vj f<.r '.rs. ' : insects drorned die from exposure to the col! but many j- ^.. i vo c re specially re are 1 an; conditioned tc extreme cold., ;-av rally fcun living flics on the ic«10 days after most of them.s.l been destroyed by burnir*. We have seen others able to fly a few hc jrs after they i.ai b en irrpped. Eye-witnesses from widely scatter- 1 parts f t.u.- cc untry described exactly smilior habits of the insects after they were four*. Frr the first few hcurs fliee, f'jr instance, are usuilly lazed, bat after that they begin to fly at about a metre frrjr. the- -r'-und. i.fter another few hours they can fly twice that :*,i-ht an : then bo in tc disperse. "Ur..cuLte- ly the U.S. forces are counting on such factors as the approach f warm weather to m ke way epidemic seem natural. They drop the b-toria by ni^ht and in cloudy weather and use apparently normal pr. pa.randa weapons in an effort to conceal the ovidence of their guilt. This is a mere insidious weapon than any other. The U.S. forces count on the victims beins; forced to destroy the evidence in self defence. However, they will not succeed because there are tans of thousands of eye-witnesses. There are laboratory samples of non- -idi^enous insects and bacteria unkewn in Korea, Thero is a mass of indisputable evidence - complete, damning and f i n a l,"

ANNEXURE "B ". 1. STATEMENT BY KR. SIKES, CHAIRMAN OF TFE UNITED STATES HOOSa OF REPRESENTATIVES SUB-CC? ITT::'-:. "According to an Associated Press dispatch, Mr,.Sikes h>.s, in offset, affirned during o secret session of tno Sub-Committee that th_ ' nit.il States is at least on an equal fcotir^ wit: Russi: rr.; ot... r co.'tri-.s in the field of bateriologicpl v'irf&re but h did not think: <no jslimportance was attached to this quiat ion. Sik s said thct th j ~cpr uzr. pros r.tv 1 b- th T.ilit-:ry r.t -orities dealt mainly with st i.vir.,- e.. ana f r rr t -jti; * 1 if., ; :A cattlo in tho United St^t.a. "But I s. Sikes odd-.d that t i p.-ograrj:. -1 :,-.c aiso pla> r.. t. i the United St at a, "I f n.-vs. -y, to c-rry t-.-'t r'-fj.*. *1 r?-. r t to the anumy". Whereas the Finance Commits ior. f th i louse reduc-! th u till ion dollar total military credits durand i for th fisc-1 ye -.r t- *i. ' in»: *n July 1st by 4,100 r.illiou dollars, t "bnct<. ricio- ical v.r f'.r." credits have remained untouched. "Tha documents published by tho Sub*Committt:e presid. I ever by. J*. Sikes revealed that the military authorities havo ask d an increase in credits in order to curry on research in rugrrd tc bret-riolo/icnl warfare. "The amount of the credits hrs not besn ilscleg. I, but th^r., lonr. with tho credits asked for atomic projects and chemical warfare, r.^e.n the total of 49 million dollars. "For his port, Major General E.T. Bullene, Chief of the American Army Chemical Corps stated before the Sub-Commit U o thnt tno military authorities considered the question of becte>riologicm1. orfaro as "urgent". "He said that they had been engaged in research for tin yc -rs, and they now believed it waf time to start seriously on the job. "Mr. Sikes said that the General wished to tr.lk about the building and fitting up of new laboratories for the carrying cut of research work. "He added that a real bacteriological war of r prisals did not necessitate complicated "super-weapons". "Ho said: "The means of delivering germs to enomy territory are simple and involve equipment of the type with which the services are now already well stocked... such as th j containers uevid currently for dropping propaganda le a fle t s"." 2. STATEMENTS BY GENERAL ulden H. WAITT, DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES SERVICE OF CHEMICAL WARFARE. "It is neither logical, nor intelligant to speak of the horrors ox' toxic gas and bacteriological war and then accept p.tor.ic war. I have no sympathy for speeches on the humanity or inhumanity of s weapon". {Extract from an r.rticlc d^.t^j Juno 1.th,1346) "The end of the last'war saw new discoveries in toxic warfare which had not been used on the field of battle. It is absclutoly Indio-, ponsible thet we should be in advance of the.r.tirj world, fcr if wa are not wo could lose ana probably v.'ill. lose next r a r." (Declaration xubligh. \ J r "'The lierald Tribuce du.tune 3rd, 1948.}

- 2 - Annex. "B ". -After stating that ho did not doubt tha effectiveness of logical wnrfare, the tejor added: 'I think»e heve the best scientists working on this problem. By tho end of Boris War I I»e hod surpassed all of our adversaries". (Interview published in the -New York; Times' on Kerch 13th, 1949.) 3. STATEMENT BY GENERAL ANTHONY V^ACAULlfTE P'BLiaiED IN TOE "KEW YORK JOURNAL AMERICAN ON OCTOBER 31, 1951. Bacteriological warfare represents an ideal diversionary " eap» because it can be used unnoticed. Even a small amount of active motorial can cause considerable dwiago. "The illnesses caused by means of bacteriological, warfare do not show up inmediately. "In view of the gradual way in which those substances act due to the incubation period arri the difficulties of identifying them, it» not be easy to check up and decide the moment when such diversionary action w ill take placd. In other words, one can give the impression that death or illness arise from natural causes*. *> x Joif* «^ r -. i\ -* }> ty VR.v!_ *>± 4. STATEMENT BY BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM CREASY, C H B? OF RESEARCH SECTION, UNITED STATES CK8MICAL CCRPS, JANUARY 25th, 1952. "According to my most irofound convictions, chemical and bacteriological weapons will le jsen military expense* and the ~ the enemy and w ill thus ensure us victory without economic devts t l.on "Consequently, we will accomplish and realise, more experiments with all possible kinds of weapons r*l«ti*e to bacteriological warfare... "Biological war is the di-ect opposite of the health serrice...» contrary to the atomic bomb and other explosive weapons, logical war, is directed principally a ^ a g t ^ a e n, destroy buildings and w ill not * * * & men or against food eourcoe, that U, against domestic animals and

Collection Number: AD1812 RECORDS RELATING TO THE 'TREASON TRIAL' (REGINA vs F. ADAMS AND OTHERS ON CHARGE OF HIGH TREASON, ETC.), 1956 1961 TREASON TRIAL, 1956 1961 PUBLISHER: Publisher:- Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand Location:- Johannesburg 2012 LEGAL NOTICES: Copyright Notice: All materials on the Historical Papers website are protected by South African copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed, or otherwise published in any format, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Disclaimer and Terms of Use: Provided that you maintain all copyright and other notices contained therein, you may download material (one machine readable copy and one print copy per page) for your personal and/or educational non-commercial use only. People using these records relating to the archives of Historical Papers, The Library, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, are reminded that such records sometimes contain material which is uncorroborated, inaccurate, distorted or untrue. While these digital records are true facsimiles of the collection records and the information contained herein is obtained from sources believed to be accurate and reliable, Historical Papers, University of the Witwatersrand has not independently verified their content. Consequently, the University is not responsible for any errors or omissions and excludes any and all liability for any errors in or omissions from the information on the website or any related information on third party websites accessible from this website. This document is part of a private collection deposited with Historical Papers at The University of the Witwatersrand.