VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA TECHNICAL & NONTECHNICAL MEASURE POLICY Dr. B. Sengupta Member Secretary Central Pollution Control Board Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India, New Delhi Paper Presented at Regional Workshop on Transport Sector Inspection & Maintenance Policy in Asia Organized by ESCAP/UN(DESA) in Bangkok during 02 Dec 200
VEHICULAR POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN INDIA High vehicle density in Indian urban centers Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilities Predominance of two stroke two wheelers Adulteration of fuel & fuel products Improper traffic management system & road conditions High levels of pollution at traffic intersections Absence of effective mass rapid transport system & intracity railway networks High population exodus to the urban centers.
CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SECTORS TO AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES Domestic Industrial Vehicular 72% 8% 20%
GROWTH OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN INDIA 60000 Numbers in Thousand 50000 40000 30000 20000 0000 952 2374 23507 25505 27660 30287 33850 3723 4359 48240 5300 0 990 99 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 2000
FUEL SHARE IN INDIA GASOLINE DIESEL CNG LPG/ELEC
FUEL CONSUMPTION IN METRO CITIES(9992000) 400000 200000 26803 MS HSD CNG METRIC TONNES 000000 800000 600000 400000 706998 280065 54098 33667 30084 200000 7095 26782 0 MUMBAI DELHI KOLKATA CHENNAI
SHARE OF ONROAD VEHICLES IN DELHI 2S2W GASOLINE CAR MUVG BUS 4S2W DIESEL CAR MUVD LCV 3W TAXIS TRUCK CNG
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF TWO WHEELERS IN DELHI 2500000 Number of Vehicles 2000000 500000 000000 500000 0 980 980 982 982 984 984 986 986 988 988 990 990 992 992 994 994 996 996 998 998 2000 2000 Year
% EMISSION LOAD CONTRIBUTION FROM DIFFERENT VEHICLES IN YEAR 2000 IN DELHI Types Load Th.t CO (292.6) HC (2.6) NOX (63) PM (4.4) BENZENE (3.0) BUTADINE (0.36) O3 POTENCIAL (402) BUS 23 5 < < LCV 7 0 4 3 MUVG < 2 < MUVD 3 < 6 3 3 < PCG 36 7 35 6 4 49 6 PCD < < < < < < TAXIS < < < < < TRUCKS 4 2 22 2 < 2 3W 8 3 < 4 8 7 3 4S/2W 2 2 2 3 2 2S/2W 38 63 24 36 32 65
TECHNICAL MEASURES VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY FUEL QUALITY AFTER COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVE FUEL ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES (ZEVS) MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM URBAN ROAD & FLYOVER PROJECTS I&M / PUC PROGRAMME
EuroIII (Country) EuroIV (metros) EuroII (Country) 200 EuroIII (7 megacities) EuroI equivalent (Country) EuroII eqv. For cars (4 metros) 2005 2 nd set norms notified 2000/0 Emission norms for catalytic vehicles 996 st set norms notified 995 990 VEHICLE EMISSION NORM SCHEDULE IN INDIA
GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS & SCHEDULE PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS YEARS 996 2000 2005 200 RVP at 38deg.c,kpa 3570 3560 60 BENZENE 5.0 5.0 3.0 (all).0 %by Vol.,Max 3.0 (metros).0 (metro) Lead 0.5%(low pb) 0.03 0.03 0.005 G/m3, Max 0.03% (unleaded) Sulphur 0.0(unleaded) 0.0 0.05 0.05 %by Mass,max 0.20 (leaded) Aromatics 45 42 % v/v., Max Oxygen 2.0 2.7 %by Vol.,max
DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS & SCHEDULE PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS YEAR 996 2000 2005 200 Cetane No, Min 45 48 48 5 Sulphur % 0.50 0.25 0.05 0.035 W/w, Max 0.05 (METRO) Distillation 370 370 360 T95 Polyaromatic
GASOLINE BENZENE REDUCTION PRORAMME IN INDIA No Specifications June 994 Before 996 5 % 0.5 g/l (4 metro) Unleaded 4 metros April 995 Low leaded Entire Country April 996 Jan 997 Jan 999 April 2000 3% in Metro cities % in NCT & Mumbai Nov. 2000 Unleaded Feb NCR 2000 Unleded Country GASOLINE LEAD PHASEOUT PROGRAMME IN INDIA
DIESEL SULPHUR REDUCTION PROGRAMME IN INDIA Sulphur 0.50 % 4 metros & Taj April 996 August 997 Sulphur 0.25% Delhi & Taj Sulphur 0.25% Metro cities April 998 Sulphur 0.25% Entire Country Jan 2000 Sulphur 0.05% Mumbai Sulphur 0.05% Jan 200 NCR Sulphur 0.05% June 200 Chennai & Kolkata July 200
INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION SYSTEM Fitness certification is a statutory requirement for commercial vehicles and public transport vehicles. Periodicity for certification is once in a Year. For noncommercial passenger cars, fitness certification is required for renewal of registration, only after 5 years from the date of first registration. In case of two wheelers no such requirement exists. Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates are required to be obtained every three months for all categories of vehicles. In case of petrol vehicles idling CO measurements are taken and in case of diesel vehicles, free acceleration smoke is measured. RTOs, filling stations & service stations are authorized to issue PUC certificates. There are more than 400 PUC centers in Delhi. The agency for issue of Fitness Certificate is the Transport Department. A fee of Rs.50 per vehicle for heavy commercial vehicles and Rs.50 for medium & light commercial vehicles is levied for obtaining PUC certificates.
Current & Proposed Emission Standards for inuse Vehicles Vehicles Category Current Standard Proposed Standard CO (%) HC (ppm) CO (%) HC (ppm) Gasoline 2/3 Wheelers 2stroke 4.5 3.5 9000 4stroke 4.5 3.5 9000 Gasoline 4wheelers Without close loop Cat. Con. 3.0 3.0 To be proposed With close loop Cat. Con. 0.5 200 Diesel Vehicles other than agricultural tractors Full load 75 HSU (Smoke Density) Not Proposed Free acceleration 65 HSU Not Proposed Diesel Agri Tractors 80% load 75 HSU Not Proposed LPG/CNG 2/3 Wheeler 4.5 4Wheeler 3.0
VEHICLE CHECK SHEET FOR FITNESS CERTIFICATE S 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tyres Engine Horn Brake Lamps/signals Embossing of chassis Speedometer Painting Wiper Dimension Body Electrical Finishing Road Test Others Item Steering Suspension Cut, deformation, threadease were Gear backlash, kingpin, stub axle, steering freeplay Noise level 85 db Leafspring position, clamping, shock absorber, bushes,shackle, centre bolt Electrical, bulb, pressure horn Total brake effort > 45%, stopping distance at 30 kmph < 3 mtrs, parking brake, brake oil leakage Headlamps, parking, turn signal, top lights, reflectors Chassis & engine no. identification plate, month & year of mfg. Functioning, speed governors. As per Act and rules Wiper fitment & functioning As per CMVR, DMV rules Seating, mudguard, emergency gate, window size, glasses, floor, etc. Insulations, switches, doom light, spark arrester Riveting, welding, bonnet, crankcase cover, etc. Clutch, transmission, axels & performance As per specifications. Check
TECHNICAL MEASURE EVALUATION BY EMISSION Up gradation of fuel quality & tightening of vehicle emission norms resulted in decreasing trends of pollution in major cities of India. Inspection & Maintenance has definite utility on emission performance. Concentration of lead in traffic intersection shows good downward trends. SO2 shows decreasing trends over the years. Nox & PM still remain a problem though trends are decreasing. Marginal decrease in RSPM observed at traffic intersections.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (TRAFFIC INTERSECTION) IN DELHI SO2/NO2ug/m3 RSPM0 x ug/m3 LEAD0 x ng/m3 CO00 x ug/m3 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 0 995 998 999 2000 66 63 60 59 55.87 54.5 46.86 42 42.4 33.5 25 2.6 20 20 8 9. 3.6 7 0. SO2 NO2 LEAD CO RSPM
AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI ( CO IN ug/m3x 00 / VEHICLES IN LAKHS) 60 50 40 30 20 0 0 33.43 23.72 55.87 55.4 27.96 CO 3.67 46.86 VEHICLES 34 30.69 994 996 998 2000 200 SO2 IN ug/m3 /DIESEL S IN 00 X ppm 20 00 80 60 40 20 0 42 00 50 35 NO2 IN ug/m3 SO2 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 0 25 25 66 75 994 996 998 2000 DIESEL S 8 6 5 5 994 996 998 2000 200 63 NO2 59
AMBIENT POLLUTANT LEVELS IN TRAFFIC INTERSECTION IN DELHI LEAD IN 0 X ug/m3 / PTRL Pb IN mg/l 60 50 40 30 20 0 0 40.8 56 LEAD 3.2 5 PETRL Pb 3.6 0..3.3 994 996 998 2000 20 00 80 60 40 20 0 JAN RSPM IN 0 X ug/m3 / DIESEL S IN 00 X ppm 30 25 20 5 0 5 0 20 RSPM 25 9. DIESEL S 6.3 5 5 998 2000 200 CORRELATION OF AMBIENT NO2 LEVEL WITH CALM CONDITIONS OF WIND IN DELHI NO2 MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR CALM 997 998 999 2000 MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV
PARTII NONTECHNICAL MEASURE POLICY
NONTECHNICAL MEASURES EMISSION WARRANTY SCRAPING OLD POLLUTING VEHICLES TOLL TAX FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES SUBSIDIES FOR CLEAN VEHICLES PARKING CHARGES & FINE ENCOURAGING CAR POOL AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS
PERCENTAGE TRIPS FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES IN MEGA CITIES WORK EDUCATION SOCIAL 00% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 0% 0% MUMBAI CALCUTTA DELHI CHENNAI
40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 5000 0000 5000 0 ECONOMIC GROWTH & VEHICLE GROWTH Per capita Income (Rs) Number of Vehicles in Delhi X 000 Per capita State Domestic Product (Delhi) Per Capita Net National Product 993/94 994/95 995/96 996/97 997/98 998/99 999/00 SourceNEERI
POPULATION ROAD LENGTHVEHICLE DENSITY IN DELHI ROAD LENGTH X 00 Km VEHICLE DENSITY (NO. PER KM) POPULATION IN DELHI (X/0) Lakhs 400 200 000 800 600 400 200 0 97 98 99 996 998 SourceNIPFP
PUBLIC PERCEPTION FOR TRAFFIC CONGESTION IN DELHI Enchroachment Increased Vehicles Bad Road Condition Traffic Indiscipline Mixed Traffic Police Barrier Insufficiant pedestrian facility Insufficiant road width Others SourceNEERI
INDICATIVE FUEL PRICING STRUCTURE IN INDIA GASOLINE CNG PARKING CHARGES DIESEL VEHICLE GROWTH IN LAKHS PRICE IN RS. 40 35 30 25 20 5 0 5 0 PRE 90s 995 2000 GASOLINE DIESEL CNG * Administered Pricing Mechanism (APM) will be off by 2002.
INDICATIVE PUBLIC TRANSPORT FARE IN METROS 2 BUS FARE IN RS..5 0.5 0 MUMBAI KOLKATA CHENNAI DELHI SourceT&CPO/GOI
60000 Proposed Investment in road infrastructure (Million Rs) 50000 40000 30000 20000 0000 0 MUMBAI KOLKATA CHENNAI DELHI SourceT&CPO/GOI
VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES TAKEN AND THEIR IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN DELHI 994 996 998 2000 200 (JanJun) Emission Norms of Vehicles.Relaxed norms.emission norms made stringent as compared to 99..Emission norms for cat.converter fitted vehicles made stringent..hotstart replaced by cold start tests which gives less emissions..euroi equivalent norms for all types of vehicles except passenger vehicles which are EuroII equivalent. CNG/LPG Norms finalized. Fuel Quality Improvement.Diesel S %.Gasoline lead 0.56 g/l.benzene no limit.fuel quality specifications notified under EPA for the first time. Pb (g/lit)=0.5 Diesel S=0.5% Gasoline Benzene=5%.Diesel sulphur reduced to 0.25%.Gasoline Benzene reduced to 3%.Gasoline Lead phased out.diesel sulphur reduced to 0.05% in selected outlets..gasoline Benzene reduced to %.Gasoline sulphur with 0.05% max.sulphur in all outlets..low smoke 2T oil introduced.diesel with 0.05% sulphur throughout retail outlets in NCT. Other Measures.Govt. vehicles to run on CNG/Catalytic Converter..5 years oldcommercial vehicles banned.premix 2T oil in retail outlets. Buses more than 8 years old phased out. Replacement of pre990 autos/taxis with vehicles on clean fuels.conversion of post990 autos to CNG initiated. Fuel testing lab established.all autos/taxis and buses to run on CNG.. At present 600 buses, 000 taxis and cars, 25000 autos on CNG. CO (ug/m3) 3343 5587 5450 4686 3069 SO2 (ug/m3) 42 35 25 8 6 NO2 (ug/m3) 66 75 63 59 Pb (ng/m3) 408 32 36 0 RSPM (ug/m3) 200 9 63 Vehicle No.(Lac) 23.72 27.96 3.67 34.0 % Calm Wind 4.69 43.0
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION & EMISSION EVALUATION PRESENT & FUTURE PROJECTION FOR DELHI u gm/m3 400 350 300 370 336 289 268 CO NOX PM F / VT A 2000/2000 B 2000/2005 C 2005/2000 D 2005/2005 E EUROIII/EUROIII F EUROIV/EUROIV 250 CO STANDARD 22 99 200 88 88 76 50 00 50 0 CO=ugmX 0 28 0 94 85 63 66 68 74 67 60 65 58 64.7 NOX AND PM 54.2 44.8 STANDARD 2000 2005 200 A 200 B 200 C 200 D 200 E 200 F
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