Changing Clouds in a Changing Climate: Anthropogenic Influences
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1 Changing Clouds in a Changing Climate: Anthropogenic Influences Joel Norris Assistant Professor of Climate and Atmospheric Sciences Scripps Institution of Oceanography
2 Global mean radiative forcing of the climate system for the year 2000 relative to 1750
3 Cloud Radiative Forcing low-level clouds strongly reflect sunlight back to space (negative cloud radiative forcing) high-level clouds strongly restrict emission out to space (positive cloud radiative forcing) thick clouds strongly reflect and restrict emission (net zero cloud radiative forcing)
4 Cloud Radiative Feedbacks Remember, forcing is not the same as feedback Positive cloud feedbacks if these occur with global warming: decreased low-level cloud cover decreased low-level cloud reflectivity increased high-level cloud cover increased height of highlevel cloud cover Negative cloud feedbacks if these occur with global warming: increased low-level cloud cover increased low-level cloud reflectivity decreased high-level cloud cover decreased height of high-level cloud cover
5 Observed Cloud Changes Low-level cloud cover has increased at every latitude
6 Observed Cloud Changes
7 Why is cloud cover observed to increase? Spurious data from an unknown observational problem Natural climate fluctuation Unidentified process resulting from global warming Increased anthropogenic aerosol
8 Cloud Aerosol Interactions Aerosols are tiny particles in the atmosphere Natural sources are dust, sea salt, and coagulation from gases of biological origin Anthropogenic sources are fossil fuel and biomass combustion Anthropogenic sources overwhelm natural sources over much of the globe Aerosols can act as condensation nuclei for haze and cloud droplets to form on
9 Anthropogenic Aerosol Radiative Forcing Direct Indirect Effect effect Sulfate More cloud aerosols condensation reflect solar nuclei radiation are available back to so space Soot more aerosols but smaller absorb cloud solar droplets radiation formin the atmosphere This can enhance instead cloud of letting reflectivity it reach by the increasing surface scattering area (indirect effect 1) This can enhance cloud lifetime by inhibiting coalescence of droplets and thus suppressing precipitation (indirect effect 2) Absorption of solar radiation by soot can heat the atmosphere and thus evaporate clouds and prevent new cloud growth (semi-direct effect)
10 Indirect Effect One Natural Anthropogenic State Effect small large number of cloud condensation nuclei small large number of large small cloud droplets low high reflectivity
11 Indirect Effect ship tracks
12 Indirect Effect Two Natural Anthropogenic State Effect small large number of cloud condensation nuclei small large number of large small cloud droplets no collisions occur occur and droplets and droplets grow do big not enough grow big to and rain rain out out shorter longer cloud lifetime
13 Observed Cloud Changes If anthropogenic aerosol is greatest in the Northern Hemisphere, why are cloud increases greatest in the Tropics and Southern Hemisphere?
14 Cloud Aerosol Interactions Perhaps the Tropics and Southern Hemisphere have greater susceptibility to anthropogenic effects due to more pristine conditions cloud droplet number SH NH aerosol number
15 Indian Ocean Cloud Experiment (INDOEX) strong offshore flow during December-April brings polluted air over Northern Indian Ocean Southern Indian Ocean provides clean air comparison A very heavy and dark haze layer was observed over the Northern Indian Ocean The haze layer strongly absorbed solar radiation
16 Cloud Aerosol Interactions Is the semi-direct effect dominating over the Northern Indian Ocean? Is low-level cloud cover decreasing? No and No!
17 Indirect Effect Two Frequency of precipitation when low-level cloud is present is negligible and suggests indirect effect two is not important for enhancing cloud Local time at 75 E period period NH N E % 1.5% % 1.6% SH % 16.2% S E % 16.2%
18 Conclusions clouds have strong and varying radiative impacts on the climate system anthropogenic aerosol might have a substantial influence on cloudiness, but the large scale impact is difficult to quantify observed cloud changes are often not consistent with expected anthropogenic aerosol influences causes for increased cloud cover have not been identified over much of the global ocean the observed cloud changes may not be completely reliable
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