Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmental Planning and Management

Transcription

1 The EPM Source Book Series Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Prepared and written by the staff and consutants of the Sustainabe Cities Programme HS/595/00 ISBN

2 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 2

3 User s Guide The Gender Source Book is organised into 3 parts. Part One presents the essence of the Source Book, (a) the context and the concept of gender responsive environmenta panning and management (EPM), (b) the process of gender responsive EPM, drawn essons of experiences from cities and programmes, and (c) the essons earnt and chaenges. Part Two contains the summaries of twenty practica case studies, presented during the Internationa Workshop on Gender Responsive EPM (Nairobi, 1998). Part Three gives references to resources in gender issues (individuas, city representatives, internationa support programmes, research institutions etc.) The content of Part One is described in more detai: Chapter One: Context and Concepts Chapter One discusses the context and concepts of Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management. It provides an overview of the environment-deveopment reationship, the concept of gender and its definitions, and outines gender issues in Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM). 3

4 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Chapter Two: Mainstreaming Gender in the EPM Process Chapter Two refects on mainstreaming gender in environmenta panning and management. Short practica case exampes from cities from a over the word are used to iustrate the five key eements of gender responsive EPM: gender disaggregated information; gender responsive stakehoder invovement; gender responsive strategy formuation and decision making; faciitation of gender responsive action panning and resource mobiisation; institutionaisation of gender responsive EPM and measuring progress. Chapter Three: Gender Responsive EPM: Lessons Learnt and Chaenges Chapter Three examines essons earned and chaenges faced at the city eve and aso describes how gender responsive EPM can be ocay adapted, appied and used. Who shoud use this Source Book? This Source Book is intended to be a usefu foundation document for peope invoved in panning and managing urban areas. It is targeted at urban managers, urban stakehoder groups and deveopment managers deaing with urban environmenta issues and the genera panning and management of urban areas. The Source Book documents initiatives of how gender responsive EPM eements have been taken into account in resoving urban environmenta issues and in the panning and management of urban areas. The book is aso vauabe for peope sensitising urban managers, panning and impementing urban projects and programmes and for students and schoars interested in the basic eements of gender responsive EPM. Athough the Source Book is targeted at urban managers, it is not a too kit of activities. However, it is intended that it can be further deveoped into a practica training too, and adapted to oca needs and circumstances at neighbourhood eve. The ast part of the document points out the key eements to consider in adapting the Source Book to oca needs and the necessity of constanty reviewing it to suit changing oca needs. 4

5 Tabe of Contents User s Guide 3 Foreword 7 Introduction 9 Part 1 11 Chapter 1: Environment, Urban Deveopment and Gender The Environment - Deveopment Reationship Understanding Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM) Understanding Gender Concepts Gender roes and reations Gender sensitivity Mainstreaming gender Practica gender needs Strategic gender needs Gender anaysis Indices: Gender-reated Deveopment Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM) Linking gender and environment Linking gender and sustainabiity Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM) 24 Chapter 2: Mainstreaming Gender in the EPM Process Gender responsive stakehoder invovement Importance of gender disaggregated information and quaitative data from women and men Faciitating gender sensitive strategy formuation and decision making Gender responsive action panning and resource mobiisation for effective impementation Institutionaising gender responsive EPM and measuring progress 46 Chapter 3: Gender Responsive EPM: Lessons Learnt and Chaenges Gender responsive EPM activities today Factors affecting the impementation of gender responsive EPM Externa factors Interna factors Chaenges of impementing gender responsive EPM Research in city experiences Measuring progress in gender responsive EPM Administrative support Coaboration and networks Supporting and adapting gender responsive EPM ocay How support programmes respond 64 Concuding Remarks 67 5

6 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Part 2: Case Study Summaries 69 A Naseryah Urban Improvement Project, Aswan, Egypt 73 Promotion of Sanitation among Househods in Luzira, Kampaa 77 Women s Committees in the Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Project, Egypt 81 Seective Soid Waste Coection and Recycing in Recife, Brazi 85 Future Workshops - From Vision into Action: Women s Roe in City Panning in Heideberg, Germany 89 Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana Programme, Guntur, India 94 Women s Initiative in Environmenta Protection, Hue City, Vietnam 98 Consumer Education and Community Participation Project, Kathmandu, Nepa 101 Good Governance: New Forms of Cooperation and Partnership for a More Gender Responsive Urban Deveopment in Hamburg, Germany 105 Estabishing a Women-Oriented Cottage Industry in Madaba, Amman, Jordan 109 Capacity Buiding for Urban Poverty Aeviation in Ibadan, Nigeria 112 Gender Responsive EPM: An Experience from Lonha Community, Patan, Kathmandu, Nepa 116 Mabibo Environmenta Management Society: A Case Study of Soid Waste Management in Mabibo Ward, Dar es Saaam, Tanzania 119 Gender Responsive Approaches in the Sustainabe Lusaka Programme, Zambia 123 Gender Responsive EPM in the Sustainabe Chennai Project, India 127 Mothers Centres in Baden-Württemberg, Germany 131 The Latin American View of Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning, Chie 136 Projet Integre de Daifort, Environnement et Ameioration du Cadre de Vie, Dakar, Senega 139 Vugarisation de a Technoogie de a Brique en Terre Stabiisee (BTS), Conakry, Répubique de Guinée 146 Part 3: Reference s 157 Workshop Statement on Gender Responsiveness for Sustainabe Urban Deveopment 159 Case Study Authors 165 Inventory of Acronyms 169 6

7 Fore word This Source Book on gender responsive urban environmenta panning and management (EPM) is a significant contribution to the current internationa diaogue on gender and deveopment and is buit on discussions faciitated through the Urban Environment Forum (UEF). Today, it is generay accepted that urban deveopment is constrained by poor management rather than by ack of financia resources and technica expertise. The new chaenge facing cities is to buid better management capacities. This Source Book examines how a consistenty gender responsive approach to urban environmenta panning and management wi resut in cities which are economicay more efficient, sociay more equitabe and generay more sustainabe. This Gender Source Book draws on practica essons of experience to provide guidance and buid the capacities of not ony gender speciaists but aso deveopment officers and city managers in gender responsive environmenta panning and management. Gender responsive EPM addresses the specific needs of women and men invoved in or affected by urban deveopment by fuy incorporating the needs and possibe contributions of a urban dweers. Athough cities and deveopment agents are aware of genera gender issues and theoretica concepts 7

8 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management have been deveoped to mainstream gender in programmes and projects, there are few documented essons of experience on gender responsiveness to urban issues at the fied eve. This Source Book is the first of its kind to bring together on a goba eve information on oca experiences in gender responsive EPM. This initiative on gender responsive EPM was started by the Sustainabe Cities Programme (SCP), a joint programme of the United Nations Centre for Human Settements (UNCHS-Habitat) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which works on urban environment matters. The Source Book is based on the findings of an internationa workshop on gender responsive EPM hed in Nairobi in Twenty case studies of oca experiences in urban management formed the basis of the workshop which brought together city practitioners, internationa gender experts and partner programmes invoved in urban issues from every continent. This Source Book provides evidence of the wide range of chaenges, initiatives and achievements in gender responsive environmenta panning and management wordwide. I beieve that the variety and extent of city responses coected here wi hep city dweers to focus their coective energy and knowhow towards concrete improvements in the quaity of ife and sustainabiity of human settements everywhere. Dr. Kaus Toepfer Ag. Executive Director United Nations Centre for Human Settements 8

9 Introduction Integrating gender-responsiveness in addressing urban issues has been widey recognised as an important eement in efficient urban panning and management. Experience from cities show that ack of gender awareness in urban panning and management can ead to poor decisions on strategies and inefficient impementation of action pans. Improved capacities in gender responsive environmenta panning and management provide municipa officers and other stakehoder groups working in the urban environment with a vauabe - indeed an essentia - addition to their repertoire of urban environmenta management skis. More gender responsive environmenta panning and management aso supports better prioritisation of issues, and opens up non-traditiona routes for mobiising resources and improving impementation. The idea of a Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM) Source Book was raised in 1996 by the Sustainabe Cities Programme (SCP), supported by the Dutch Government. This activity connected the normative chaenge of mainstreaming gender awareness with the practica issue of improving urban environmenta panning and management. A framework for the deveopment of the too was pubished under the tite Gender Responsive EPM: Get Invoved. This brochure was distributed 9

10 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management wordwide through programmes such as Citynet, Environment Liaison Centre Internationa (ELCI), the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, German Corporation for Technica Assistance (GTZ), UNCHS (Habitat) Women and Habitat Programme and many other partners from the Urban Environment Forum (UEF). The brochure caed for experiences in gender responsive EPM. Partners and cities coected practica experiences, describing them according to a commony structured format. This provided an essentia body of baseine information which was shared at a three day internationa expert meeting. This event brought together over 80 participants from 18 countries, drawn from city practitioners, internationa gender experts and partner programmes invoved in urban issues. Participants shared experiences from their own cities and discussed issues, approaches and common principes for more gender responsive environmenta panning and management. It is evident from city experiences that the impementation of urban environment action pans and projects improves consideraby if gender concerns are appropriatey and effectivey incorporated in programme and project design. Gender responsiveness is a cross-cutting theme in environmenta panning and management which, if appropriatey appied, eads to improved stakehoder invovement, better decision-making, more efficient action-panning and impementation, and enhanced resource mobiisation. By institutionaising gender responsive EPM, human settements become fairer paces for a their citizens. 10

11 Pa rt 1 Chapter 1 Environment, Urban Deveopment and Gender Chapter 2 Mainstreaming Gender in the EPM Process Chapter 3 Gender Responsive EPM: Lessons Learnt and Chaenges 11

12 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 12

13 Chapter 1 Environment, Urban Deveopment and Gender Here we discuss the context and concepts necessary for understanding and discussing gender responsive environmenta panning and management, providing an overview of the environment-deveopment reationship, the framework of gender anaysis, definitions of gender concepts, and outining gender issues in Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM). In order to efficienty pan and manage the urban environment, city managers and a stakehoders must have a common understanding and appreciation of how gender, environment and deveopment are inked and reate to each other. The different ways in which women and men participate in and benefit from the management of cities are significanty shaped by prevaiing constructions of gender. This incudes the construction of apparent norms, expectations and institutiona expressions. These constructions can faciitate or constrain equitabe access to the socia, economic and poitica resources of a city. 13

14 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 1.1 The Environment - Deveopment Reationship The environment and deveopment are inextricaby inked to each other. Since the Brundtand Report of 1987 and especiay since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Deveopment in 1992 (UNCED, the Earth Summit), environmenta issues have topped the socia, economic and poitica agenda. The priority given to the environment is based on the fact that we-managed environmenta resources are an essentia prerequisite for human heath and we being. Equay, environmenta deterioration and degradation directy impedes socioeconomic deveopment. Environmenta hazards such as fooding and andsides, and the inefficient use and depetion of natura resources eading to water, air and soi poution not ony raise input prices and operating costs but aso deter new investment and affect we being (UNCHS/UNEP 1997). Both the 1992 Earth Summit and the 1996 City Summit (Habitat II) acknowedged that socia and economic advancement is best served by productive and sustainabe cities. A sustainabe city is a city where achievements in socia, economic and physica deveopment are made to ast. A sustainabe city has a asting suppy of the natura resources on which its deveopment depends, and it maintains a asting security from environmenta hazards that threaten deveopment achievements. Agenda 21, agreed at UNCED 92, articuates that efficient management of the urban environment requires cross-sectora coordination, decentraisation of decision-making and broad-based participatory approaches. This idea of broad stakehoder participation has revoutionised thinking about environmenta management and sustainabiity. The activities of city residents shape the city itsef, and therefore their active participation in the environmenta panning and management process of the city is vita. 14

15 1.2 Understanding Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM) Achieving sustainabe deveopment requires a actors to recognise the interconnectedness of environment and deveopment activities and to remember that each of their activities interacts with severa environmenta resources either positivey or negativey. As the number of those iving in urban areas continues to rise, urban management efforts are increasingy chaenged by environmenta deterioration. Across the gobe cities are strugging to improve their environmenta panning and management capacities. New approaches are evoving, and among these one of the most successfu is the new deveopment paradigm jointy promoted by UNCHS (Habitat) and UNEP. This new paradigm, environmenta panning and management (EPM), is based on the premise that cities can enhance their environmenta panning and management capacities by: improving environmenta information and technica expertise; improving environmenta strategies and decision making; improving effective impementation of environmenta strategies; institutionaising environmenta panning and management; and making more efficient use of resources for effecting change. 1.3 Understanding Gender Concepts The term gender refers to the reations between men and women and not simpy to women s issues. Gender refers to the sociay constructed roes ascribed to women and men at a particuar time and pace. Gender roes are earnt and vary widey between cutures. Gender roes can change. They are categorisations based on socia processes and are not necessariy connected to bioogica sexua differences. The women in deveopment (WID) approach tended to marginaise women s issues by isoating them from 15

16 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management the broader socia process of deveopment. The gender and deveopment (GAD) approach ooks at women and men but recognises and targets inequaities, which it aims to correct Gender roes and reations Gender roes and reations describe a the sociay given attributes, roes and activities associated with being mae or femae in a given society. They are derived from concerns over reationships between men and women in their socia setting. Gender roes and reations: focus on the sociay constructed roe expectations for men and women in diverse settings; focus on what women and men do and the differences in access to and contro over income and other resources; spe out power reations between women and men in different activity settings; revea the underprivieged status of women and their reative deprivation in various sectors of iveihood compared to their mae counterparts Gender sensitivity This means being sensitive to the needs of women and men, boys and girs. The utimate goa is to achieve equity or equaity. Gender sensitivity entais searching, considering and accommodating socia reations between women and men in their context, in any anaysis of poicy, panning and programming Mainstreaming gender Mainstreaming gender makes gender a routine concern in deveopment processes in organisations and poicies. The United Nations defines Gender Mainstreaming as the process of assessing the impications for women and men of any panned action, incuding egisation, poicies and 16

17 programmes, in any area and at a eves. Its utimate goa is gender equaity (access to resources, opportunities and rewards of abour) with the objective of ensuring a positive impact on women and men and bridging gender disparities Practica gender needs Practica gender needs are issues addressed to assist women in their existing subordinate position in society. They do not chaenge the rooted gender division of abour or women s subordinate position in society, which are instead addressed by strategic gender needs. Practica gender needs respond to an immediate perceived necessity and often are concerned with inadequate iving conditions, such as provision of housing and basic services such as water, heath care, famiy food, and empoyment. Men aso have practica gender needs, for exampe, where they are expected to be breadwinners Strategic gender needs Strategic gender needs chaenge existing and unfair subordinate reationships between women and men for strategic reasons. They reate, for exampe, to gendered division of abour, power and contro, and may incude issues such as ega rights, property contro/ownership, domestic vioence, and women s contro over their bodies Gender anaysis Gender anaysis is a critica examination of humanity, incuding women, men, girs, and boys in the deveopment process. Gender anaysis ensures that consideration is given to the different needs of women and men at a eves of poicy, panning and programming. Gender anaysis: highights the reationship between women and men in society and the inequities in the reationships at each eve of activities; presents activities and reationships using data to carify: Who does what? Who owns, and/or contros what? Who decides what? Who gains 17

18 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 18 what and who oses what? Which women? Which men? examines economic reations between women and men, how economic reations affect gender reations in househods, communities, markets, states and civi society and/or in projects, programmes, sectora and macro poicies; highights the key differences between incentives and constraints under which men and women work. The insights gained through gender anaysis are used to taior deveopment processes in order to improve productivity and ensure sustainabiity Indices: Gender-reated Deveopment Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Traditionay, human deveopment has been perceived and measured in terms of Gross Nationa Product (GNP) and per capita income. This method to a arge extent excuded the contribution of women, mosty within househods and in agricuture. The Human Deveopment Index (HDI), introduced by the United Nations Deveopment Programme (UNDP) measures the average achievement of a country in basic human capabiities. It indicates whether peope ead a ong ife, are educated and knowedgeabe and enjoy a decent iving environment. It examines the average condition of a peope in a country, incuding distributiona inequaities for various groups within society. The recent Gender-reated Deveopment Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) bring the issue of gender on board. GDI considers equaity in achievement between women and men, whereas GEM examines whether women and men are abe to activey participate in economic and poitica ife and take part in decision- making. In countries where these instruments have been appied, they have reveaed the position and performance of women and men, thereby enabing informed interventions. The gender responsive EPM approach compements these indexes.

19 A Gender Anaysis of a Women s Income Generating Project in Jordan. A traditiona activity: production of handmade rugs was used as the basis for a cash income-generating project for ow-income women. The project was based in Madaba city in the south of Jordan. Project beneficiaries were 1600 ow-income women in Madaba and surrounding suburbs. The women were wives and unmarried daughters sti iving with their famiies. The project area normay suffers severe water shortages. Agricutura activities consist of farming: keeping sma ivestock and panting oive trees. Traditionay, men, who are aso expected to be the breadwinners for the famiy, carry out these activities. One positive outcome of the project Women s incomes were significanty increased, thereby meeting a strategic gender need of women. Many negative outcomes of the project The project faied to recognise a possibe confict between women s traditiona reproductive roe of providing the famiy with food, water and genera care and nurturing, and their new productive roe as income earners. This resuted, in increased workoads and stress for women, as we as marita confict. The project amost totay ignored men s traditiona productive roe as the main or soe cash provider for the famiy s upkeep, and the serious consequences on the authority figure roe of the man, when men were unabe to be the breadwinner. Further, attempts to address women s productive (income earning) needs jeopardised men s productive roes by pouting the and and water, needed for the men s agricutura work. Here we observe the competing interests of two stakehoder groups that are not ony drawn aong gender ines, but aso ead to competing use of natura resources and gender-specific impact of the environmenta consequences of the project. The project was insensitive to traditiona men-women power reations and the sociay assigned priority roes of each. By cataputing women into cash earning activities without adequate preparation of women or men, women ost their esteem as wives and mothers, and men theirs as fathers and main providers for famiies 19

20 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management A Gender Anaysis of a Women s Income Generating Project in Jordan, cont d By undermining men s bread winner roes at a time when women s incomes were rising, the project undermined the authority figure roe of the men; which is re-enforced by their income earning abiity. This ed to househod tensions and confict, incuding wife beating, separations and divorce. Chidren suffered from the projects ack of support for women s chid caring roe (this was addressed ater in the project); Ironicay, when women started earning more, a ot of pressure was paced on them to buy uxury items (e.g. teevision sets) and to provide for even nonessentia needs of unempoyed men (cigarettes and trips to the cinema); Ironicay, again, a beated attempt to address men s need to be authority figures was provided through the project empoying men as accountants and administrators. Women were not offered these opportunities in the project. If this project had been introduced as part of a comprehensive Sustainabe Madaba Programme and Gender-aware EPM had been appied, ow incomes woud have been identified as one of the probems affecting famiy we being. A gender anaysis of this woud have reveaed that women and men have different cuturay assigned roes reated to the famiy s we being. Identification of a stakehoders and recognition of where they needed to be disaggregated by sex woud have resuted in invovement and effective participation of a reevant actors eading to refection of their needs in the project design. The project woud have aso supported women s reproductive roe by panning for chid care and sensitising men to new demands on women s time. Further a proper environment anaysis (resources versus users) woud have identified the genera probem of water shortage and the conficting interests between women s new, and men s existing demands on natura resources (water and soi). Subsequenty, this woud have ed to damage prevention measures at the outset, rather than contro as an after thought. The gender anaysis woud aso have ed the community to refect on the socia roes of men and women and their mutua obigations, aying the foundation for cooperation as we as change to benefit both. 20

21 1.4 Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM) Linking gender and environment Most anayses on gender and environment concentrate on the situation of women. This has a historica context. In many societies, women have the responsibiity of ensuring, for exampe, that fue and water are avaiabe and that poution eves are we managed in their homes and around their settements. This traditiona burden on women is not refected in their participation in panning and decision-making. This bias is evident in the city experiences upon which Chapter Two is buit. Athough both women and men are exposed to environmenta degradation in cities, women and chidren have been observed to face greater adverse effects, particuary in settements which ack appropriate sanitary faciities, because they spend more time in the home and neighbourhood. Their househods are exposed to heath probems, thereby pacing an extra burden on the househod. As women tend to spend more time within and around the househods, they have constanty to dea with environmenta issues around them. They are aso the primary providers for househod necessities such as buiding materias, food, domestic fue and heath care. As women undertake these tasks they come into direct contact with the state of the urban environment and deveopment. Whie a number of basic necessities are assumed to be avaiabe within urban areas, experiences show the contrary. For exampe, energy and contro of poution which shoud be argey provided for in panning is frequenty inadequatey considered, especiay within informa settements where in many cases the majority of the popuation are women. It is therefore important that women s interests be considered and integrated in a poicies, pans and programmes reating to environmenta panning and management. 21

22 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management City panning expects urban residents to ive in propery panned residentia units, with basic provision for fue, water and sanitation faciities. Househods are expected to be abe to afford fue in form of oi, gas or eectricity. However, this is rarey the case within both high density and informa crowded settements where women strugge to purchase food and ook for water and fue. Whie women are often abe to produce their own food in rura areas, in urban informa settements they rarey have access to pieces of and to undertake kitchen gardening. In the case of fue, most famiies use charcoa and fue-wood which are sti expensive for ow income famiies, hard to get and often prohibited by urban panning reguations. From a woman s point of view the residentia vaue of an area is based chiefy on the avaiabiity and accessibiity of amenities and faciities. This incudes the scope and quaity of services, shops, avaiabe jobs, day care for chidren, paces for them to pay, and pubic transport routes. In the area of safety, studies have shown that safety has an infuence on the choice of routes and transport modes women use, particuary in the dark hours. The participation of women has to be enabed by incorporating their different perspectives, needs, demands, ideas and visions in overa urban panning and management. It is essentia that they be effectivey invoved in decisions on a issues reating to managing the urban environment for the purposes of achieving more sustainabe deveopment. Gender responsive EPM cas for a critica review of the common trend whereby men tend to participate in panning and decision-making whie women by and arge are purey invoved in impementation. Both women and men know how their surrounding environment shoud be panned in order to meet the requirements of the househod and the arger community. This knowedge must be integrated into urban environmenta panning and management. Gender responsive EPM encourages the equa participation of women and men in the decisionmaking process. It accommodates their different needs and views in managing the environmenta resources on which they depend and the hazards affecting them. 22

23 1.4.2 Linking gender and sustainabiity Equity, efficiency and productivity, the key components of sustainabiity, are cosey reated and feed into each other. Participatory processes, such as EPM, ead to greater equity in terms of roes, and access to and contro of resources and are conducive to growth and sustainabe deveopment. Efficiency and equity approaches have emerged as an issue because over the years women have been either side-ined or under-utiised. Their excusion from mainstream deveopment invovement has ed to reduced genera productivity. Gender responsive EPM corrects this situation by ensuring that women and men effectivey participate in addressing urban environmenta issues. Gender responsive EPM equity advocates for the baanced aocation, management and utiisation of avaiabe resources. It promotes women s access to equa opportunities, and the eimination of a barriers to socio-economic and poitica opportunities. Gender equity cas for a reorganisation of the gender division of abour and decision-making processes. Athough women pay a vita roe in reproductive activities and maintaining their famiies and househods, they bear a disproportionate share of poverty. They have been disadvantaged in access to resources and effectivey participating in deveopment. Efficient management of urban services has to move away from conventiona over-reiance on centra and oca government as the main providers and managers: the state is increasingy roing back and reducing its roe in provision of these services. Conventiona urban services management tends to overook the mobiisation and invovement of stakehoders and therefore sustainabiity of its resuts is debatabe. It eaves potentia resources, especiay the skis and knowedge of women unutiised or underutiised. Income generation is a prerequisite for urban growth, efficient management, and genera deveopment because it provides revenue to support urban services and future deveopment. An urban area with 23

24 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management a arge popuation but without adequate sources of income can neither sustain its popuation nor itsef. Productivity is therefore key to the goa of sustainabiity and efficient management of urban services. A urban residents, women and men, shoud have the opportunity to be engaged in activities which both generate and raise incomes. In comparativey ess deveoped regions such as Asia, Africa and Latin America, a high percentage of urban residents are engaged in the informa sector. This sector has a high percentage of women and provides substantia incomes and empoyment, abeit inadequate, to the majority. Most of those engaged in informa economic activities do not make adequate income to sustain themseves and their househods. They have hardy any surpus to support necessary urban services and infrastructure. The constraints to their operations such as working environment, poicies, reguations and procedures and other issues such as avaiabiity of credit faciities, training and management skis must be addressed. Sustainabiity means that access to opportunities must be ensured not ony for the present generation but for future generations as we. Resources - physica, human and environmenta are not unimited, and therefore must be managed carefuy. The preconditions for achieving sociay sustainabe deveopment are to recognise and support the different roes, resources, needs and interests of women and men Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management (EPM) The overa goa of gender responsive EPM is the achievement of efficiency, equity, productivity and thus sustainabiity through the invovement of women and men at a eves in addressing urban environmenta issues. Experiences from cities show that woman and men are differenty affected by environmenta issues and therefore have different perspectives, needs, demands and ideas. This makes gender a significant variabe in deaing with environmenta issues, and any panning and decision making which aims to not ony be equitabe but aso 24

25 efficient and productive must not remain in the hands of one gender. Invoving women and men through a gender responsive EPM process is expected to ead to more effective urban environmenta panning and a reduction in the costs of environmenta improvement initiatives. Accommodating gender needs offers a chance to target investments more precisey and to avoid panning mistakes and imperfections. Providing forums for gathering views and encouraging debate on gender responsive EPM aso incorporates gender interests into strategic panning and puts gender responsive measures into practice. The gender responsive EPM process recognises and accommodates the differing access to, contro and use of resources by women and men. It recognises that women and men experience and react to environmenta issues differenty. Gender responsive EPM heps cities to identify and describe ways that can effectivey achieve sustainabe deveopment through taking gender issues into consideration. A gender responsive EPM process is characterised by the foowing approaches: Improving environment information and technica expertise by coecting and using gender disaggregated data; Improving environmenta strategies and decision making by invoving a reevant stakehoders, with particuar emphasis on gender baance in anaysing probems and poicy options; Improving effective impementation of environmenta strategies through the appication of a broad range of options, such as reguations, incentives, investment programmes and pubic information campaigns; Enhancing institutiona capacities by, for exampe, adopting a firm ega framework that promotes broad-based and gender baanced participation in decision-making; and 25

26 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Making more efficient use of scarce resources for changing the status quo by improving cooperation and networking between existing programmes and projects, and by focusing on oca and community based activities. In introducing gender responsiveness to the EPM process it is hepfu to cross-cut the EPM process eements (information and stakehoder invovement; strategy formuation and decision-making; impementation and action pans; and institutionaisation) with concrete environmenta issues (air poution, sanitation, transport) and the principes of sustainabiity (socia equity in the distribution of deveopment benefits and costs; economic efficiency in the use of scarce deveopment resources; and productivity in the urban economy in the provision of goods and services). Cross-cutting EPM eements with concrete issues faciitates the anaysis of gender responsive environmenta panning and management from various anges in order to ensure a mutidimensiona discourse among participants. Efficiency ensures the optimum utiisation of scarce resources, incuding human resource - women and men; equity enabes the fair sharing of the benefits and constraints of urban deveopment with a fu participation of women and men; and productivity optimises the provision of goods and services, particuary in the informa sector where women pay a major roe. In turn, sustainabiity ensures that the future needs of women and men are not compromised by present demands. Indeed, the underying goas of sustainabe urban deveopment are equa access to socia amenities; efficient management of urban services; and income generating activities for urban productivity. 26

27 Introduction of gender responsive Environmenta Panning and Management EPM Process Eements Concrete Environmenta Issues Principes of Sustainabiity 27

28 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 28

29 Chapter 2 Mainstreaming Gender in the EPM Process Gender mainstreaming and institutionaisation in the EPM process is key to ensuring efficient use of resources and sustainabiity. The process ensures that the gender dimension is fuy considered and that gender sensitivity and responsiveness are part of the process right from conceptuaisation through to reaisation of the fina outcome of EPM activities. This section draws information both from the case studies, presented in short case exampes ( bips ), and from the outputs of the Internationa Workshop on Gender Responsive EPM (Nairobi, 1998) on: Gender responsive stakehoder invovement; Gender disaggregated data; Faciitating gender responsive strategy formuation and decision-making; Gender responsive action panning and resource mobiisation for effective impementation; and Institutionaising gender responsive EPM and measuring progress. 29

30 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 2.1 Gender responsive stakehoder invovement Gender responsive stakehoder invovement is key in gender responsive EPM. It provides the opportunity through different forums for women and men to participate fuy in environmenta panning and management. The forums create an opportunity for participants to identify the different needs and opinions of women and men, and to discuss, understand, carify and resove conficts reating to urban environmenta panning and management. Gender responsive EPM ensures that women and men drawn from pubic sector officias, communitybased organisations (CBOs), non- governmenta organisations (NGOs), and private organisations effectivey participate in environmenta panning and management. It aso contributes to better understanding of the roes and responsibiities of a cross section of potentia actors and coaborators. In turn, panned tasks aimed at addressing environmenta panning and management have a higher chance of being owned and addressed by a stakehoders. Stakehoder forums take different forms depending on the city and its context. They can be in form of city consutations, workshops, conferences, periodic meetings between urban managers and other stakehoders, pane discussions and working committees among others. In organising forums for stakehoder participation, women s roes have to be considered and appropriate methods of participation designed. The capacity of a stakehoders to participate in decision-making shoud not be automaticay assumed. Cities have observed that women s participation in decision-making is hindered by inad- 30

31 equate empoyment opportunities, mutipe responsibiities, ow eves of education, cutura attitudes and inferiority compexes. These factors imit the participation of women in environmenta panning and must be addressed by cities and urban managers. In order to ensure the fu participation of women in EPM, the timing, day and venue of meetings and/or training have to be considered, as we as the anguage in which the meeting wi be hed and the provision of reevant services, such as chidcare have to be taken into consideration in order to ensure the fu participation of women. Conventiona approaches tend to set times and venues for meetings, especiay during the initia panning stages without critica consideration of the roes, responsibiities and daiy routines of women. In most cases this approach excudes women, who get invoved mosty at the impementation stage. In gender responsive EPM, gender invovement, incuding gender expertise, shoud be fuy considered right from the initia stage of poicy deveopment through to panning and programme activities. In cases where gender disaggregated data shows that participatory capacity is acking, especiay among women, city managers have to faciitate training and empowerment of stakehoders to enabe their participation in issues affecting them. In some cities women-centred discussions and demonstrations are hed to sensitise women on environmenta issues before any serious panning takes pace, and in some cases where men dominate discussions, separate women s and men s workshops are conducted. Urban managers shoud bear in mind that stakehoders do not ony need to be identified and mobiised but aso trained and empowered in cases where capacity is acking. In some cases egisation has to be reviewed to aow informed, constructive and effective participation. 31

32 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Ibadan, Nigeria: In capacity buiding for urban poverty aeviation in Ibadan, the city consutation brought together 300 stakehoders drawn from the miitary administration, members of the state executive counci, traditiona ruers, government officias, industriaists, unionists, CBOs and UNDP representatives to participate in identification and prioritisation of urban environmenta issues. This forum provided an opportunity for participants to gain a better understanding of the roes and responsibiities of a cross section of potentia actors. The training on skis deveopment enhanced women s capacity to freey discuss and chaenge gender inequaity in access to resources, anaysed gender constraints, and suggested measures for addressing imbaances and constraints. The training has resuted in the formation of a market association that has and refections on what has to be changed and why. During the utopia phase they deveop a new vision of an idea city which ceary defines what they beieve is needed to fee at home to be safe, heathy and happy as a citizen. The reaisation phase discusses how these ideas can be achieved. Expert skis are used during a these stages. Hamburg, Germany: An advisory counci made up of women invited women iving in project areas to a round tabe discussion on a women s city. Questions were raised on how to improve the urban environment to make it more compatibe with women s ifestyes and aow freedom of movement as far as the use of pubic spaces is concerned. This round tabe provided a diaogue forum for women and took into consideration the fact that women s gender-specific interests may be as different as their patterns of ife. The different phases in the ife of women were taken into account by defining a typoogy of women s patterns using variabes ike househod and income. Once this information was gathered, it was anaysed by gender experts and discussed again by women. Patan City (Kathmandu), Nepa: A community meeting for stakehoders identified the major existing probems in the community as we as the potentia 32

33 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management actors to address the probems. Further consutations, using participatory methodoogy, were hed with a number of stakehoders: women s groups, community eders, and severa other groups and individuas, both women and men. These consutations reveaed mae dominance in eadership, which undermined the roe of women and frustrated the sanitation improvements. Consutation with stakehoders provided forums for airing views and resoving conficts and resuted in the formation of a women s saving group and separate training for women. Kampaa, Uganda: A programme on promoting househod sanitation organised a two-day participatory panning workshop which brought stakehoders together. The stakehoders incuded oca eaders, femae counci representatives, CBOs, opinion eaders, andords and district environment and heath workers. The stakehoders identified the major environmenta probems by constructing a probem tree outining causes and effects. Sanitation was identified as the major probem, and stakehoders subsequenty formuated objectives and activities, for addressing the probem. The gender division of abour for each activity was outined taking into consideration gender patterns in work activities, the interreationship between women and men, time aocation, activity ocus, access to and contro of resources reevant for carrying out the activities and access and contro over benefits derived from mobiisation of resources. Amman, Jordan: A programme for poverty aeviation demonstrated the effects of the ack of reevant stakehoder invovement in environmenta panning and management. Panning income generation activities for women did not invove their mae counterparts and this ed to a cash of interests between what the project achieved for women (it generated income from cottage industries) and its impact on the mae members of the community. The men compained that the wastewater from the industries run by women pouted the agricutura and cutivated by men. They aso compained of women spending a arge portion of their time on the industries and ignoring them, their chidren and other househod duties and responsibiities. Effective stakehoder invovement during the panning phases of the project coud have prevented such probems. Green Towns Project, Kenya: The participants in the Training of Trainers (TOTs) are drawn from stakehoders incuding Government Ministries, Loca Authorities, Universities and NGOs. Through the Ministry of Loca Authorities Urban Panning and Environmenta Unit, the TOT graduates act as agents of change as they conduct Participatory Environmenta Panning (PEP) workshops using videos and participatory who suffers most exercises. Participants identify environmenta probems, their causes, effects and soutions. The workshops emphasise enhanced active participation of women. 33

34 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 2.2 Importance of gender disaggregated information and quaitative data from women and men Gender disaggregated information provides the necessary basis for gender anaysis and gender responsive EPM. This issue specific information is coected and presented aong gender ines, where appicabe, making cear the impact of environmenta issues and deveopment activities on women and men. Gender disaggregated data is coected where issues affect men and women differenty, and is aso important in assessing if issues affect men and women differenty. Gender disaggregated data and quaitative data incude diagnosis of roes, access to and contro over resources, constraints and needs. It incudes information on househods, househod types and composition, and who does what within the househod. Gender considerations in EPM have to start at the data coection stage, for exampe during the deveopment of an environmenta profie. The coected data has to be connective, we organised and easiy accessibe. For efficient environmenta panning, information has to be updated as new information becomes avaiabe. Gender disaggregated information is important for panning and greaty contributes to stakehoders identifying with the projects and programmes. Through gender disaggregated information, different perceptions regarding environmenta resources and hazards versus deveopment activities, infrastructure needs and faciities are recorded, compied, anaysed and used for gender responsive panning. Coecting gender disaggregated information enabes the anaysis of gen- 34

35 der issues through activity profiing exercises. This method enabes a diagnosis of how women and men address environmenta issues. Historicay, women do not expressed themseves openy. In gender responsive EPM, a famiy and community members are invoved and are free to express themseves in programme activities. City experiences show that such invovement reduces the ikeihood of conficts of interest and priorities among stakehoder groups. Effective coection of gender disaggregated data uses methodoogies which capture the situation of women. Whie both quantitative and quaitative methods can be used, the atter is more appropriate for ensuring that women s thinking and needs are integrated in environmenta panning and management. Information gathering and dissemination takes pace through a number of channes: participant observation; participatory rapid appraisas (PRA); buetins; workshops; surveys and/or monitoring of particuar oca situations; exchange visits among cities; the promotion of networks of users; and sharing city experiences, methodoogies and training skis. Experience has shown that research methods such as observation and using unstructured interviews heped in getting to know communities and their probems. Community-based coection of information through appropriate management information systems is usefu for gathering information from women. Informa interaction with women, incuding advance visits before using participatory methodoogies such as Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and extended interviews without forma survey instruments are aso effective in getting information from women. It is important to be aware of how cities are addressing the issue of information avaiabiity, its form and how it is shared. Experiences from cities show many different eves of information avaiabiity and usage. In some cities information is avaiabe but is not disaggregated nor made avaiabe from one unit to another. In others, avaiabe information is not in a form which can be readiy or effectivey utiised, whie in other cities adequate information does not exist. 35

36 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Appropriate panning requires that gender disaggregated information be consistenty gathered, synthesised, compied and shared among a key actors and participating institutions. Information which is not disaggregated and is not compied and stored in the right form may not be usefu for efficient gender responsive EPM. In such cases, further information gathering has to be done with the support of gender responsive technica experts and stakehoders. They have to be conversant with the issues being addressed and a significant percentage must be abe to appy a gender anaysis. Lusaka, Zambia: In the Sustainabe Lusaka Programme, in order to have first hand information on women, men, chidren and youth, the programme coects gender disaggregated data using participatory methodoogies. Through resident deveopment committees and zona consutations, genera probems are identified and environmenta issues prioritised. The programme produces a monthy buetin which expains environmenta issues and the programme process. The programme intends to have a coumn in the buetin focusing on gender and environment. It wi create awareness on the importance of invoving women and men in deaing with environmenta issues. Heideberg, Germany: The Future Workshops has initiated a number of activities, incuding carrying out surveys and using universities with women and youth assisting in gathering information on the urban environment and women s needs within the environment. The data gathered on women s perspectives and visions (documented separatey in the report: Women s Perspective in Urban Deveopment in Heideberg, to be obtained through the Heideberg City Administration) served as usefu information in the panning process. It was incorporated into the amendments for the city deveopment pan and was used as a basic resource. As a resut the City Deveopment Pan Goas and 36

37 Principes recognised women s needs and visions and the city managers are ensuring their impementation. Kampaa, Uganda: A programme on promoting improved househod sanitation used a number of methods (fied interviews, informa diaogue, Focus Group Discussions, observations and panning workshops) to coect information on the attitudes, beiefs and vaues of women and men on the importance of sanitation activities. They identified major environmenta probems in the community, and opportunities and constraints for women s invovement. A gender division of abour for each activity was outined, taking into consideration gender roes, time aocation, ocation of activities, and access to and contro of programme benefits among others. This participatory process produced a cear picture of the gender division of abour and resources. The consensus-buiding between women and men aso heped to deveop a sense of ownership and commitment eading to better impementation and sustainabiity. Dar es Saaam, Tanzania: A case study of Mabibo Environmenta Management Society shows the use of participatory methodoogies (observation and participatory techniques) in invoving stakehoders in environmenta panning and management. The Mabibo Environmenta Management Society coected data on the consequences and extent of uncoected garbage in neighbourhoods and aso determined whether and how women and men were affected differenty. The Mabibo Environmenta Management Society subsequenty set up a piot project. By empoying both women and men, the project has chaenged the previous notion that whie the responsibiity for the househod waste is reegated to women at the househod eve, wherever it becomes an income earning opportunity with paid abour, it is stricty for men. 37

38 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 2.3 Faciitating gender sensitive strategy formuation and decision making Once cities have identified their environmenta issues, they must take a number of steps. They must carify issue-specific poicy options, consider impementation options and resources, buid broad-based consensus on issue-specific objectives and strategies, and coordinate environmenta and other deveopment strategies. Faciitating gender responsive strategy formuation and decision-making entais making sure that both women and men are effectivey invoved in identifying the major environmenta probems, their causes, effects, and the seected action aimed at bringing change. Since women and men are responsibe for different tasks, gender responsive strategy formuation and decision-making takes into consideration the socia, economic and poitica needs of both women and men during the process. Education and exposure to gender issues and anaysis, incuding use of the media, has to be undertaken to enabe the formuation of strategies and informed decisions. Aternativey, externa gender sensitive experts can be incuded in the strategy formuation and decision-making process. Gender responsive EPM recognises that women are traditionay not invoved in the panning stage of projects. Instead women argey participate at the impementation eve of the project cyce. Over the years this ack of invovement at the panning stage has meant that women s interests, especiay their mutipe roes and contributions to deveopment activities, have not being adequatey panned and catered for. Such panning processes tend to ignore that women, as producers and managers, are key 38

39 stakehoders in a aspects of urban deveopment poicy and practice. To a arge extent women and men have different views on urban issues and on how to address these issues. For exampe, in most urban informa settement, whie men woud suggest an extension of the water systems, women woud be more concerned about the number of taps and the number of househods that woud be served by the water system. Indeed, if given a chance, women tend to highight women- specific issues such as the aforementioned or the effect of uncoected garbage on chidren. In order to ensure equity, gender interests have to be incorporated into the strategic panning and gender responsive measures put into practice. Gender responsive strategy formuation has to address urban deficiencies, especiay timeconsuming, househod reated urban activities which imit women s effective participation in other economic areas. An effective strategy formuation shoud identify and modify structures in order to enhance genera productivity in the areas of income earning, reproductive activities, the organisation of the househod, and daiy ife. Overa, greater productivity is achieved in the urban panning process if it responds to both women s and men s needs and if these needs are incorporated right from the beginning of the panning process. This aso ensures the process eads to user-friendy areas and a more sustainabe environment. Responding to gender needs offers a chance to appy EPM more precisey and to avoid panning mistakes and imperfections. Separate and joint forums for women and men, as needed, have to be created for suggestions and debates on gender responsive urban panning. Direct and representative inputs must be obtained from women and gender sensitive panning experts during the panning process, and the perspectives, ideas and visions of women need to be an integra part of strategy formuation and decisionmaking. 39

40 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Stuttgart, Germany: The Mothers Patform has created Mothers Centres which provide channes for grassroots participation in oca governance. They provide meeting venues that are accessibe to women, where everyday experiences, taents and expertise are tapped, consoidated and channeed into the decision-making process. The centres are not intimidating and the focus is not on probems of women and their deficiencies but on their strengths and taents. The centres reach between famiies in the neighbourhood and have moved women from isoation to a centra pace in decision-making. Through Mothers Patforms, women support each other, deveop probem-soving strategies, exchange experiences in deaing with Loca Authorities, and get carification of issues and procedures they do not receive without being treated as cients. In the Schrammberg Mothers Centre women have created a monthy poitica forum within the Mothers Centre that is visited by poiticians. This provides an opportunity for women to refect on issues of environmenta concern and to contribute to decisions reating to them. In the Leinenfeden-Echterdingen Mothers Centre, women meet once a year with the mayor and three times a year with oca poiticians from a parties to debate issues affecting famiies, chidren and women themseves. In Saem, the city counci refers any inquiries or requests they are approached with that concern women, famiies and chidren to the oca Mothers Centre for review. If the issue is thought reevant by the Mother Centre it is taken on the city counci agenda. Ismaiia, Egypt; Chennai, India: In the Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Project, women make up over 30% of issue specific working groups for the top priority issues. The Sustainabe Chennai Project has ensured gender responsive urban panning and management, by sensitising the Tami Nadu Government. The Government has now assured the programme of one-third representation in the Action Committees wi be femae. Incusion of women in these cities is expected to make women more invoved in poicy formuation and genera decision-making. Hamburg, Germany: During a strategy formuation phase in Hamburg, a series of city diaogues were hed. One of these were a pubic city diaogue of women, where the first draft concept on urban deveopment was discussed by interested women in working groups. Women s participation in strategy formuation and decision making has resuted in their recognition by the Panning Authority. Women s professiona expertise and participation as oca experts has aso been acknowedged. Architects and urban panners have been trained through casses and workshops on gender responsive panning. Peope who have undergone this training organise conferences which discuss experiences with different forms of institutionaised participation of women and gender experts. A strategy for a mutidimensiona mode of institutionaisation of professiona women s participation in urban environmenta panning emerged out of these forums. Hue City, Vietnam: Women s initiatives in environmenta protection have put in pace structures for gender participation which incude Municipaities assisted by 40

41 a steering committee and Community Management Units (CPMUs). At each eve of programme management, there is a representative of the Hue City Women s Union. The woman representative is a permanent executive who is chiefy responsibe for the management of the programme and aso acts as coordinator between beneficiaries, poitica eaders and professiona experts. The management structure of the environmenta protection programme faciitates an interactive reationship between the Women s Union, which represents oca women and poitica eaders as we as professiona experts. The interactive reationship enhances gender responsive decision-making and women s management capacity in panning and deveopment. Patan (Kathmandu), Nepa: The Lonha Community has devised user committees with a fair representation of both women and men to address environmenta probems. The participation of women in the user committees has improved the situation of women and enhanced their capacity to participate in discussions, raising issues and aso making decisions. The user committees meet weeky to discuss various aspects of the project. Training on eadership, accounting, ski deveopment and entrepreneurship is provided to women in savings groups. The training has equipped women with skis, improved their working reations with men in the user committees, and aso heped in buiding their confidence in decision-making. Women have payed a key roe in resoving conficts between Patan and the neighbouring farming community over the aying of water pipes and the threat of sewerage bockage. Women were at the forefront in caing for meetings for confict resoution. They organised about 65 forma and informa meetings during the panning, confict resoution, and construction phases of the project. They consuted formay and informay with the affected communities, camed down the men to ook at the matters peacefuy, and sought agreeabe soutions for a stakehoders. Conakry, Guinee: The Association of Women Engineers of Guinee (AFIG) formed partnerships with other Women s Non-governmenta Organisations. Together they carried out technica studies of construction projects for schoos, fish smoking centres and godowns. The technica studies invoved making decisions on the choice of institutions or economic enterprises to put up in the areas, their panning, actua construction, management and foow-up actions and services. Women were given the roe of trainers in the different women s groups that had been formed. Their efforts were aimed at popuarising the production and use of earth bricks (BTS) in the construction of buidings. Through this process women were invoved in making decisions on the type of training to be given to different groups, on the choice of equipment to be used, and on the overa management of the training activities. 41

42 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Gender responsive action panning and resource mobiisation for effective impementation Action panning and resource mobiisation for effective impementation cas for the active participation and coordination of a stakehoders. During the action panning stage the stakehoders are invited to contribute and make commitments for providing necessary resources such as time, finance and materias. During this stage stakehoders are aso asked to carify their environmenta panning and management goas and objectives. Working groups are expected to obby various identified stakehoders to mobiise resources. Women and men pay a roe in identifying the right structures for panning and impementation and have to be we represented in such structures. Once structures are in pace, tasks and roes have to be synchronised with time pans. These must suit women. In doing this, the interests of actors have to be defined in order to avoid dupication and aso resove and/or manage confict. In effective gender responsive EPM action panning and resource mobiisation, women take an active roe. Gender responsiveness in action panning and resource mobiisation aims to reverse the trend of passive gender participation and ensure that women have inputs in estabishing structures for panning and impementation, and that they contribute and participate directy in designing action pans, mobiising resources and impementation. The mere incusion of some women in panning and impementation structures does not amount to gender responsive EPM. It is the actua contribution and participation which counts and which resuts in the

43 interests of both sexes being addressed in panning and impementation. In some societies, it is better for women and men to deveop separate action pans based on their priorities and then negotiate to merge them in a common forum. Otherwise women s priorities can be suppressed. Diverse impementation capabiities are considered and mobiised best when appying a gender responsive approach. Once resources are identified there has to be an institutiona framework for mobiising them, right from the grassroots to top poicy eve. In some cases training and capacity buiding is required; whereas in others the integration of pubic and private concerns is necessary in order to avoid dupication and to enhance the cost sharing of activities. Today, cities are beginning to deveop partnerships with private sector actors and communities in service deivery and environmenta panning and management. However, both centra and oca governments sti have roes to pay. They have to take a ead roe in faciitating environmenta panning and management activities. Athough a stakehoders have to make a critica anaysis of how the issues being addressed affect women and men and of their appropriateness to women, most stakehoders cannot fuy dea with poicies and reguations governing environmenta panning and management. They have to coaborate and work with municipa and centra governments. 43

44 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Ismaiia, Egypt: The non-governmenta Association for Deveopment and Environment has estabished a Women s Committee to ensure that issues and subjects concerning women are adequatey addressed within the Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Project. Through working groups the committee mobiises stakehoders and residents to find soutions to environmenta probems and to design impementation strategies. The sense of empowerment created has resuted in women taking a ead roe in coaborating with the district authorities and the Suez Cana University to address environmenta issues. Through the working groups a garbage dump has been transformed into a garden with trees, pants and fowers; chidren have been kept busy and away from interfering with stakehoders property by the estabishment of a ibrary and the organisation of activities such as a drawing competition. Free private essons for chidren of different age groups are hed and adut essons, such as training women to saw are aso operationa. Recife, Brazi: The combined efforts of women and men through the Communa Seective Coection Project has resuted in environmenta recovery, by improving waste coection methods. Through the project stakehoders have earnt the potentia of recycing. Based on identification of the abiities and potentias of both women and men, different gender issues and interests have been integrated in the project. Women s participation has resuted in improved quaity of materias. Operationay, the project has utiised untapped human resources through its Integrated Action on Heath, Education and Environment. The project undertakes an environmenta education programme in a gender sensitive way for a tota of 1,226 heath care promoters, and it aso conducts the training of 330 trainers. In addition, the programme initiated a participatory programme invoving 320 stakehoders. This process uses community-based meetings where stakehoders discuss oca environmenta probems, especiay addressing on how to seect recycabe materias and their storage before sae. 44

45 Kampaa, Uganda: Both women and men were invoved in the identification of a project management committee with a good representation of women and men. It is a requirement that two women representing each of the five zones be co-opted into the project management committee, in addition to the vice-chairperson and a treasurer who are women. The project has mobiised previousy untapped human resources through Training of Trainers (TOT) programme. TOTs are assigned the responsibiity of training Environmenta Educators (EE) - four women and six men in every zone. In turn EEs conduct viage seminars on environmenta awareness. Each zone forms a viage committee responsibe for home visits, supervising sanitation conditions in househods, and construction of atrines. Pubic meetings are aso used to inform stakehoders about the project and to get their views on the project. Heideberg, Germany: The active participation of women and the identification of their specific needs has resuted in the city continuing to provide a service caed Women s Night Taxi, the conversion of a arge parking ot in the city centre into a chidren s pay ground, the stops of the weeky city ibrary buses being shifted to paces more convenient for mothers and chidren, the estabishment of new market areas and weeky markets designated to operate convenienty for women, and community backboards being put in pubic spaces to share information and ask for, or offer, hep. Guntur, India: The Municipa Cooperation supported a radica change in urban poicy formuation and impementation that has resuted in peope-centred deveopment. Stakehoder groups who have been outside forma panning and management, such as women, private sector groups and marginaised and disadvantaged groups, are now invoved in environmenta panning and management. Through this effort, the Municipa Counci and the private Indian Tobacco Company have been protecting the environment by panting trees and pants aongside main roads and residentia areas. This is done in cose cooperation with women who are concerned with, and keeny participate in environmenta issues and programmes. 45

46 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 2.5 Institutionaising gender responsive EPM and measuring progress Institutionaising gender responsive EPM means buiding ong-term, system-wide EPM capacities that are intrinsicay gender responsive. It invoves mainstreaming gender in a issues reating to gender responsive EPM: gathering gender disaggregated information, invoving stakehoders, gender responsive strategy formuation and decision making, as we as gender responsive action panning and resource mobiisation for effective panning and impementation. Institutionaisation needs poitica wi for putting in pace good poicies, reguations and procedures which are reevant for effective gender responsive EPM. The process is best incorporated into a the organisations and institutions of a city and into its daiy activities and routines. Community structures and a egisative framework which encourages gender participation have to be put in pace to ensure the efficient handing of gender responsive EPM issues. In addition, stakehoders have to be mobiised, and personne handing gender issues trained in gender responsive EPM. Conventiona methods of panning and management have been observed to marginaise women. Institutionaisation of gender responsive EPM ensures that both women and men are given equa consideration in EPM and reated programmes and projects. Experiences from cities around the word revea different approaches to institutionaisation. Different structures have been estabished which faciitate participation and ensure institutionaisation. These incude community-based structures such as neighbourhood groups, committees, community deveopment societies, and work- 46

47 ing groups or ces addressing specific issues. Through community organisations and training workshops, Training of Trainers (TOTs) programmes have been conducted to buid capacities of environmentaists, educators and environmenta committees at the community eve. After such workshops, groups and networks continue the work, often on a vountary basis. In some cities, city diaogues on environmenta issues, which incude gender responsive EPM, have supported community-based organisations and city authorities. This has created a poo of peope equipped with the necessary skis to work across institutions and stakehoder groups, and to carry out training workshops both within communities and reated organisations. In turn, the skis acquired contribute to a cear understanding and buid crosssectora capacities for gender responsive EPM. 47

48 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Heideberg, Germany: The Future Workshops have buit ong-term gender responsive capacities and heped to institutionaise the workshop mechanism at various eves, especiay the grassroots eve. This is refected in the ongoing networking and continued awareness. Women have improved their communication in their neighbourhoods and communities significanty. They enjoy arger and cose networks of cooperation. This has made them identify more with their oca environment and created an awareness of existing opportunities and responsibiities regarding the environment. Women now have a stronger urban identity and a greater motivation to contribute and participate. The outputs which represent the thinking, vision, and demands of Heideberg women feed into the Municipa Gender Department for use in poitica debate. This is indeed a powerfu poitica too. Hamburg, Germany: Structura and administrative reforms have been undertaken to ensure gender sensitive urban panning and deveopment. An Office of Urban Deveopment was estabished in 1991, and coaborates with the Women s Advisory Counci, the Senate Office for Equa Opportunities, and women s organisations and gender experts in incorporating the gender dimension into the ong-term city panning process. This mutidimensiona mode for institutionaised participation of gender experts has brought in new forms of cooperation and partnership for gender responsive urban deveopment. It inks the expertise of women working in and outside the different panning institutions and hears their views before making decisions reating to environmenta urban panning and management. The process has payed a key roe in three strategic pans: the Urban Deveopment Concept, the Regiona Deveopment Concept, and the Zoning Pan. Of particuar importance is the incusion of a gender-specific guiding principe within the urban deveopment concept, concerning the freedom residence, mobiity, iving and housing conditions, and the safety and user-friendiness of pubic spaces. A pubic statement on improving pubic spaces for chidren has aso been made. 48

49 Kathmandu, Nepa: An attempt to institutionaise consumer education and community participation for urban water suppy and sanitation improvement services had mixed resuts. The Ward Users Committees (WUC) were founded on the principe of community organising and community participation and are used for training in communication skis, strategy formuation and community action panning. They have ensured that both women and men are invoved in impementing environmenta activities. Athough the WUC are independent institutions approved by government, the incusion of poiticay appointed ward chairpersons creates a botteneck. Guntur, India; Lusaka, Zambia; Hue City, Vietnam: Gender responsive environmenta panning and management has been institutionaised by buiding community structures. In the case of Guntur Neighbourhood Group, a Neighbourhood Committee and Community Deveopment Society has been formed. An excusive forum for women, Stree Shakti (power of women), where democratic participatory approaches are encouraged, is aso in pace. Stree Shakti has oca units working at community eve. They hod reguar meetings to discuss issues facing women at the oca eve and how these can be soved in order to enhance the impementation of projects and programmes. The Municipa Corporation has aso created an Urban Poverty Eradication (UPE) Ce. The ce promotes inkages and uniformity of purpose within a sectora departments and projects. The ce aso aocates funds to undertake environmenta and poverty aeviation activities with the three community-based structures on priority basis. Simiar structures are aso reported from Lusaka and Hue City which provide supporting and faciitating mechanisms for environmenta panning and management. Through these structures, communities participate in vita decision-making right from the panning stages, through a phases of impementation, monitoring and evauation. 49

50 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Institutionaising gender responsive EPM has repaced the conventiona method of top-down panning and impementation. They are faciitated by a variety of measures such as the consistent sharing and dissemination of information, documentation in nontechnica (and where appropriate oca) anguage, capacity-buiding programmes designed by NGOs and CBOs, grassroots training on environmenta improvement, and sensitivity training for the pubic sector institutions to enhance their understanding of pubic needs and perspectives of deveopment. Green Towns Project, Kenya: The Participatory Environmenta Panning PEP workshops resut in Green Towns Action Groups (GTAG), which have gender responsive representation. Members are drawn from oca authorities, provincia administration, counciors and community representatives. So far there are fourteen GTAGs. These have registered themseves as an association caed the Kenya Green Towns Partnership Association (KGTPA). The association promotes gender responsive representation in environmenta panning and management and aso networks with women groups. The project conducts gender and environment sensitisation training for stakehoders through the Government Training Institute (GTI). Dar es Saaam, Tanzania: The Mabibo Environmenta Management Society empoys 28 women and 21 men. The society is run by 5 women and 3 men, which has further proved women s abiity to participate in environmenta management. The society has been abe to mobiise residents in the piot project area to pay their service evies - a task which City Authority had much difficuty in undertaking. This has earned the society and the women the respect of Loca Government Leaders. Kampaa, Uganda: The project on househod sanitation has made sure that structures and activities for ensuring gender responsive sanitation upkeep are in pace. Both women and men are incuded in the project management committee which meets reguary to direct the actions of the project manager. 50

51 A Trainer of Trainers (TOT) programme, incuding both, women and men, trained committed and gender sensitive community eve environmentaist educators (CLEE) in each zone covered by the project. In order to support active operations at the grassroots eve, each zone or viage has formed a committee whose members are responsibe for home visits and supervision of sanitation conditions in both the househods and the viage in genera. The CLEE conduct viage seminars at appropriate times and venues, whie the TOTs continue with refresher-training courses for the environmentaists. Ibadan, Nigeria: A capacity buiding project for urban poverty works through the non-governmenta Centre for Enterprise Deveopment and Research (CEDAR). This NGO acts as resource institution and faciitator for other organisations on gender and environmenta issues. Training is conducted in the areas of human rights, education, mobiisation, economic rights, gender roes and differentiated access to and contro over resources and decision-making processes. Participants share practica experiences in working groups which are ater discussed in penary. Groups are expected to appy their newy acquired skis to organisationa action pans. This process has enhanced networking among various groups and trade guids. The staff of CEDAR have been trained in gender anaysis and specia efforts are made to mobiise women when unequa representation is observed in any programme. Overa, the programme seeks equity in the distribution of resources, benefits, and costs, and to optimise the provision of faciities and services. 51

52 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 52

53 Chapter 3 Gender Responsive EPM: Lessons Learnt and Chaenges As cities introduce and begin to appy gender responsiveness in environmenta panning and management, different experiences come to ight, depending on the particuar settings of cities, projects and programmes. Some cities are making progress, others just beginning to appy gender responsive EPM, whie others are sti to begin. The preceding sections of this Source Book have highighted a variety of experiences in gender responsive EPM, which cities shoud refect on with reference to their own context. This section reviews essons earned and chaenges facing the impementation of gender responsive EPM. Experience from cities shows that programmes and initiatives addressing urban environmenta probems may differ in their focus and their approach. Since gender responsive EPM cuts across a deveopment and environmenta issues, programmes, projects and city governments have to design their own methodoogies on working together in order to ensure gender responsive EPM. 53

54 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 3.1 Gender responsive EPM activities today Today, networking and coaboration is increasing within and among cities. Gender disaggregated data is heping to identify and carify environmenta issues. It is aso changing the way such issues are being addressed, and is informing and strengthening the EPM process. Furthermore, gender disaggregated data assists in estabishing appropriate participation structures which ensure efficient urban environmenta panning and management. The invovement of a diverse and gender-baanced range of stakehoders in mobiising resources, and in panning and impementation ensures that the ocation, timing and day of participation, as we as the anguage of communication are appropriate for a stakehoders, incuding women. It contributes to deveoping and tapping oca capacities for addressing environmenta issues. In cities where gender responsive EPM is used effectivey, it contributes to utiising previousy untapped human resources, especiay the skis and knowedge of women. Women s invovement in EPM is increasing their confidence and strengthening their skis in handing pubic environment-deveopment issues. As refected in the case studies, cities have different methods of invoving stakehoders in environmenta panning and management. Women and men participate both directy and through representation in working groups, round tabe consutations, penary discussions and pubic debates. Such invovement is resuting in women becoming active members of their respective communities. Such forums ensure that conficts of interest are resoved as they arise, and at the same time impart a sense of ownership to a stakehoders and contribute to successfu impementation of action pans. City experiences show that training, community education, participation and exposure to gender responsive panning is resuting in improvement of 54

55 impementation of the EPM process at the city eve. Linkage and access to information, training and other forms of support are contributing to deveopment of oca capacities to address environmenta issues. The process has resuted in more baanced participation and has contributed to more women participating in decisions reating to management of urban areas in genera. 3.2 Factors affecting the impementation of gender responsive EPM As cities adapt and appy the concepts of gender responsive EPM there are various impementation factors which need to be noted and addressed. The factors can be anaysed at two eves: those externa to, but affecting the process, and those directy reating to the gender responsive EPM process itsef. Externa factors incude poitica wi for administrative change among urban managers and within the genera poitica system. The impact of other coaborators who are not appying gender responsive EPM methodoogies but are focusing on environmenta management aso need to be taken into consideration. Interna factors reate to eements within the gender responsive EPM process Externa factors As cities go through the urban panning and management process, they have to remember that gender responsive EPM is not an end in itsef, but a means of ensuring that the needs, interests and ideas of both women and men are integrated at a eves of urban environmenta panning and management. Further, the concept of gender has different meanings for different stakehoders. To most peope, the concept of gender is seen as women s issues and as something designed by gender activists to change the status quo for the benefit of women. This makes men distance themseves from programmes and projects that use a gender perspective. 55

56 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Gender does not mean women nor does it refer to bioogica sexua differences. If gender responsive EPM is to be effective, each city has to ensure that stakehoders have a common understanding of gender as the sociay constructed roes ascribed to women and men in socia processes, as outined in Chapter One, Section One of this Source Book. It is ony when women and men - together - examine how they can adapt and change these roes that better urban environmenta management and deveopment can be achieved. Women and men need to pan consciousy how to share work and responsibiities. Poitica wi on the part of urban managers and other eaders is key to reaising gender responsive EPM. In order to reaise the benefits of genuiney gender responsive EPM, both centra and oca government have to be positivey invoved in the process. Municipaities, supported by centra government, have to pay a eading roe in ensuring that suitabe poicies, reguations, procedures and coaboration mechanisms for stakehoders are in pace. They must aso ensure that gender issues are taken on board and faciitate the creation of forums for gender baanced participation. In any panning and management process, support from senior management dedicated to ensuring that the goas are reaised, is vita. It is through such poitica wi that the required egisative instruments, procedures and reguations for environmenta panning and management are put in pace. Apart from deveoping gender sensitive poicy-makers and panners, cities must ensure that women are part of the poicy, panning and impementation structures which run cities. Specific mechanisms for ensuring women s participation, especiay in cases where disaggregated data show their excusion from existing environmenta panning and management structures, have to be put in pace Interna factors Impementing gender responsive EPM can be affected by imited knowedge and expertise. For exampe, gender disaggregated data coection is an expensive endeavour requiring specia skis which most urban 56

57 authorities do not have. This capacity gap is exacerbated by conservatism among urban managers who may not acknowedge the need to aocate a significant percentage of the scarce counci budget to information gathering. Aso, the gathering of gender disaggregated information is not a one-off event; it has to be continuous, responding to needs and priority issues being deat with. In cases where urban managers do not appreciate the importance of information gathering, and where interna expertise is acking, there is a high probabiity that gender disaggregated data may not be coected. Stakehoder invovement in gender responsive EPM is based on the assumption that stakehoders have the capacity necessary to take part in the decisionmaking process. However, there are a number of factors which imit fu participation of stakehoders, and especiay the participation of women: ow iteracy rates, and a subordinate attitude which imits their input in forma administrative arrangements; ow or nonexistent incomes; cutura barriers; imited time and ack of interest and incentives for vounteering within communities. In appying the gender responsive EPM process, possession of the abiities reevant for participation of women and men shoud not be assumed. The eve of capacity avaiabe for participation has to be assessed through gender disaggregated data. In cases where capacity is wanting, those directing the environmenta panning and management process have to incude and organise for capacity buiding. This can be done, for exampe, by creating mutidiscipinary, gender-aware teams, which incude panners, administrators, economists, socioogists, community deveopment assistants and gender experts, depending on the need. Buiding capacities, especiay in women, enabes a stakehoders to articuate urban concerns from an environmenta perspective, and contributes to the prioritisation of issues to be addressed in urban panning and deveopment. Gender experts have suggested that gender training shoud be a standard eement within 57

58 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management the EPM process. The experiences of cities show that athough gender responsive EPM is being put in pace, there is sti a need for gender training and the incusion of women in the poicy, panning and impementation structures of urban management. 3.3 Chaenges of impementing gender responsive EPM The chaenges of impementing gender responsive EPM were extensivey discussed in the Internationa Workshop on Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management (Nairobi, September 1998). The Workshop Statement resoved that: gender is one of the socia categories reevant for human behaviour and structuring of societies, e.g. age, ethnic group, reigion. Therefore, addressing gender issues is fundamenta to readdressing issues of equity, justice and peace in society; a urban environmenta issues are gender sensitive, but some are strategicay more important, such as environmenta education, improved sanitation, the urban economy, empoyment, transportation, safety and security issues. Strategic issues are context specific and the chaenge is to coect more experiences in order to make avaiabe and expand knowedge in this specific fied; research in gender responsive environmenta panning and management, incuding gathering and sharing further essons of experience, is fundamenta to practica appications, such as the deveopment of training toos and curricua; indicators are important to measure progress towards achieving gender responsive environmenta panning and management; sufficient aocation of resources is necessary for ensuring gender responsive environmenta panning and management; 58

59 the Urban Environmenta Forum is a suitabe patform to faciitate a continuous exchange in gender responsive environmenta panning and management through topic custers reating to gender; and that the Urban Environment Forum wi faciitate networking among partners through ist servers and an interactive web-page. The workshop was centra to the deveopment of this Source Book and the participants noted that the future of gender responsive EPM ies in concentrating on issues such as research and coection of information, the deveopment of appropriate indicators for measuring progress, administrative support, and coaboration and networks. In response to these chaenges, the Nairobi Workshop participants mandated the Urban Environment Forum to foow-up the workshop by mobiising additiona support from programmes and institutions at the oca, regiona and goba eves Research in city experiences Whie city experiences and coaboration and networking are increasing in the area of gender responsive EPM, research on gender responsive EPM needs to be pursued. Areas reating to indicators, the impact of different cutura contexts, and the practica appication of environmenta panning and management need particuar research attention. This cas for the coection and anaysis of more exampes of city experiences, documented in case studies Measuring progress in gender responsive EPM When appying gender responsive EPM to deepy rooted environmenta issues, it is important to be abe to assess whether change is occurring in the way that the environment is managed. Experience from cities show that most cities are appying gender responsive EPM without any cear indicators for measuring progress. In efficient gender responsive EPM, both quaitative and quantitative indicators for measuring progress have to be discussed and agreed on by 59

60 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management stakehoders, right at the panning stage of a certain project. Gender is about attitudes, emotiona responses to power reations and about power sharing, efficient utiisation of resources, good panning and programming. In assessing these variabes, quaitative indicators are more reevant since they dea with changes of behaviour rather than numbers, but at the same time quaitative indicators shoud not be ignored. Indicators are an important too in subsequent decision-making. An increase in the number of women participating in the various stages of the gender responsive EPM process coud be viewed as one important quantitative indicator of progress. Other usefu indicators coud, for exampe, incude: who comes to tak about their probems with urban authorities and other stakehoders; quaity of invovement and discussions; the eve of community satisfaction; trends over time; change in productivity ratio; and the percentage of benefits accruing to men and women. Athough there are many types of indicators, the most common is the one deveoped by the Canadian Internationa Deveopment Agency (CIDA, 1997). These consider risk/enabing, input, process, output and outcome (see box on facing page). Indicators for measuring progress are important in reaising gender responsive EPM, but city experiences show that few initiatives have been undertaken to identify gender responsive EPM indicators. Some internationa programmes have deveoped toos but very few cities have started to appy them. Thus, there is additiona need to deveop methodoogies and indicators that assist cities in measuring progress in achieving gender responsive environmenta panning and management goas. The Sustainabe Cities Programme (SCP) has deveoped indicators for measuring progress in environmenta panning and management in genera which address the issue of gender responsive indicators, where appicabe. It is recommended that interested cities, especiay those that are participating 60

61 The risk indicators describe factors which are externa to a programme but which contribute to the project s success or faiure. They can incude major poitica or environmenta disruption, such as eections, foods or drought. Input or resource indicators measure resources devoted to the programme, for exampe funding, human resources, infrastructure, institution buiding, and other means whereby a programme is put into effect. Process or activity indicators show how resources devoted to the programme are deivered on an ongoing basis. They measure the eve of impementation and are used for programme monitoring. A process may be successfu at the same time as the outcome is a faiure. Output indicators measure immediate resuts concerning products and services that are deivered when a programme is competed but not ongerterm resuts. Outcome or impact indicators measure the ong-term effectiveness of a programme as judged by the measurabe change achieved in improving the quaity of ife of the beneficiaries. Canadian Internationa Deveopment Agency particuary in the Urban Environment Forum (UEF) wi adopt these indicators, fine-tune them to the oca context, and test their effectiveness in measuring performance in gender responsive EPM Administrative support Gender responsive EPM depends on poitica understanding, acceptance and wi. City experiences show that where there is poitica wi, urban managers support gender responsive EPM and activey participate in the process. They are abe to promote new muti-sectora mechanisms and put the right ega instruments in pace, and to take ead in mobiising resources and the active invovement of a stakehoder groups. For gender responsive EPM to succeed, the reevant authorities and the professiona must support gender responsive ideas which are not ony promoted through existing projects and programmes but which are aso transated into new initiatives which over time institutionaise gender responsive EPM as a routine way of addressing urban growth and deveopment. 61

62 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Coaboration and networks In order to address the chaenges facing gender responsive EPM, there has to be effective coaboration and networking among programmes operating in different cities. The Nairobi workshop acknowedged the importance of faciitating a continuous exchange of information and experiences in gender responsive environmenta panning and management. The UNCHS/UNEP Sustainabe Cities Programme (SCP) was suggested as an appropriate ink in faciitating the process among coaborators and partners. The SCP took an important initiative by estabishing a Web page to faciitate the organisation of the gender responsive EPM workshop. Furthermore, the programme pans to estabish an interactive web site where any gender responsive EPM incoming documents and information wi be posted and exchanged. 3.4 Supporting and adapting gender responsive EPM ocay The Nairobi workshop underined that the task of coordinating city activities for effective gender responsive EPM can not be undertaken by cities aone. Whie the workshop recognised that the initiative and responsibiities for gender responsive environmenta panning and management must come from the cities themseves, it acknowedged the important roe of speciaised expertise and internationa support. Cities need support to impement gender responsive EPM. Such support can be provided through ocay adaptabe toos and the incusion of gender eements in oca curricua. Adapting gender responsive EPM ocay requires innovative approaches at various eves. Adopting gender responsive EPM ocay requires cities to consider a number of prerequisites. Poitica commitment invoving change agents at the eve of poicies, reguations, practice, structure and use of resources is a key eement in preparing ground for a gender responsive EPM. 62

63 In Uganda, the government s affirmative action on incusion of women is resuting in a positive poitica environment. This has contributed to oca authorities having gender sensitive poitica structures, incuding Women s Loca Councis. These Councis provide opportunities for women to participate in decision-making processes and so far are contributing to the success of environmenta panning and management projects. This is refected in the case of promotion of househod sanitation in Luzira parish. Poitica commitment must be backed by capacity buiding invoving demand-driven sensitisation and training of individuas, communities and organisations. As a first step, city managers, both administrative and poitica, need to be sensitised to the concept of gender, and to be exposed to its appication in reation to environment and deveopment. In these cases gender speciaists may have to be brought in speciay. Professionas operating within conventionay estabished panning and reated discipines have to be sensitised to ook for ways to incorporate gender environmenta issues into their practice. In some cases cities wi need to hire fu time gender speciaists, whie in others they wi be abe to use consutants and/or vounteers drawn from among the stakehoders. Gender competence in conceptuaising, poicy making, panning and management of environmenta urban issues is key for successfuy impementing gender responsive EPM. Whie gender competence is required at a eves of city management, incuding at the grassroots, cities may not have adequate resources for acquiring it. In such cases, cities must expoit the skis of existing staff, and coaborate and work with other organisations aready appying gender responsive techniques. This shoud be backed up with information sharing, education, consutation, and continuous monitoring and reviewing of gender responsive EPM indicators. 63

64 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management How support programmes respond City experiences revea that a number of agencies, aside from the city authorities, are working in the area of gender and deveopment. City managers need to firsty tap existing skis and resources of these agencies, as they continue to put in pace measures for fu incorporation of gender responsive EPM in their environmenta panning and management processes. Indeed gender responsive EPM shoud not be viewed as an approach in isoation or something extra for professionas but must be regarded as an essentia eement in good panning practice, contextuaised within existing panning and management systems. This cas for committed change agents, identified by stakehoders, with others specificay being hired to undertake the assignment. There are many nationa and internationa agencies who are aready promoting gender responsiveness through research, deveopment of tookits, and capacity buiding, but ony few are operating at the city management eve. On the other hand, there are a arge number of NGOs and CBOs operating at grassroots eve but they do not have sufficient capacities for promoting gender responsive EPM. Such organisations need further training and faciitation in order to be abe to appy gender responsive EPM. Incuded in this shoud be the transation of this Source Book into the oca anguages the communities they work with wi understand. Internationa support programmes usuay pay a key roe in bringing together major stakehoders, faciitating consensus and forging aiances. Once stakehoders have a common understanding, reevant organisations, such as oca authorities, NGOs, or CBOs focusing on gender and deveopment shoud be supported to act as change agents. This is done best through a training of trainers (TOT) approach, drawn from stakehoders who are aready addressing environmenta urban issues. City experiences show that some programmes are aready responding to gender issues. 64

65 CEDAR, Nigeria: CEDAR, an NGO mobiises human resources and buids capacities by conducting workshops on gender and environmenta issues for other NGOs and CBOs. Women s Unions, Vietnam: Invoving administrators and professionas has heped to ensure adequate poitica commitment and professiona expertise for programmes on environmenta protection. A professiona from the Women s Union coordinates between beneficiaries, poitica eaders and other professiona experts. Kathmandu, Nepa: Staff with diversified professiona backgrounds and experiences on water suppy have formed teams, incuding one on Community Deveopment and Women s invovement. Such efforts, once equipped with gender responsive EPM skis, can act as change agents in infuencing individuas and organisations to adopt and ensure gender responsive EPM appicabiity in panning and managing environmenta urban issues. Sustainabe Lusaka Programme, Zambia: The Sustainabe Lusaka Programme addresses environmenta issues using the EPM process at the community eve. Through Resident Deveopment Committees and Zona consutation, genera probems are identified and environmenta issues isoated. The programme faciitates the participation of both women and men, incuding the incorporation of gender issues into decision making structures. Hamburg, Germany: The Urban Deveopment Office has acknowedged women as oca experts who can contribute to urban and regiona deveopment with their daiy ife experiences. In expoiting this potentia, women organisations and gender experts worked with the Urban Deveopment Office on three strategic pans: Urban Deveopment Regiona Deveopment and Zoning concepts. 65

66 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Heideberg, Germany: The Future Workshop methodoogy uses trained moderators to invove women and men in each borough in deveoping the City Deveopment Pan. The methodoogy aso uses professiona researchers from the University to coect information on women s perspectives and visions. Green Towns Project, Kenya: The project trains trainers drawn from Centra Government Ministries, Loca Authorities, Universities and NGOs on gender sensitive Participatory Environmenta Panning (PEP). Environmenta Liaison Centre Internationa (ELCI): As an internationa network of environmenta NGOs and CBOs, ELCI supports oca capacity buiding by encouraging the informed participation of a stakehoders in environmenta activities through information exchange. ELCI aso promotes the incorporation of gender issues in the agenda of target groups within its programme. 66

67 Concuding Remarks The task of integrating gender responsiveness in environmenta panning and management is sti in its infancy. Buiding on the participatory cuture of efficient urban environmenta panning and management, the impementation of gender responsive EPM concentrates argey on the practica benefits of faciitating the incusion of as wide and compete a stakehoder base as possibe. Gender responsive EPM recognises that, by virtue of their traditiona socia roes, men and women face different environmenta issues, and are aso custodians of different environmenta resources. The entire EPM process gathering information, consuting stakehoders, strategising and action panning, and impementation is greaty enriched by the contributions of a parties. Institutionaising gender responsive EPM works hand in hand with the task of institutionaising the EPM process an ongoing process of acceptance, assimiation, and impementation. As the case studies show, however, making EPM more gender responsive is not simpy a question of ensuring an even gender baance in meetings. Gender responsive EPM needs committed poitica support in its eary stages if it is to be accepted and operationaised. Simpe physica changes times at which meetings are hed, avaiabiity of chidcare, ocation have a arge impact on participation. Other capacity-buiding changes training, workshops, NGO and CBO support take onger but aso resut in more ongterm effects, empowering a stakehoders to participate fuy and confidenty in the decisionmaking process. Gender responsive EPM cuts across a stages and a eves of the EPM process, and as such, is not to be regarded as a stage in the cyce. Rather, it is an eement underpinning the cyce, a fundamenta principe upon which sustainabe and efficient environmenta panning and management is based. This Source Book has been designed to provide peope and programmes working in the urban 67

68 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management environment with an overview of the rationae for, and benefits of, gender responsive EPM. The chaenge which now faces urban panners and managers, and support programmes, is how best to go about incorporating the essons of experience in gender responsive EPM described in this book into daiy city practice. It is expected that individua programmes and cities wi adapt these essons to suit their own needs, drafting training materias, deveoping curricua and documenting their own activities to buid a goba repository of gender responsive EPM experiences to support urban panners and managers everywhere. 68

69 Pa rt 2 Case Study Summaries 69

70 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management 70

71 Case Study Summaries This section presents summaries of the case study experiences which form the basis of this book. The case studies have been drawn from twenty countries across the gobe. The Source Book was deveoped using a three stage methodoogy: (1) writing and gathering city experiences with gender responsive EPM; (2) an Internationa Workshop discussing city experiences with gender responsive EPM; and (3) the deveopment of a Source Book on gender responsive EPM. These summaries aim to provide short, easiy readabe case materia, which can be used by city managers and practitioners as a reference in their daiy operations. The summaries capture the experiences of cities at every stage of impementing the gender responsive EPM process. The summaries highight the key features of gender responsive EPM in the case studies. A the summaries foow the same pattern of presentation: Introduction; Urban/Environment Context; Experiences with a Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management (G-EPM) Process; and Lessons for the Future. The contacts of authors and cities which participated in the process are provided at the end of each 71

72 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management summary. This is expected to faciitate access to fu texts of case studies to interested readers. The summaries indicate that integrating gender expertise and participation into the environmenta panning and management process eads to increased efficiency in urban environmenta panning and reduces cost. City experiences show that both women and men shoud participate in environmenta panning and management if sustainabiity is to be ensured. The historica situation where women ony concentrate on the impementation of environmenta management, with hardy any roe in panning, is viewed as retrogressive to environmenta panning and management. A G-EPM process has the goa of ensuring that both women and men effectivey participate in both the panning and management of the environment. Addressing gender needs offers a chance to pace investments more precisey and to avoid the panning mistakes and imperfections which have been perpetuated over the years. Effective G-EPM invoves creating forums for debate and suggestions on gender responsive urban environmenta panning and management, incorporating gender needs into strategic panning, and putting gender responsive measures into practice. Invoving stakehoder groups such as women s organisations and gender experts in the panning process mobiises specific expertise and attention. Through this process new partnerships between and among different actors such as NGOs, CBOs and Municipa institutions reevant for sustainabe urban deveopment are estabished. This eads to a more userfriendy environment and therefore more sustainabe urban environmenta panning and management as refected in the summaries provided in this section. 72

73 A Naseryah Urban Improvement Project, Aswan, Egypt Introduction A Naseryan Urban Improvement Project began as a piot project in Naseyan District of Aswan in Egypt. It was an initiative of the Genera Organization of Physica Panning (GOPP) of the Arab Repubic of Egypt and the Germany Deveopment Agency (GTZ) of the Federa Repubic of Germany. Since 1983 GTZ has cooperated in a consuting capacity with the government of Egypt in urban panning for medium size Egyptian cities. During the Naseryah cooperation, the active invovement of a stakehoder groups in improving infrastructure and services within ow income unpanned areas was identified as a priority. In this particuar case, the project had the task of finding financiay and sociay acceptabe means of working with the communities to improve their iving conditions. Assessment had indicated that the housing conditions were poor, infrastructure was run down and services were hardy provided. To respond to this situation, the programme had the goa of mobiising, creating awareness and training communities in technica and administrative skis reevant for addressing their housing, infrastructure and service needs. 73

74 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management In 1986 a decision to start working with the A Naseryan community was reached and ater in 1987, the A Naseryah Urban Improvement Project was started at Nasriya. The atter was chosen as a piot site because the residents had aready started addressing the environmenta probems facing the community. Urban environment Nasriya is the most popuated urban district of Aswan. With a popuation of 50,000 it forms a quarter of the tota popuation of Aswan. The housing situation is poor in terms of buiding materias, infrastructure, services and maintenance. This situation has affected the quaity of ife and genera economic production. Before the project started, Nasriya was connected to the main Municipa water system by an eight inch pipe and there were ony 15 pubic water points for the whoe popuation. The water pressure was ow and ony the ower parts of Nasriya coud get sufficient water, other community members had to aboriousy carry their water up the mountain for househod use. Ony four per cent of houses were provisionay connected with waste water disposa, sewerage fowed into the cana, whie cesspits used for disposing human waste were sma, resuting in the need for frequent emptying. Domestic refuse was either stored on roofs, if it was usefu for recycing by the househods, or was dumped aong streets, open pits or in the food water cana which was aready pouted by a fertiizer factory and the Municipa hospita. Thus arge quantities of refuse had pied up aong the was of the cana near a major access roads. Apart from the poor water and sanitary situation, the area aso acked socia services and amenities such as recreationa faciities. There was no oca community organisation to address the probems facing the area. The project thus came up with three objectives aimed at changing the environmenta situation: genera urban improvement for the whoe area with particuar emphasis on infrastructure, especiay sewerage and sanitation; improving awareness among women and improving their iving conditions; and strengthening community organisations and cose coaboration with Municipa and reated agencies. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process A wide number of community organisations, incuding women s societies with the support of technica experts, coected information and set project priorities using a participatory and consutative methodoogy. The women s societies transformed the traditionay dominated mae society into a much more equay baanced one. An increasing number of women payed a roe in decision making, with some paying conventiona men s roes, for exampe, cutting and fiing the ground for instaing a sewerage and sanitation network. 74

75 In order to address the probems facing A Naseryah community the project came up with the foowing strategies: through community organisation and support of externa experts, the Nasriya community drew the attention of the Municipaity to recognise the area s probems and the need for improvement of the settement; carification and identification of issues affecting women and men, in order to reach an appropriate environmenta strategy for the settement; the grouping of the communities according to their origin resuted in strong community organisations. The organisations maximised peope s participation and ensured efficient use of a avaiabe resources. The origina impementation period of the project was three years, this was extended for an additiona nine months due to technica and financia considerations. The specific areas addressed by the project incuded and buying and deveopment of infrastructure, incuding a waste water network, water suppy network, and garbage coection. Other activities undertaken incuded services such as deveopment and improvement of service centres such as schoos, youth centres, recreationa areas and kindergartens as we as the promotion of socia programmes. The atter incuded enhancing community participation, this resuted in the formation of Community Deveopment Associations (CDA). The invovement of the peope in the project was ensured by the formation of Pubic Organisation Counci. With the support of the GTZ and Aswan governorate, the community prioritised their probems and designed strategies for addressing them. The first priority was water and soid waste disposa. The community undertook the digging of ines for aying pipes, whie GTZ provided toos and technica advice. To impement the project, a working team consisting of a project director and speciaists from different Municipa Departments were attached to the project. 75

76 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management The representatives of each quarter of the Nasriya community were responsibe for mobiising the community to support the project team in their task. To achieve its objectives, the project adopted a gender responsive EPM process which endeavoured to ensure the incusion of a stakehoder groups and expertise in coecting environmenta information, designing environmenta strategies, impementation and institutionaisation of the process. A concerted effort of the community, experts and the project team reaised the aying down of the main water ines, foowed by househod connections to interested members of the community, and the construction of septic tanks for soid waste disposa. In addition, the project constructed a new water suppy network adequate for the whoe area. In order to guarantee permanent water suppy with adequate pressure in the upper part of Nasriya, a pumping station was buit on the main ine. Most of these activities were carried out by the residents of Nasriya. The project aso addressed garbage coection. The Federa Repubic of Germany financed the purchase of five vehices, which the residents were to maintain. The CDAs submitted a detaied pan outining the roe of the community in refuse coection. The existence of strong community organisations based on the inhabitants origins resuted in ong term commitment with women paying a major roe. The participatory methodoogy was used throughout the gender responsive EPM process Lessons The A Naseryah experience is unique both in Aswan and Egypt. The participatory approach ensured the invovement of a range of stakehoder groups and actors in addressing environmenta issues. The methods and procedures for pubic participation were based on the CBOs representing residents of Nasriya with different cutura backgrounds. This integration resuted in their needs being addressed by the project. The active invovement of women and men has shown that through gender responsive EPM even a traditiona, conservative society can faciitate the participation of women. Further, the invovement of a stakehoder groups has ensured the provision of the infrastructure and essentia services needed by the community. The project has aso acknowedged the need for continuous capacity buiding for various groups, instead of focusing ony on specific programmes. Further, the participatory approach shoud be institutionaised throughout the gender responsive EPM process whie research on gender responsive EPM shoud continue. 76

77 Promotion of Sanitation among Househods in Luzira, Kampaa Introduction Luzira is ocated in Nakawa Division, East of Kampaa District. It has a popuation of about 50,000 and at the point of project initiation, critica urban environmenta concerns incuded mainy overcrowding and poor housing. Most of the houses were poory constructed, acked windows and were on the verge of coapse. Most of the houses are buit on and unsuitabe for residentia deveopment. The area is prone to fooding and reated heath hazards associated with poor sanitation, incuding the outbreak of water borne diseases. Urban environment The unpanned deveopment couped with bad terrain resuted in bocked drains. There was inadequate coection and disposa of refuse by the Kampaa Municipa Counci; resuting in uncontroed voumes of refuse, mosty generated from a oca brew (mawa) which is an economic activity argey undertaken by women. The majority of househods (77%) use communa toiets, 2.5 per cent did not have toiets, whie 12.5 per cent do not have bathroom faciities. Since the toiets are shared by arge numbers without appropriate care and contro, there is overuse and 77

78 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management genera deterioration. Apart from congestion and unsanitary conditions, most of the toiets are improvised structures buit on soggy ground and ocated too near the houses. They are diapidated, some do not have doors whie others have no roofs. In response to the poor environmenta situation, Luzira Parish Angican Church initiated a piot project to promote sanitation among househods in Luzira. This was done with the gender responsive EPM process in mind. The church reaised that there were distinct differences between women and men in their roes, responsibiities, constraints and opportunities; especiay in respect to women s production and reproduction responsibiities. The project came up with a number of objectives: construction of improved atrines; identifying grounds for refuse disposa; improving the drainage system; training househods on provision of safe drinking water and its storage; and improvement of househod hygienic practices. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process The project was conceived after a situationa anaysis of the area through both forma and informa consutations with a broad spectrum of community members. These incuded oca eaders, opinion eaders, CBOs and andords. A survey of the community was aso undertaken. The objectives of the survey incuded: getting an insight into the community understanding of the importance of sanitation, incuding their attitudes, vaues and beiefs; identification of major environmenta probems in the community; and identifying opportunities and constraints for women s invovement in the project. The project used fied interviews, informa diaogue, focus group discussions and participant observation methods in gathering information. This was foowed by a participatory panning workshop organised for a stakehoder groups. A construction of the probem tree for the community was done, causes and effects outined, strategies identified and objectives formuated. This was done with the genera agreement of stakehoder groups on the issues affecting the ives of Luzira community. With the survey resuts, the stakehoder reached a consensus on the genera probems within the community. These were poor sanitation, ack of immunization faciities, inadequate famiy panning services, and ow eves of AIDs awareness 78

79 and counseing services. Out of these probems, poor sanitation was identified as the priority probem needing immediate attention. Once this was agreed the piot areas were mapped and five out of 23 zones were seected. This was foowed by an identification of activities for achieving specific objectives. The suggested activities incuded mobiisation and sensitisation of the community, training of trainers (TOT) and community environmenta educators, seection of viage committees, and service deivery which incuded evening heath education casses, home visits, construction of mode atrines, proper disposa of househod wastes, improvement of the drainage system, provision of safe drinking water, monitoring and supervision of activities and reporting. In order to ensure effective gender participation, the gender division of abour for each activity was deineated, taking into consideration gender, age, gender patterns of work, the interreationship between women and men, time aocation, activity ocus, access and contro of resources for carrying out activities, and access and contro over the benefits derived from the mobiisation of resources. This process aowed the deveopment of strategies and action pans for impementation of the project. Both women and men were we distributed in formuating action pans, assigning responsibiities, making budgets, work pans, and strategies for monitoring project performance and evauation. During impementation the project ensured that both women and men were represented in the project management committee. It was a requirement of the project that the community identified two women representing the five zones to be co-opted in the project management committee in addition to the vicechairperson and a treasurer who were women. The project had a goa of ensuring women s representation in every zone. Apart from the management committee, the project aso ensured that the training of TOTs incuded women who were to hod environmenta awareness seminars in the community, and to train the community environmenta educators in each zone. In tota, four 79

80 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management women and six men were trained as TOTs. The ocation of the training was appropriate for women, it was carried out within the viage; whie meetings and seminars on heath education were organised on weekends and conducted in the evenings - this proved very convenient for women. Women were educated as users of services. This contributed to positive attitudes on hygienic use of faciities. During the construction of toiets, women provided abour, food, water and supervised genera hygiene. The project put in pace a number of measures aimed at ensuring sustainabiity. Home environment competitions were organised every six months, monthy ceanups were initiated by oca councis, the project provided materia support, incuding the purchase of motorcyces and bicyces to faciitate transportation of project manager and TOTs. The TOTs are given a itte monthy incentive of US$ 50. The project aso provides financia support for training seminars and other administrative costs. Lessons The incusion of women and men in the project right from the information gathering stage to impementation and management was a recognition of the contribution of both women and men. Both genders took part in identifying the major environmenta probems - the causes, effects, and aternative actions. The consensus buiding among both gender and stakehoder groups heped deveop a sense of ownership and commitment resuting in efficient impementation with high chances of sustainabiity. The project has proved different from its predecessors due to its gender sensitivity and effective stakehoder groups participation. 80

81 Women s Committees in the Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Project, Egypt Introduction The Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Project (SIGP) is ocated in Egypt. The project addresses environmenta issues using the Environmenta Panning and Management mode and encourages and faciitates the participation of a stakehoder groups. Both women and men define prevaiing environmenta probems and strategies aimed at addressing the probems. Women s participation at both the management and impementation eve is prominent. The project nationa director is a woman and out of nine technica fied staff, five are women. The Environmenta Panning and Management process within SIGP has integrated gender responsive EPM in improving environmenta and technica expertise by coecting gender disaggregated data, and improving environmenta strategies and decisionmaking by invoving a stakehoder groups. In particuar, the project enhances the capacity of women by offering training courses. SIGP has deveoped structures to ensure gender responsive EPM. One of these bodies is a Nongovernmenta Organisation caed Association for Deveopment and Environment. The association was estabished in 1993 with the aim of promoting 81

82 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management sustainabe environmenta management and deveopment. The association draws its membership from the youth, women and speciaists drawn from different backgrounds. After a few years in operation, the association reaised the need to integrate women in the panning and management process. The socia probems facing the Ismaiia community was mainy brought about by economic inequaities. The area, which had been upgraded in 1989, was inhabited by peope beonging to two socia casses: the origina dweers who are of ow income status and high income groups who bought and in the area and buit comparativey better structures, demonstrating their different cass status. There was confict between the two groups created by their chidren. The chidren from the ow income status group were ide with a number not attending schoo. This contributed to their being a nuisance to the high income group by causing damages to their cars. Urban environment The Association for Deveopment and Environment is faced with various physica and socia environmenta probems. The physica deterioration of and within Ismaiia is refected in the areas surrounding residentia houses. Areas meant to be green had been turned into refuse dumping grounds. This provided breeding ground for rodents and insects and was aso a source of serious poution and an offensive sme. Other areas were fu of negected pants which aso attracted fies and mosquitos. The project had the responsibiity of upgrading one informa settement within Ismaiia, A Haoos. The area had about 4,000 peope and acked the necessary infrastructure and services such as portabe water, eectricity, sanitary faciities, drainage and roads. A survey conducted by the Women s Committee found that 60 per cent of the dweers were women. Iiteracy among women was very high with that of eder women reaching 70 per cent. 25 per cent of girs did not have a chance to go to schoo. Thus, the project had the major goa of changing the pathetic environmenta conditions and reated socia probems using gender responsive EPM. The Association for Deveopment is the main organ charged with deveopment of Ismaiia. It had six key objectives: improving and deveoping the environment; preparing studies, consuting and cooperating with government and other actors regarding support and impementation of environmenta projects; searching for different nationa and internationa financing sources for project impementation; providing oans to individuas for environmenta projects under the supervision of the association; hoding symposiums and training courses aimed at increasing pubic environmenta awareness and 82 encouraging and faciitating participation of women in environmenta panning and management.

83 Experience with a gender responsive EPM process After severa meetings the Association reaised the importance of invoving women as a stakehoder group, in order to faciitate their participation in project panning and decision making. This resuted in the estabishment of a Women s Committee in The committee had three key objectives: gender sensitive improvement of environmenta information and expertise; invoving women in decision making, and buiding institutiona capacity for integration of gender in environmenta panning and management. The association with the support of the Women s Committee has succeeded in gathering information on both women and men and impementation of a number of projects. The committee comprises of women members of the association, who ive within the project area where the associations office is ocated. The Women s Committee aso has women members drawn from professiona groups, such as teachers and doctors working in the Ministry of Heath. The Women s Committee hods reguar meetings to discuss environmenta and deveopment issues and probems concerning women iving within the area raised. In a bid to improve environmenta strategies and decision making by invoving a stakehoder groups, the project formuated issue specific working groups for prioritised issues. The project aso offered training courses for the community. One course on eadership is offered ony for women, whie others are attended argey by women and a few men. The strategies adopted by the project ensures that women are incuded in the working groups, in any meeting the numbers are more than 30 per cent. Of the six issue working groups, three had women as their coordinators. Through these strategies women and men participate in discussing priority environmenta and deveopmenta issues in order to come up with aternative strategies for addressing issues reating to the environment. 83

84 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management In a bid to rehabiitate the waste ands, the Women s Committee formed working groups with a goa of discussing and coming up with soutions to the probems facing them. With the hep of the authorities of the district and technica advice and expertise from Suez Cana University Facuty of Agricuture, the Women s Committee, together with the working groups, managed to transform the and surrounding the A Sheik Zafed estimated at 300 square meters from a refuse dump into a beautifu pubic garden fied with trees, fowers and grass. The district authorities provided trucks for removing garbage, the experts from Suez Cana University gave advice on the most suitabe types of pants and soi. To avoid a decrease in water suppy to househods, underground water was dug for watering the garden. This was done with the support of the University, who anaysed the ground water and approved its suitabiity. Seats were provided within the park and the Women s Committee was abe to use the area as its meeting pace. The project aso used the same method to rehabiitate another waste and, A Safa. The working group mobiised dweers for discussion and agreement on how to turn a wid negected area fu of fies and mosquitos into a beautifu garden fu of pants and fowers. Again, with the support of the University, district authority and Goba Environment Faciity (GEF) Programme, the project bought suitabe trees, buit a fence, waking paths and fixed pipes for watering the garden. Apart from the rehabiitation programmes, the women s committee aso organised mobie cinics which offered medica advice on birth contro and preventive medicine; and dispensed basic medicines and treatment at no cost. The probem of chidren being a nuisance factor was soved by keeping the chidren busy. A ibrary for chidren was started in the associations main office. A working group comprising mainy of schoo teachers was formed and entrusted with the ibrary. To suppement the ibrary, and aso bring chidren together, a drawing competition for chidren was hed and prizes given. Further, through the efforts of the women s committee, tuition on different subjects was offered to oder chidren. The project aso supported women in improving their iving standards by offering training in taioring. Lessons This project ceary demonstrates the usefuness of invoving stakehoder groups. The combined effort of two pubic authorities (the university and the district authority), the community (through the Women s Committee) and an internationa agency (the Goba Environment Faciity Programme) has changed a refuse dump and a wid negected area into beautifu pubic gardens. It has provided reevant activities to chidren who were previousy a nuisance, making them responsibe citizens, offered medica advice on birth contro and preventive medicine as we as necessary medicines and treatment at no cost to the community. The project aso demonstrates that when right structures are estabished, both women and men are abe to effectivey participate in project panning, impementation and management. The Women s Committee has managed to spearhead the environmenta activities within the project area and its approaches can be repicated esewhere. 84

85 Seective Soid Waste Coection and Recycing in Recife, Brazi Introduction Recife is the capita city of the state of Pernambuco in North East Brazi. Commerce and service provision are the most important economic activities within the city. The Municipa Counci argey reies on community approaches for service provision as opposed to pubic services. An integrated sanitation programme encompassing drainage, sewerage, refuse remova and heath promotion is impemented by a decentraised administration. This approach invoves using oca and regiona structures in addressing heath and environmenta probems. It has resuted in the Municipa structures working cosey with different actors, incuding NGOs and CBOs. The approach is expected to improve environmenta management and enhance sustainabiity. Urban environment Drainage was one of the most serious probems facing the city of Recife. The absence of a sewerage system and the ack of community awareness on efficient waste management resuted in fooding caused by waste disposa. This degraded the environment through surface water poution and contributed to water borne diseases. 85

86 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Before the soid waste coection project, waste was mainy handed by men, in form of trade on recycabe materias. The waste recycing industry empoyed 1,100 workers, 94.1 per cent of whom were men. The project aimed to change this trend by promoting women s invovement in waste management. Through the programme both women and men participated in the informa seection and trade of recycabe materias. This was done not ony for economic purposes, but aso with the goa of reducing environmenta hazards. The objectives of the project incuded: promoting environmenta improvement; reducing extra cost on pubic services; improving hygiene and environmenta education; and meeting gender needs on income generation. These goas were to be achieved through various panning and action strategies incuding: mobiising pubic support and participation; improving poicy intervention; strengthening service deivery; and buiding institutiona capacity. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process The project adopted a participatory process by bringing together a stakehoder groups. The abiities, potentia and interest of women and men were identified. This was aimed at understanding and overcoming some cutura and socia constraints which affect women and men. Subsequenty, gender specific aspects were worked out and different tasks and responsibiities distributed. The seective soid waste coection programme adopted gender responsive EPM process which encouraged strong inkages among stakehoder groups and encouraged participation. The identification of capacity, needs and subsequent training offered increased women s participation in decision making. The project has resuted in two major initiatives: the piot project on Integrated Actions on Heath, Education and Environment which have been impemented by the Ministry of Heath, and the piot pan for Municipa Capacity Buiding on Environmenta Education by Ministry of Water Resources, Environment and Lega Amazon. The participatory approach encouraged by the Community Heath Care Promotion (CHCP), which the Municipa Authorities started in 1994 within its Urban Ceaning and Maintenance Unit (EMLURB), has brought changes in the area. The 86

87 programme is inked to the Municipa Heath Secretariat and invoves 1,256 community heath care actors, 85 per cent of whom are women. The Communa Seective Coection Project (CSCP) is impemented in midde, ower and ow income neighbourhoods. Priority is given to neighbourhoods with difficut access to conventiona garbage coection. To encourage the separation of materias by househods, they are offered the possibiity of exchanging the separated materias for food, mea tickets or construction materias for group buiding. The exchange is made by each househod individuay or coectivey depending on community decisions. The support to seective coection by the informa sector is meant for the groups active in informa waste trading. They incude street pickers, cart puers and rag pickers at the main city dump. A three groups have ow education and can ony offer unskied abour. This method eventuay proved so effective that it attracted estabished commercia agents, incuding midde and higher income groups to reguary participate in the process. The Vountary Deivery Spots operate specia containers for segregated coection of recycabe materias. Besides providing a means for appropriate disposa of recycabe wastes, they aso educate the community. Athough the project was initiated by the Loca Authority, it is being graduay handed over to community based organizations or informa groups. However equipment maintenance and socia monitoring remains a pubic task. EMLURB organises training of trainers (TOT), which provides a forum for discussing the competing and conficting interests of women and men in project participation. During this forum, a genera consensus on how to achieve the objectives are discussed and agreed upon. This approach makes it possibe for muti discipinary teams to work together on research, panning, impementing, monitoring and managing environmenta projects. Paying a mutipe roe in the maintenance of the urban infrastructure, EMLURB contributes a deeper 87

88 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management integration within the different services. This is reevant in a city where drainage probems can be soved or easiy reduced by reguar waste coection achieved through behavioura change. Through EMLURB, the active invovement of the informa sector, which was argey mae dominated, and CBOs which are mosty composed of women s groups, has been ensured. This has contributed to the exchange of information and skis on recycabe materias and trading. Lessons In spite of the progress made in activey invoving stakehoder groups, the ack of an efficient institutiona framework affected project activities whenever there was an administrative transition. There is therefore a need to buid an institutiona framework in order to ensure continuity, especiay during administrative transitions. The project shoud not rey ony on heads of departments and programme coordination for continuity. The project has pointed out the need for effective use of the media in educating the communities on issues reated to gender imbaance in order to break the socia and cutura barriers existing between women and men. Apart from the above achievements, the project has provided good essons for designing a good marketing strategy for recycabe materias. This can both promote we being and aso ensure good environmenta panning and management. The project has improved environmenta management. Under its umbrea, severa compementary and integrated projects have been initiated. The programme has a number of components, incuding vountary deivery spots, communa seective coection and support to informa seective coection. Socia contro has been improved through regiona work and invovement of the Heath Care Promoters. A the carts are now icensed and specia areas for inspection have been defined where there was visibe concentration of poution of waste. Finay, the promotion of interaction among socia and inspection teams, community and institutiona contro, adding new points of view by gender anaysis has made the impementation of environmenta strategies in genera more effective. 88

89 Future Workshops - From Vision into Action: Women s Roe in City Panning in Heideberg, Germany Introduction Heideberg is ocated on both sides of the river Necker in the South of Germany. It is an od we known city, visited by miions of tourists every year. It has a popuation of 131,837 peope of which 53.2 and 46.8 per cent are women and men respectivey. About one fifth of the popuation are students enroed at the University of Heideberg, University of Pedagogica Sciences, Jewish University and the University of Music. The US Army s European headquarters and NATO headquarters are aso ocated in Heideberg. Most peope ive in fats, atogether there are 66,135 houses and fats which provide an average of 37.5 square meters of space per person. Pubic transport incudes trams and buses covering a boroughs of the city and connecting to other areas. The city has one main and severa periphera train stations. The city provides 80 kiometres of cycing paths to encourage the use of bicyces. Traffic has been a major issue of concern and has been a target of many efforts towards reduction of C02 emissions. In response to the situation, the pubic transport system has improved during the ast fifteen years. 89

90 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management There is a itte industria activity in the areas of printing, speciaised car suppies, sma chemica industry, sanitary ceramics, biotechnoogy, surgery instruments and severa pubishing trusts. Urban environment The Heideberg project was concerned with contributing to the City Deveopment Pan of The project identified areas of concern in preparing the pan: preservation of resources, socia justice, environmenta protection and pubic participation. In addressing these issues the project considered the genera orientation, buit environment, regiona cooperation, work and empoyment, mobiity and transport, socia ife and cuture. Preparing the City Deveopment Pan 2010 invoved setting up a specia committee which managed pubic participation and discussions. The Committee gathered 360 proposas and amendments stemming from participatory processes, incuding effective participation from women. The project reaised that the participatory approaches that were in use did not sufficienty encourage women to participate effectivey. This meant that women s perspectives, needs, demands, ideas and visions were not being accommodated in the panning. Participation was mainy coming from mae representatives of reevant stakehoder groups. Subsequenty, the panning process was found inadequate and strategies to change it were designed. In response to this situation, the city s gender department used gender responsive EPM to address the probem. An effective methodoogy for enhancing women s participation in each of the city s 14 boroughs was designed: the Future Workshops Methodoogy. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process The Future Workshops Methodoogy was deveoped to ensure that panning is not eft soey in the hands of mae experts, poiticians and business-persons. The methodoogy is based on the fact that any panning process has to take into account the perspectives of a those being panned for. It is a participatory and consutative mechanism which identifies needs as we as searching for consensus on action pans for impementation. The methodoogy is designed to faciitate the invovement of stakehoder groups, and in particuar assist them in deveoping their vision. The dates of Future Workshops are chosen in accordance with women s needs, they are hed within the boroughs convenient to women, and professiona chid care is provided throughout the workshops. The methodoogy consists of a one day seminar made up of three major phases: Critique, Utopia and Reaisation. These three phases are faciitated by a trained moderator, equipped with group work techniques and equipment. The process is meant to raise the eve of brain storming, creativity, vision and decision making. 90

91 The Critique component provides a forum for discussing probems, identifying critica issues, expressing opinions and discussion. The forum is organised in sma groups and issues and opinions coected are gathered in order to identify key areas of focus. The Utopia stage encourages participants to deveop a new vision of an idea city and borough which ceary defines what they fee is needed for citizens to fee at home, safe, heathy and happy. In this stage the moderator encourages participants not to discuss but purey to gather ideas before considering their advantages and disadvantages. The moderator gathers ideas and visions visiby on a big board and enhances the visuaization as much as possibe with drawings, symbos and pictures. In the Reaisation stage, the ideas are discussed in regard to how they can be put into practice. To structure the discussion, the different ideas are rated roughy and the most promising ones discussed first. Participants are asked to gather exampes of where the ideas have been impemented and consider the resuts and experiences to discuss possibiities of transferring specific measures to their own boroughs. If there are no exampes at hand, participants are encouraged to discuss the advantages and disadvantages on the basis of their knowedge and experience. The key aspect of this phase is to pan the impementation of the idea to the utmost possibe detai in order to reaise the pans. A successfu Future Workshop ends with putting together a detaied pan of action incuding assigning tasks and roes to participants. Effecting the Future Workshops methodoogy entaied working very cosey with women s groups and organisations in preparing and organising women within the 14 boroughs. In tota, 177 women participated in the 14 workshops hed in 14 boroughs in Heideberg. The participants incuded women of a age ranging between 25 to 50. A arge proportion were mothers with chidren who worked either as housewives but intended to get back to working outside the home, or mothers engaged in other activities. 91

92 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Gender research conducted at the University s facuty for Socia Sciences support the Future Workshops process. Such research has incuded safety and security within the city, needs and interests of young mothers in the city and the future workshop itsef. In some cases, gathering the data has invoved women who are active members of the future workshops. The resuts of such research is made avaiabe to the gender department and the city counci, who in turn use the findings as appropriate. The Facuty aso keeps in touch with the groups in the boroughs and individua women on a reguar basis in order to provide support and consutation where necessary. Overa, the data coected serve as a usefu resource in the panning process. The gender department provided a report on Women s Perspective on Urban Deveopment in Heideberg which was incorporated into the amendments for city deveopment pan and used as a basic resource in the City Deveopment Pan Guideines and Goas. The future workshops methodoogy mobiised women and resuted in women s needs and ideas within the boroughs being accommodated. It has improved communication within the boroughs eading to arge networks of cooperation and exchange of information, identification with oca environment, and motivation to participate and contribute to issues affecting the respective boroughs. Women fee encouraged and empowered to contribute to community ife and poitics. They are aware of the opportunities and responsibiities and can transfer their skis esewhere. The positive outcome of invoving women is refected in a number of concrete actions and ongoing projects which gender invovement has yieded within the 14 boroughs. Some of the actions and ongoing projects incude: creating safety and security for women by having new routes for cycists; changing the stop of the weeky city ibrary bus to a more convenient pace; converting a arge parking ot in the city centre into a chidren s payground; improving street ights; panting trees and bushes aong streets; carrying out surveys with oca chidren and youth to gather information on their needs and suggestions regarding their urban environment; and obbying for green areas, parks and meadows of church or private property to be opened to the pubic. The actions integrated in the gender responsive EPM process have been institutionaised. Groups have been created in the boroughs to continue the work ong after the workshops. These groups continue to buid ong term gender responsive capacities and heps to institutionaise the workshop mechanism, through continuous networking and awareness. Further, their direct ink with the gender department of the counci provides continuity in institutionaising the gender responsive EPM process. 92

93 Lessons The participation of women has provided numerous constructive and indispensabe contributions to improving the physica and cutura environment, and is expected to resut in sustainabe urban deveopment. The participation of women has not ony resuted in their views and ideas being incorporated in the Deveopment Pan but has aso given birth to a number of actions and ongoing projects by the women s groups formed in the boroughs. Maintaining women s groups in the boroughs is important for buiding ong-term gender responsive capacities and heps to institutionaise the G-EPM process. The Future Workshop Methodoogy has made participatory processes better known and appreciated by the Loca Authority, other stakehoder groups and the genera pubic. Individuas have deveoped numerous and detaied visions of the future of their city. Many probems have been addressed effectivey through communication and networking in the boroughs, which has encouraged identification and sharing probems. The project recommended severa measures which need to be taken to improve and sustain women s participation in decision making. They incude; capacity buiding as it reates to deveoping visions, ideas and practica strategies for impementation; ensuring that women s inputs are used by Loca Authorities, adequate resources for participatory processes, broad participation by other stakehoder groups and the genera pubic, especiay the media. The media was recommended because of its abiity to pubicise the ongoing activities and contributions of stakehoder groups. 93

94 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana Programme, Guntur, India Introduction Swarna Jayanti programme is ocated in the Municipa Corporation of Guntur in India. The Municipa has a popuation of 470,051 with a tota of 103,991 househods, popuation density of 10,265 persons per square kiometre and an urban growth rate of 1.8%. The per capita income is $300 with an unempoyment rate of seven per cent. The sources of empoyment incude; agricutura based industries of tobacco, chiies, jute, cotton and granite products. The city is we connected with a the major towns in the country by both road and rai. There are a number of tourist attractions: Buddhist centres in Amaravathi, and Nagarjuna Sagar, woodands, boating faciities and deer parks add to the number of tourist attractions. Among the priority concerns of the city are urban poverty aeviation, environmenta protection, primary education and primary heath care. Urban environment The Municipa Corporation of Guntur faces a number of probems. A tota of 15 per cent of the popuation have no access to safe drinking water, whie 50 per cent have no appropriate sanitation faciities. Whie it is estimated that by 2025, 50 per cent of the Indian popuation wi reside in cities and towns, the Municipa Corporation of Guntur has 40 per cent of its popuation iving beow the poverty ine. The city suffers from traffic congestion, housing shortages and increasing numbers of poor housing, infrastructure and services such as education, heath, roads, eectricity and garbage disposa. There is aso degradation of the ecoogica environment, unempoyment and increase in crime. The city acks adequate resources, and skis for coping with the demand of urban ife as we as awareness regarding various environmenta issues. 94

95 The Swarna Integrated Programme aims at addressing these urban probems by mobiising, organising and empowering communities, especiay women, to address environmenta issues. The programme reaised that women constitute haf of the popuation in India but they are not we integrated in accessing and controing resources, incuding panning and managing the environment. There are three main factors which make women s integration necessary: women are more invoved in bringing up chidren, women form some of the poorest of the poor at the famiy eve and are subjected to expoitation by men due to their ack of education. This is in spite of the fact that women are considered better educators on persona and domestic hygiene, sanitation and tree panting among others. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process Through the gender responsive EPM process the programme carried out a survey aimed at understanding the environmenta conditions of the communities. The survey instrument was designed in a way so as to get adequate and essentia information on women in each househod. Women s perception regarding the environmenta conditions, infrastructure, services and interest in group activities were recorded. Through the gender responsive EPM process the city of Guntur has mobiised and accommodated groups which have often been outside the forma panning and management such as women, private sector groups and other marginaised and disadvantaged groups. In addition to bringing in women, the Guntur programme has brought in private sector participation through Green Guntur Committee, a forum with the objective of making Guntur cean and green. Through the committee, the Indian Tobacco Company (ITC), a private sector organisation, has taken up environmenta protection by panting neary 10,000 trees aong the avenues, main roads and residentia areas of Guntur. The programme considers that neighbourhood groups have a better understanding of the environmenta conditions around them. Thus, during the process a 95

96 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management stakehoder groups: women, men and chidren are invoved through a three-tier participatory community structure. The structure incude neighbourhood groups (NHG), neighbourhood committees (NHC) and community deveopment Societies (CDS). These structures are further faciitated by Resident Community Vounteers (RCV), and a Community Organiser (CO) who is a functionary from the Municipa Corporation. The atter ensures that the priorities and needs of the communities are integrated in broader strategies set up by the Municipa Corporation. The structures, with the support of externa technica expertise, mobiise and organise communities and further faciitate understanding of the environmenta conditions. Specificay, women centred discussions and demonstrations are hed to sensitise women to environmenta hazards which affect them and their famiies. Through these structures, both oca and externa expertise is tapped - residents hod meetings, pass resoutions through consensus and design strategies. For exampe, residents suggest which pants shoud be panted, methods of procurement of pant seedings, space for panting and watering methods. The actua impementation of strategies incude women and men. They participate in construction of drains, roads, tree panting and provision and maintenance of sanitation. The programme was designed aso to provide empoyment to the poor, and pays wages for the poorest of the poor who participate in the programme activities. To ensure the effective participation of women, an excusive women forum named Stree Shakti (power of women) was formed in the city of Guntur. The objectives of the society were: eimination of a types of discrimination against women; improvement of heath conditions; creation and utiization of resources for heath, education, deveopment and equaity of status of women in socio-economic, poitica and cutura fieds; and environmenta upkeep through women s participation. Stree Shakti has its oca units working at the community eve and headed by women. Apart from focusing on overa economic deveopment, these women s organs are invoved in environmenta panning and management. They hod reguar consutative meetings to discuss probems facing women and come up with strategies for addressing the situation. Gender responsive EPM has been institutionaised by buiding community structures which activey invove women and men. Through gender responsive EPM Guntur Municipa Corporation has moved away from its previous panning and management methods, which did not consider the inputs of oca peope. The active invovement of a wide range of stakehoder groups has been put in pace due to efficient coordination among the administrative Municipa officers, private sector and the oca peope. This approach has brought 96

97 a change of attitude in stakehoder groups who are now abe to appreciate coective action. Women groups are taking up entrepreneuria activities to have better income and improved iving standards. Saving societies consisting of women have been started and women are abe to save. The combined effort of women and men has improved the environment, a number of drains were repaired and new drains buit and sanitation faciities provided. Lessons The project has provided a number of essons: traditiona approaches to town panning are inadequate, and an integrated approach is necessary for achieving ong term environmentay sustainabe deveopment; reaching consensus on priority environmenta issues whie time consuming, is a worth whie investment, and ensures a gender responsive EPM process; athough ack of financia resources and infrastructura faciities can be a hindrance, much can be achieved with the active cooperation of beneficiaries and other stakehoder groups; in order to reaise success in the gender responsive EPM process, the city s stakehoder groups not ony need to be identified and mobiised but aso empowered through egisation; programmes shoud estabish measurabe and time bound indicators for monitoring and evauating the gender responsive EPM process; and consensus-buiding across stakehoder groups incuding poiticians assists in buiding a sense of ownership and commitment among stakehoder groups - this eads to better impementation of management of environmenta programmes. 97

98 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Women s Initiative in Environmenta Protection, Hue City, Vietnam Introduction Hue is the capita of Thua Thien Province in Centra Vietnam, ocated on fuvia isands in a river deta. It has a popuation of 230,000, and is exposed to frequent fooding. Hue is mainy a city for tourism and cuture. It has a sma industria sector, most of the industries are either sma or medium in size. In this regard the city is spared environmenta poution threats since most of its productive activities are argey in environment friendy fieds, such as tourism and services. Urban environment Hue city generates a tota of 3,000 cubic meters of refuse per day, of which about 55 per cent is coected by the Centre for Municipa Environment and Sanitation Management. This is the ony government agency charged with refuse coection. Part of the waste not coected by the agency is disposed of through burning, burying whie some is dumped iegay on open spaces, drainage and rivers. The sewerage and drainage system is in poor condition and discharges waste into surface water (ponds, canas and Huong river). Sewers were argey bocked and had unfitted joints, with high chances of pouting ground water. The septic tanks used by 63 per cent of the popuation are not connected to the drainage system. In most cases the effuent from the septic tanks drains into the ground or fows directy to the water ways. The remaining percentage of the popuation do not have adequate sanitary faciities, and use either pit atrines, or other methods. Those without sanitary faciities dispose their human and other waste into the rivers, ponds and both pubic and private open spaces and pots. The worst hit with city environmenta probems are about 800 famiies iving in barges and boats without any access to pubic utiities and services. The Hue Municipa counci is responsibe for the overa supervision of impementation of the environment project. It is assisted by a Steering Committee 98

99 (SC) and a Community Programme Management Unit (CPMU) which heads the executing units estabished within each community. The units incude Green Vounteers (GV) and basicay most oca women within the community participate. The project formuation team identified women as key actors, because women are more vunerabe to poution, use more water, hande garbage, are exposed to a high rate of obstetric and skin diseases and other poution reated diseases, and are charged with chidren s education. Thus, the need to focus on women justified the formuation of a project on Women Initiative on Environmenta Protection. The project was started in 1997 with Hue City s Women s Union as the coordinating agency. The project aimed at protecting the urban environment and andscape by promoting oca peope s awareness, improving the oca community iving environment and faciitating more gender responsive environmenta panning and management. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process In response to the City of Hue s negected environmenta issues, an environmenta project was started. This invoved bringing a stakehoder groups, incuding experts from Departments of Environment and Heath Care, City Women Union, Commune Authorities and oca women together in a workshop. Through the workshops, the participants, especiay women are introduced to the concepts of environmenta protection. With the guidance of the experts, women activey participate in discussions and finding out for themseves the probems, both existing and potentia, and the soutions for the probems. The workshops pay a key roe in raising awareness and preparing communities to participate in environmenta protection activities. It aso secures the commitment of the municipaity and reated professiona departments to the improvement of the oca iving environment; and contributes to women being recognised not ony as beneficiaries but as the main actors. Once communities are sensitised through workshops, gender sensitive action pans based on data gathered from surveys and fied visits 99

100 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management are deveoped. The pans ceary outine the priority issues, the responsibiities and participation of each partner, schedue and method of impementation. Through the project, women have participated in environmenta education campaigns, improvement of iving environment and the genera faciitation of gender oriented environmenta panning and management. Houses as we as roads, anes and other pubic paces have been kept cean through cearing existing uncoected garbage dumps, bringing garbage to coection points accessibe to the Centre s coection vehices, and preventing iega burning and dumping of garbage. The project has further contributed to the proper maintenance of sewers and the drainage system by frequent examination of drainage/sewerage subsystems and by preventing the discharge of soid waste into the subsystems. Pubic and private sanitary faciities have aso been improved by constructing househod toiets, providing dust bins within communities, and constructing community sewerage/ drainage subsystems. Overa, the frequent meetings between oca women s unions and oca authorities on environmenta issues and repication of the programme in new areas has faciitated gender oriented environmenta panning and management. Lessons The programme has managed to bring diversified stakehoder groups to work with women in order to reaise efficient environmenta panning and management. Government agencies, Non Governmenta agencies and Community Based organisations have worked from the onset, beginning with the workshops. This process has encouraged women to use their abiities, participating more activey in probem identification and programme impementation. Technica information and expertise was aso used effectivey by taioring it to the needs of women and the community at arge. This aowed the community to fuy use information for improving the environment. Overa, the success of the programme is attributed to strong poitica support, education and gender awareness among a stakehoder groups. The active and effective invovement of the Women s Union has contributed to the programme being responsive to women s needs. It has aso changed the views of poiticians as we as other actors on the capacity of women in deveopment. The programme ceary shows that when women are given a chance through participatory approaches, they can significanty contribute to improving the environment. 100

101 Consumer Education and Community Participation Project, Kathmandu, Nepa Introduction The Nepa Water Suppy Corporation (NWSC) is a quasi independent entity accountabe to the Ministry of Housing and Physica Panning (MHPP). It is responsibe for providing treated water and ensuring hygienic sanitation services to 14 urban centres in the Kingdom of Nepa. As of 1985, 70 per cent of Nepa s urban popuation had access to safe drinking water, whie 17 per cent had access to adequate sanitation faciities. The acceerated urban growth which is higher than the nationa popuation growth has resuted in a deterioration of services, incuding water suppy and sanitation. The NWSC suffers from severe financia and operationa weaknesses, and is in need of improvement. A tota of 80 per cent of the operationa costs are budgeted during panning. However, the budget deficit has forced the corporation to make short term savings at the expense of the quantity and quaity of water and much needed maintenance. This has resuted in the dissatisfaction of consumers, which is refected in iega connections, tampering with water meters, direct pumping and evasion of water tariff payments. 101

102 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Urban environment The consumer education and community participation project in Nepa responds to a number of environmenta probems: contamination of the suppy, adjacent septic tanks, atrines and pouted surfaces. Further, sewerage and drainage systems deveoped over the ast 100 years can not meet the growing needs. At the same time, many of them are cogged with soid waste; whie the majority of houses are not connected due to the unwiingness of consumers to incur expenses. Latrines in areas without sewer are poory constructed, contribute to ground water contamination, and resut in the spread of water reated diseases. In responding to the water and environmenta probems, Nepa has embarked on a 15 year Comprehensive Deveopment Programme (CDP) aimed at rehabiitating and expanding urban water suppy and sanitation systems. The strategies for impementing the programme incude two eves of Community Education and Community Participation (CECP). The first eve incuded estabishing a Consumer Reations Unit (CRU) in each branch operation unit of NWSC and formation of Ward User s Committee (WUC) in each ward at community eve. Women are active in WUC, just as they are in Ward Deveopment committees which are grassroots poitica units for oca government. Country wide, a tota of 36,000 women are members of the WUC. The CECP programme accommodates women and informs them about the avaiabiity and accessibiity of water suppy and sanitation. Women s primary roe as resource managers of househods and key water users is a strong motivating factor for enhancing active participation in the programme. The programme has the utimate goa of providing safe and adequate water and sanitation services to a main urban centres of the Kingdom by the year In addition to being a signatory to most United Nations conventions reating to equa opportunities for women and men, Nepa has a Ministry of Housing and Physica Panning directive which states that women shoud be activey invoved in panning, designing and impementing water and sewerage projects. This has made it mandatory to have the equa participation of women and men. In each Water and Sanitation Users Committees (WUCs) operationa throughout the country, at east two women are required to be members. The CDP reies on working with communities and other stakehoder groups in ensuring the avaiabiity of cean water and functiona sewerage systems. The roe of communities is important in ensuring that the systems are not damaged or destroyed once they are in pace. This requires improving reationships with consumers, incuding enisting their support in the deivery of water suppy and sanitation systems. The consumer education project address this through the foowing objectives: improve and maintain the quantity and quaity of water suppy and sanitation services with coordination and cooperation of consumers and community groups; 102

103 create and enhance the awareness eve and educate community members on rationa use of water; and mobiise and motivate community participation. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process A first step in gender responsive EPM was data coection, using a community based approach. Information on wards reating to water suppy issues was gathered, and community probems were identified. Informa contact with women was made by femae staff before a door-to-door campaign and other information gathering was undertaken. Ward offices acted as grassroots administration and main entry points. Once information was gathered a series of strategic panning workshops were conducted with a staff members and CECP branch eve pubic reations staff, branch operationa managers, ine managers and managers separatey. At community eve, the schoo teachers, community eaders and youth participated in strategic panning workshops. These workshops gave communities a mandate from the NWSC operationa management and aso mobiised communities. With a stakehoder groups, incuding community, the project identified three priority areas: estabishing a fu scae customer reations unit within NWSC with the capacity to keep management informed of consumer needs; deaing prompty with compaints; and deveoping and aunching effective consumer education programmes and mass media campaigns among communities served by NWSC. In order to ensure gender responsive panning, additiona NWSC staff incuding women were hired and trained to educate and inform consumers on water, sanitation and heath issues. Further, NGOs and community eaders in seected Municipaities were identified, indoctrinated and mobiised. There were aso mass media campaigns designed to improve the reationship between NWSC and its consumers. In turn, the community eaders and NGOs organised User Groups and community participation. 103

104 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management The efforts of ensuring gender responsiveness resuted in the impementation of programs which consumers identified with, as refected in an improved awareness on how community actions affect deivery of water and sanitation systems, how heath is affected and how the city environment can be improved. The program resuted in the proper use and care of faciities and timey payment of service charges, a measurabe increases in NWSC revenue, and a reduced incidence of meter tampering, iega connections and genera abuse of faciities. Furthermore, repication of the program to other municipaities and wards is being reaised. The programme has estabished a number of structures and sensitised a stakehoder groups to environmenta issues. This has contributed to institutionaisation of the gender responsive EPM process. There is emphasis on equa participation of women and men - in most decision-making structures there are at east two women representatives. The training being conducted is expected to enhance community participation in a NWSC activities. This wi foster and act as a medium through which a kinds of environmenta programmes can be aunched. Lessons There are both positive and negative essons from the programme. On the positive aspects, awareness created by the programme through mass media and community tak is having an impact on the community. Women who have participated in courses in adut iteracy are adopting steps in conserving water, whie nationa agencies are repicating the programme esewhere. These aspects have the potentia to institutionaise the project and ensure its sustainabiity. The fact that WUCs presidents are Ward Chairpersons, who are aso poitica eaders, has not been positive to the programme. It has created a gap between communities having a different ideoogy and interpretation of the CECP programme. Other negative experiences with the programme incude women not participating in community tak programmes due to socia factors, incuding negative attitudes. This eaves men to participate in the programmes, making them more aware of issues reating to their environment and how to reate with NWSC. Due to the cose inks that the programme has with government, some poicies and strategies have faied to be effectivey impemented due to frequent changes in the government. 104

105 Good Governance: New Forms of Cooperation and Partnership for a More Gender Responsive Urban Deveopment in Hamburg, Germany Introduction Hamburg is ocated in unique setting, surrounded by water. The city has the obigation to keep the socia fabric of the city intact. The city is undergoing changes and new chaenges have to be met through comprehensive panning poicies. The economy of the city has been transformed from dependence on the sea port to being a major centre for service industries. Since the re-unification of Germany the popuation of Hamburg has been increasing by 20,000 peope annuay. Urban environment The process of urban transformation is characterised by new demands for and and housing, growing environmenta probems, socio-economic and socioregiona poarisation. In order to manage the changes and ensure sustainabe deveopment, the Senate decided in 1991 to set up an Urban Deveopment Office and work out a poicy framework for Urban and Regiona Deveopment. The first head of the Urban Deveopment office was a femae poitician, Senator Muer, who at the same time became the head of the Senate Office for Equa Opportunities. The appointment of a woman Senator 105

106 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management marked a andmark for the advancement of gender issues. It faciitated the mobiisation of both oca and externa resources and enabed the immediate beginning of gender responsive urban panning and management. Gender panners share ideas at conferences and nationa meetings. They aso pubish and exchange experiences on gender panning with other cities. Such gender sensitive activities offered a chance to combine women s interests with urban environmenta panning. Through the femae Senator s eadership, severa ideas arising from both authorities ed to changes in structures and opening up the possibiities for work on gender aspects of urban deveopment. This has further contributed to each head of the Urban Deveopment Office acknowedging the participation of women at a eves of panning and managing urban and regiona deveopment. The incorporation of women s interests into urban panning and management has resuted in new ideas and innovative approaches to panning as demonstrated in this case study. The ongoing economic dereguation and gobaisation have a negative impact on women s ives, they can hardy cope with their daiy tasks. In order to respond to this situation, women must participate effectivey in panning and managing the city. This was reaised through an anaysis of mobiity, district functions and residentia buidings by a gender sensitive speciaised group of women panners. Their anaysis showed that the creation of safety has an infuence on the choice of routes and transport modes, particuary during the night. The anaysis reveaed that working mothers are harder hit by the demands of synchronising different urban time patterns than other working peope. With a gender focused approach the authority stimuated pubic debate on the need to change urban time structures in order to accommodate women within the city. Subsequenty the project came up with the foowing objectives: deveop visions and approaches for a women s city; creating institutiona framework for participation of women; incorporating gender interests into urban environmenta panning; increasing efficiency of urban environmenta panning and reducing costs; and responding to women s needs and incorporating them right from the initia stages of environmenta panning in order to enhance productivity and ensure sustainabiity. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process The first step undertaken by the project in ensuring gender responsive environmenta panning and management was to deveop a diaogue-oriented approach. A counci made up of women who figured in pubic ife of the city and women within the three districts covered by the project effectivey participated in gathering information. Women representatives of the areas being covered were invited to round tabe discussions and major questions reating to their ives within 106

107 the city were raised: how to improve urban environment and make it more compatibe with women s daiy ives; how to aow the freedom of movement which aows women to use pubic spaces in a more suitabe way; and the protection of natura resources. The output of the round tabe discussions were again discussed with oca women within the project areas. The recognition and accommodation of women s professiona expertise, women s organisations and gender expertise resuted in the cooperation and active participation of women. Loca women and femae architects initiated and monitored severa pubic housing projects; a working group of women empoyed by a buiding authority was set up; a woman secretary in the Senate Office for Equa Opportunities was appointed and she initiated severa projects promoting gender responsive action. A series of Citydiaogues were conducted in which the Urban Deveopment Concept was discussed in working groups with interested women; women had a chance to make their comments during forma participation on the zoning pan and the Women s Advisory Counci suggested incuding a gender specific guiding principe in the Zoning Pan. The impementation of the project was ensured through cose coaboration among the three key actors: the Office of Urban Deveopment; the Women s Advisory Counci; and the Senate Office for Equa Opportunities. The Urban Deveopment Office is abe to intervene if no woman is incuded in city panning processes, the same office has a ist of competent women professionas, which they engage whenever required. The office of Urban Deveopment set up a mutidimensiona mode of institutionaised participation of women professionas, organisations and groups in panning processes. A panning authority inked to the Authority for Equa Opportunities was aso set up. Through the institutiona framework created by the project, the Working Group on Women s Concern in Regiona Panning produced a position paper which was incorporated in the framework for impementation of the Regiona Deveopment Concept; and pubic debate over the need for change in urban time 107

108 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management structures has been stimuated and impemented. Additionay, numerous activities in housing, neighbourhood panning and community deveopment, incuding the deveopment of panning theory and methodoogy, are being reaised. Lessons The project has deveoped reevant structures which enhance women s participation in environmenta panning and management. The estabishment of a gender sensitive new panning authority has resuted in the city deveoping an up-to-date urban deveopment approach and process. The identification and invovement of active gender panners, experts and women s organisations has faciitated the mobiisation and tapping of resources reevant for ensuring gender responsive EPM. 108

109 Estabishing a Women-Oriented Cottage Industry in Madaba, Amman, Jordan Introduction Madaba City and its surrounding suburbs are situated in the southern part of Jordan. The area acks proper transport and communication services, drainage systems, housing, hospitas, schoos and recreationa faciities among others. The area aso suffers from severe water shortage, which is further intensified by the effect of a poory managed cottage industry. The area argey reies on cottage industries which has had an impact on the environment. The activities of the cottage industries produce contaminated waste water which has caused poution in the area for over ten years. Subsequenty, the area experiences severe air, water and soi poution. The cottage industries were started with an aim of enabing underprivieged housewives generate income by reviving traditiona crafts. Most production units are ocated within residentia areas in houses which ack faciities reevant for supporting such production. The ocation of industries within residentia areas has made it easy for women to commute to work given that the area suffers from transport probems. 109

110 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Urban environment The project uses ow quaity woo which requires a ot of water and chemicas for ceaning. Given the poor drainage system, the industries have had a negative impact on the environment, due to poution. As opposed to the gender responsive EPM process, the project right from its initiation acked coordination between the project initiators, oca organisations and other stakehoder groups. The project did not make any attempt to faciitate diaogue among the stakehoder groups who were mosty directy affected. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process The ack of invovement of stakehoder groups created tension and probems, especiay between spouses. The project empowered women with income in a mae dominated community without invoving the mae gender. The shift of economic power from men to women generated famiy squabbes with some ending in separation and divorce. The inabiity to put gender responsive EPM in pace produced a negative end resut which coud not be sustained. Athough the project enabed women to generate income from the cottage industries and received internationa accaim for reviving cottage industries; the ack of invovement of stakehoder groups has made the project not reaise its objective of economic sustainabiity. Most unempoyed men earn their economic iveihood by cutivating and. The emissions of contaminated waste water used by women pouted the soi and jeopardised the men s economic opportunities. Men were eft with no opportunities and tried to stop the women s cottage industries by fiing compaints to the Heath Department in a bid to cose the industries. Stopping the industries impies no income for women, whie continuing the project aso has a negative impication for men, who were argey spouses of the women. This confict of interests has contributed to tension between women and men, resuting in depression, due to verba and psychoogica torture. Apart from the confict, the project has aso put pressure on women. Dividing their time between their househod chores and going to work in the factory has been over-strenuous. There is aso increase in mortaity rate of infants, miscarriages and stiborn births. The factory work is very demanding and party contributes to physica disorders such as backaches, headaches and dizziness. Athough the project did not put in pace a gender responsive EPM right from the onset, gathering information reveaed how the project affected different stakehoder groups. It aso reveaed the poor working environment. Most of the faciities required were acking, and the use of unsuitabe houses as production units posed heath hazards to the workers and the genera surrounding popuace. The emission of fou sme from acetic acid and the prevaence of contaminated waste water had pouted the air, water and soi. The ack of invovement of stakehoder groups has affected the creation of awareness which was attempted for over ten years. Further, the itte efforts made are not institutionaised due to ack of environmenta panning and management. 110

111 The project has witnessed isoated individua initiatives through informa discussions. For exampe, a few eite women from Amman started some initiatives through CBOs and NGOs with a bid to improve environmenta management, but faied due to poor coordination and commitment from reevant stakehoder groups. Some of these efforts incude: addressing poution probem by recycing water for further use; creating green areas by panting trees and encouraging communities to pant trees; reocating dye centres from residentia areas and equipping them with fume-hoods and proper ventiation; centraising woo washing; and increasing the voume of water in order to increase production by iaising with the water authorities. The above was done by encouraging and supporting women to join oca committees. Through the committees women woud be mobiised and aso participate in information gathering, strategy formuation and decisions reating to environmenta management. Lessons The ack of invovement of a stakehoder groups, especiay mae spouses of women contributed to the faiure of the project. There was itte consutation during project panning and impementation. This resuted in resistance from various stakehoder groups due to confict of interests, which at the same time contributed to the negative effect on the environment. Future deveopment of the project has to give gender responsive EPM as a process a high priority in order to ensure participation and good working reationships among the stakehoder groups. 111

112 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Capacity Buiding for Urban Poverty Aeviation in Ibadan, Nigeria Introduction The majority of the popuation in Ibadan is poor and is mosty engaged in informa economic activities. Some of these economic activities have a negative impact on the environment. For exampe, women who are argey responsibe for ensuring househod iveihoods are aso engaged in different types of petty trade, incuding food processing, which negativey affect the environment - cassava processing, both for subsistence and for commercia purposes, discharges waste indiscriminatey. Women aso fetch firewood, queue for water and kerosine and se seasona crops which a generate waste. Urban environment In combining their production and reproduction roes, women are faced with a ot of constraints incuding ack of access to portabe water, energy and disposa of waste. The poor incuding women have formed support networks to assist in addressing common concerns. In view of the fact that poverty reduction often eads to improved environmenta quaity and vice versa, adequate knowedge of environmenta issues as we as the ink to gender is viewed as essentia for programmes attempting to faciitate community based deveopment. The degradation of natura resources around Ibadan has reduced the productivity of the poor and made them even more vunerabe. The eve of poverty of most of the informa sector operators contributes to environmenta degradation, and at the same time exposes them to environmenta hazards. The poor ack a safe water suppy and are not abe to efficienty manage waste. On the other hand, the better off have aternative arrangements to both probems when pubic utiities fai. Most high income homes have their own bore-hoes and waste disposa faciities. 112

113 Experience with a gender responsive EPM process Recognising the prevaence of poverty in Ibadan, the Centre for Enterprise Deveopment and Action Research (CEDAR) initiated the Urban Poverty Aeviation Programme with the aim of addressing socia and economic probems associated with poverty and unempoyment. The project has the key objective of faciitating deveopment activities of women and men through their different economic activities. In particuar, the project seeks to empower groups invoved in Urban Poverty Aeviation programmes to understand poverty, gender and environment interactions. The atter three are known to be cosey reated and are an integra part of reaising sustainabe deveopment. Specificay, the project has the objectives of equipping NGOs, CBOs and trade guides invoved in poverty aeviation programmes with information, organisationa and strategic skis for gender responsive EPM. The project has the foowing objectives: training; provision of information and gender disaggregated data; counseing; research; and mobiisation. Through CEDAR, women and men have been invoved in programmes, they have been trained in gender diagnosis and specia efforts made to mobiise women, especiay when unequa representation is observed in CEDAR programmes. The Sustainabe Ibadan City Programme (SIP) hed a series of awareness and sensitisation programmes among stakehoder groups incuding pubic sector officias, CBOs, NGOs and private organisations. This was backed up with a city consutation forum aimed at identification and prioritisation of urban environmenta issues. The consutation brought together over 300 participants drawn from a stakehoder groups, incuding miitary administration, members of the state executive counci, traditiona ruers, government officias, industriaists, CBOs, NGOs and UNDP representatives. The consutation created an opportunity for participants to understand the roes and responsibiities 113

114 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management of a cross-section of actors in Ibadan. This process resuted in the creation of cross-sectora working groups charged with addressing environmenta issues, incuding urban poverty and gathering gender disaggregated information on NGOs. Information gathered incuded: organisation and management capacity of NGOs; incorporation of gender perspective into NGO work; invovement of NGOs in environmenta issues, understanding of gender environment interactions; inkage of NGOs with CBOs; nature of poverty aeviation programmes among NGOs; and needs of NGOs for effective operation. The anaysis of findings reveaed that a number of NGOs actuay have inks with CBOs. Further, the participatory nature of the research created an opportunity for stakehoder groups to network and identify probems. It reveaed that there was an increasing emergence of femae-headed NGOs in Ibadan in response to the disadvantaged position of women, their inequitabe access to resources and the constraints they face in meeting the chaenges posed by urbanisation. Based on the findings, a consutative workshop among representative NGOs was hed. The workshop identified and prioritised the needs of NGOs in addressing poverty aeviation, identifying gender roes, access and contro over resources, constraints and needs as we as ways of mainstreaming gender in urban poverty aeviation. This resuted in the deveopment of a series of skis reevant for the programme. The participatory earner-centred methodoogy adopted in the training programmes aowed both women and men to participate in anaysing gender issues through activity profiing exercises for women and men. They were abe to design surviva strategies among ow income femae and mae urban dweers and the impications for sustainabe urban deveopment. In addition, training incuded economic rights, gender roes and differentiated access to and contro of resources. The training has improved environmenta strategies. Stakehoder groups have gained confidence in addressing strategic gender needs such as equa rights to decision-making. Further, CEDAR staff are often requested to act as resource persons and faciitators in other NGO programmes. Overa, organisations which have participated in the training programmes have been abe to appy the skis gained to their action pans and to impement programmes. Lessons The programme has enabed NGOs, CBOs and other stakehoder groups to consider the interreationships of poverty, environment and gender. This is refected in their action pans and programmes. Their efforts are aso backed by 114

115 government efforts on Famiy Economic Achievement Programmes which emphasise women s empowerment. CEDAR has become a foca point for community based NGOs. Gender training requests are on the increase and networking activities have been enhanced. Athough the cuture of data coection is quite rudimentary among NGOs, gender disaggregated environmenta data is continuousy being gathered by NGOs. The project has had to face some imitations on women s participation and coordination. Low iteracy rates among women has imited their participation in forma and administrative arrangements. This has resuted in men taking up most secretaria assignments in mixed group organisations. Externa support has not been we coordinated and the concept of environment is not we understood. Most stakehoder groups view environment as reating to sanitation issues. There is aso imited access to information and understanding of gender and environment as a cross-cutting issue in deveopment among deveopment practitioners. This cas for further capacity buiding among NGOs that have a ink with CBOs in the area of gender responsive EPM in order to have a mutipier effect. 115

116 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Gender Responsive EPM: An Experience from Lonha Community, Patan, Kathmandu, Nepa Introduction Lonha is one of ten sma poor communities with a tota of 35 famiies, beonging to the butcher caste - a ower caste which faces discrimination. Most of them are migrants, daiy wage abourers and generay deprived of the basic necessities of ife. The community is ocated within the Kathmandu vaey that consists of three major cities - Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur. Lonha community consists of househods with ow socio-economic status and poor physica faciities and amenities. Before the project, their views were generay not taken into consideration when designing and panning deveopment. Urban environment The major probems the Lonha community are facing are inadequate basic faciities, poor quaity of dweings, poor hygiene, heath and sanitation, the genera socia and gender discrimination. These probems affect women more than men since they are the ones who mosty stay at home and around the home, where the environment has been degraded. The inadequate water suppy means women are spending more time fetching water. At the same time, ack of sanitation faciities is a menta anguish, especiay because they have to care for its impact both on themseves and on chidren as we. Lumanti, a group formed in 1993 in memory of Ramesh Manandhar who had initiated programmes aimed at supporting the ess fortunate, has the vision of improving the iving conditions of the urban poor, with a major focus on sheter. Among the many activities Lumanti is faciitating in Patan is the drainage construction project carried out within Lonha community with a high participation of women. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process The drainage construction project was started after a preiminary househod survey in Lonha reveaed that the greatest probem the community was facing 116

117 was the ack of toiets. Toiets coud not be constructed because there was no drainage system and no space for buiding pit atrines. Other probems identified through the gender responsive EPM process incuded ack of unity among women and men, and a ack of education, skis and income for women. Foowing the participatory anaysis of the findings of the survey, a user committee was formed consisting of five femaes and six maes. The women were drawn from the Savings group, whie the men generay were the senior eites within the community. Whie the president of the community was a man, both the secretary and treasurer were women. The committee was responsibe for the project and met from time to time to discuss its various aspects. Lumanti provided training in eadership, accounting, skis deveopment, and entrepreneurship, and organised exchange visits for women in the savings group. The weeky savings group aso enabed women to buid up confidence in working with men in the committee. During the construction of the drainage system the community had to contribute cash and aso sove a confict situation with the neighbouring community who were against the project. They were not wiing to have the Lonha community sewerage system connected to theirs. They argued that the butcher caste community woud throw anima waste that might bock the sewerage ine. The project woud aso affect the eectricity cabes and teephone ines. Through the gender responsive EPM process, severa meetings of stakehoder groups were hed and the Lonha community agreed to the foowing: some amount of money be coected and set aside for maintenance in case of bockage; the neighbouring Khadgi community must be invoved and participate in case of bockage; the existing manhoes woud be repaired during construction of drainage; in case the od pipe was damaged it woud be repaired immediatey and compensation paid; and 117

118 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management the Khadgi community must never throw saughter waste in the drainage. These decisions were amicaby arrived at after discussions with a stakehoder groups. It aowed the drainage construction work to begin and within 39 days of hard work the work was compete, with women managing construction work. Women purchased the necessary materias, organised meetings to discuss and review work; whie mae members of the User Committees supported them in keeping accounts, bis and vouchers. Overa, it was estimated that women organised about 65 forma and informa meetings during the panning, confict resoution and construction phases of the project. The impact of the project was assessed using participatory methodoogy. Women and men discussed and expressed the danger to their ives before and after the formation of the group construction project. Significant changes were reaised both at an individua and the community eve. There was increased coaboration and unity among women and men within the community. Lessons The project has resuted in women engaging in activities which they had never been engaged in before, especiay participating in panning and decision-making reating to their environment. Women have been empowered, their situation within their househods has improved. They participate in discussions, raise issues and aso make decisions. In the area of economics, they have increased the number of women s groups to two and each househod is represented in at east one. The women s strong desire and continuous attempts to bring change to their ives and that of their community is viewed as a major achievement of the project. Whereas women are abe to participate in househod discussions, raise issues and contribute to decisions making, their abiity to undertake many househod roes is curtaied. Their engagement in community work, especiay during the initia project work when men were contemptuous of their efforts, reduced their efficiency at home. However, their community work was subsequenty acknowedged and appreciated. This contributed to some mae spouses sharing househod responsibiities, whie women are engaged in community work. 118

119 Mabibo Environmenta Management Society: A Case Study of Soid Waste Management in Mabibo Ward, Dar es Saaam, Tanzania Introduction Mabibo is in one of the 18 wards of Kiondoni District in Dar-es-Saaam, Tanzania. More than 80 per cent of the ward is squatter settements characterised by poor drainage system, poor management of soid waste, poution and foods. The rapid growth of the settements has resuted in pressure on services. The few existing socia faciities are expensive and sparsey scattered. This makes them difficut to access in terms of the time it takes to reach them and the money necessary for paying for the services. Women have to trave ong distances ooking for water for househod use. Further, this is made worse by basic services such as hospitas and dispensaries being ocated far away. Urban environment Soid waste disposa is one of the major environmenta probem facing Mabibo community. Pies of uncoected refuse in the form of hypodermic needes, smoudering refuse heaps, animas roaming and scavenging on garbage is evident. A these cause serious heath hazards to the genera pubic through exposing them to infection from a sorts of microorganisms, and physica injuries through contact with sharp and dangerous objects. 119

120 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management The physica environment has aso been put at risk due to the microbioogica and chemica contamination of the soi and ground water. Poisonous emissions from the incompete burning of wastes such as pastic materias, poute the air. In order to avoid or minimize heath risks reated to soid wastes, sound waste handing, treatment and disposa methods shoud be practised by both women and men. Both women and men have different roes to pay given their bioogica and cutura differences. In order to accommodate both women and men in environmenta panning and management a gender responsive EPM process has to be put in pace. The reproductive and community eve roes are payed by women whie men mosty engage in productive forma activities outside the home. Women and chidren are exposed to infectious diseases and other environmenta probems ocated around their home. Due to poverty in the area, househods cannot afford protective gadgets necessary in refuse coection and genera environmenta ceaning. Given the fact that waste management is viewed as a women s affair, women suffer more from physica injuries and infections picked up as they coect garbage. On the other hand, men ony fee the pinch of environmenta management when paying for the cost of treatment of diseases reated to poor environmenta conditions. The Mabibo Environmenta Management Society came up with a goa of estabishing a system which ensures sustainabe poverty reduction. This goa underies the Ward s deveopment objectives with regard to environmenta protection. Specificay the project aims at achieving the goa by: organising women s groups to undertake deiberate effort to promote productive activities; organising and providing backward and forward inkages, incuding training as required; and encouraging and introducing gender deveopment approaches which recognise that both women and men are equa partners in deveopment and must therefore have equa opportunities at a eves of panning, impementation and management. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process The society used participatory methodoogies invoving reevant stakehoder groups to gather information on the consequences and extent of uncoected garbage in their neighbourhoods, and to determine both how and in what different ways women and men are affected by environmenta probems. The seection of soid waste as a priority probem evoved from data anaysis and the active invovement of stakehoder groups. The anaysis reveaed that most peope whose activities were dangerous to the environment were not quite conscious of the environmenta impications. The 120

121 society thus decided to invove peope who destroy the environment deiberatey, those who do it unconsciousy and those who suffer the consequences of environmenta degradation. The gender responsive EPM process brought stakehoder groups together irrespective of their positive or negative contribution to environmenta panning and management. The project has adopted the nationa poicy of incuding gender in project panning, and the city authority has acknowedged the efforts of the society in initiating G-EPM in its project. The project administrative structure is gender sensitive. The management of the society is composed of 5 women and 3 men at the top. They are backed by support staff of 28 women and 21 men, a of whom were unempoyed before the initiation of the project. The empoyees are drawn from the community, have experience in working with peope within their areas and are trained to become change agents within their communities. The invovement of most stakehoder groups has enhanced pubic participation. Communities are paying service charges, ensuring the security of infrastructure and community property, and the adoption of new oca technoogy. This incudes the coection of waste using oca bags and whee carts pued by women and men. The society managed to mobiise and encourage the peope of Jitegemee, Azimio and Kanuni streets to take part in the management of their waste through paid evy activities. The City Commission has supported the activities of the society. They provided a tota of 300,000 Tanzanian shiings under the specia programme of improving the informa sector. The Commission aso gave the society a tender to coect soid waste and management of iquid waste in Jitegemee, Azimio and Kanuni streets in Mabibo Ward. Apart from bringing stakehoder groups together, this approach provides income for the society. Lessons The invovement of reevant stakehoder groups through a participatory methodoogy has resuted in acceptance of the project and a wiingness to pay 121

122 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management service evies which the community never used to pay. The approach has made a difference, the previous government projects were centray panned and had no proper detais of those being panned for. The project has created equa opportunities for women and men in undertaking activities of the community, incuding decision making. The City Commission has acknowedged the project and awarded them a tender for managing both soid and iquid waste within the community. In spite of the above positive resuts, there is sti need for further coaboration, information gathering and training. Coaboration with other partners is important and efforts need to be made to strengthen existing reations and aso forge new ones. There is aso need to keep updating information and gathering new information, to buid oca expertise in order to enhance capacity within the community, and to ink women groups with those of men in order to promote gender responsive environmenta activities. 122

123 Gender Responsive Approaches in the Sustainabe Lusaka Programme, Zambia Introduction Lusaka is the capita city of Zambia, ocated in the South-Eastern part of the country. It has a popuation of 1.8 miion, with the majority of the popuation engaged in manufacturing and construction economic activities. The city faces probems of deforestation, environmenta degradation, air and water poution as we as unpanned growth. Sustainabe Lusaka Programme (SLP) is mandated to address the environmenta probems facing Lusaka using the EPM process at community eve. The programme faces the chaenge of providing opportunities for communities with high poverty eves to initiate activities for poverty aeviation through sustainabe activities of environmenta improvement. To achieve this, the programme uses egay estabished community deveopment structures, referred to as Residents Deveopment Committees (RDC). These structures have been used as foca points for raying and articuating community deveopment needs since the community participation programme spearheaded by the United Nations Centre for Human Settements (UNCHS) during the eighties. The focus of SLP has been Ngombe and Mandevu settements. These areas have ow income and high popuation densities. The programme has 123

124 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management designed issue specific Community Committees (IPCCs) to dea with specific prioritised issues. Urban environment Ngombe and Mandevu settements faces environmenta probems of inadequate water suppy, ack of proper toiets, garbage coection, bocked sewerage, poor roads, unempoyment and ack of residentia pots among others. Among these probems the project is ony addressing soid waste management, water suppy, sanitation and decongestion of the Centra Business District as we as access to socia economic services. Water and sanitation pose serious probems to the settements. In Ngombe for instance, there are ony 11 stand pipes of water, confined in one section of the settement for a popuation of 27,000 peope. The community suggested that the water system be extended in order to increase the number of stand pipes, in order to reduce the distance women cover coecting water. As women ook for water they eave their chidren without proper care. This is intensified by poor sanitation, incuding pies of garbage which put young chidren at risk. Women aso spend time ooking for water at the expense of other duties and responsibiities. The option avaiabe for women is to purchase water from youths who have taken advantage and are seing water to those who can not get to the water points. This is expensive for most househods. The main probem associated with soid waste at community eve is uncoected waste, and the ack of dumping sites and equipment for coecting waste. Pit atrines were aso an area of concern, since there was hardy any space for constructing toiets, and in cases where they were provided, severa househods had to share. In cases where pit atrines are not we constructed and maintained they pose serious heath hazards and a risk to chidren, who can easiy fa inside them. There are aso chances of the pits contaminating underground water if they are dug too deep. The SLP supports measures aimed at poverty reduction by promoting environmentay sustainabe socio-economic deveopment within communities with high poverty eves. This goa is to be fufied through the institutionaisation of the environmenta panning and management process. This is expected to resut in environmenta improvement, buiding sufficient capacity for communities and Lusaka City Counci (LCC) to enabe them to pan, impement and manage sustainabe environmenta programmes. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process In order to have first hand information on women, men, chidren and youth, the programme coected gender disaggregated data using participatory methodoogies. Through RDCs and zona consutations, genera probems were identified and environmenta issues isoated. The impementation of the programme ensured abour based designs which aowed both women and men in the community to participate in the process. Community members were given 124

125 the opportunity to anayse the effects of technoogy, maintenance requirements and the obigation of paying for the services. The programme has proved more effective than previous ones through incorporating gender issues throughout the process, incuding decision-making through RDCs. Participants for the programme are recruited with extensive community consutations. This has made peope aware of the importance of consideration at a stages of the project panning, impementation and management. During community profiing and consutations, data was gender disaggregated and anaysed. Participatory methodoogy was used to aow free discussions by a stakehoder groups. The discussions reveaed that gender consideration is important right from the initia stages of the project, if the maximum participation of women and men is to be reaised. Both women and men have different perceptions due to the different ways in which they are affected by environmenta probems. In conducting community consutation, community eaders mobiised the community, designed the programme and decided on the times and venue for the meetings. In order to aow participation and gender specific information three groups, women, men and a mixed groups were formed. Once groups have had their discussions they are given an opportunity to share their findings with other groups in a penary forum. The femae and mae participants were drawn from a cross-section of institutions of pubic, private, NGOs and Community Based Organisations (CBOs). The project ensured that gender based NGOs were invited, and this ensured about 29 per cent participation of women during the City Consutation. The desire to ensure gender participation has resuted in the recognition of gender imbaance in the RDCs. In response, the Loca Authority and other deveopment agencies have designed different methods of increasing gender representation and participation. Amost equa numbers of women and men have been incuded in Zona and Regiona Deveopment Committees. These committees work 125

126 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management cosey with government departments which provide technica inputs in panning, impementation and management of the project. By ensuring the gender baance in Zona and Regiona Deveopment Committees, the gender responsive EPM process is incucated in the communities. This ensures that the interests of both women and men are discussed and incorporated in the overa pan. Some of the positive resuts of this mode incude cooperative activities between women and men in Ngombe where the water system is managed by a committee composed of four women and four men. The project aso empoys a femae and a mae water pump attendant. Lessons The SLP has proved different from previous programmes addressing environmenta issues. It has strengthened existing RDCs and operated through extensive community consutations. During the process the SLP has designed training programmes in community management, eadership and gender awareness programmes. The process has therefore sensitised communities to the significance of invoving women and men in panning, impementing and managing environmenta programmes. One chaenge the programme faces is to ink estabished community structures to other nationa, regiona and oca institutions. The gender desks being estabished in a ine ministries, which are aso to be extended to Loca Authorities, are expected to faciitate the process. The other chaenge is for SLP to promote coordinated deveopment in the city. In its institutiona framework SLP is advocating for a project and programme coordinating unit. This is expected to provide a foca point for addressing urban environmenta issues, incuding ensuring gender responsive EPM. Athough the LSP has not operated ong enough to share its essons, refections on a simiar programme, Food for Work, show a negative outcome. Food for Work had the objective of aeviating poverty by assisting the urban poor through provision of food as they improve soid waste management and construction of roads. The programme had ony women aged between 15 and 65 years doing the work. This associated soid waste management ony with women, whie the exercise shoud be a joint femae and mae exercise. Such situations have to be reversed in order to have a stakehoder groups, incuding women and men, pay an effective roe in environmenta management. 126

127 Gender Responsive EPM in the Sustainabe Chennai Project, India Introduction The city of Chennai is ocated in Tami Nadu State in India. The Chennai Metropoitan area covers an area of 1,170 sq km. In 1991 the urban aggomeration which incudes Chennai City and outer urban areas had a popuation of 5.4 miion, whie Chennai city aone had a popuation of 3.8 miion. One third of this popuation ives in informa settements. The popuation of the city has continued to increase as economic growth stagnates. This has put pressure on provision and management of services, resuting in poor sanitation, ack of adequate water suppy, poor drainage, pouted water ways and congested roads. Urban environment Sanitation conditions in the city of Chennai are generay poor. The sewerage and drainage systems are under stress due to an increasing city popuation. The city aso suffers from traffic congestion, poor air quaity and dirty water ways. The Sustainabe Chennai Project had a goa of working with communities in order to promote the environmentay sustainabe socioeconomic deveopment of Chennai. Athough environmenta issues impact more on women, gender discrimination against women in India has contributed to the ack of effective participation of women in projects which affect their daiy iveihoods. 127

128 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Zoning egisation, provision of chid care faciities, and panning for a safe and cean environment has not integrated the views of women. In practice, women take the main roe of educating the famiy members, providing and maintaining a safe and cean environment for their househods. Degradation of the environment has impications for women, especiay as it reates to heath, nutrition and income. The Sustainabe Chennai Project (SChP) was started in 1995 with the support of United Nations Deveopment Programme (UNDP), Habitat and Chennai Metropoitan Deveopment Authority (CMDP). SChP has broad objectives which incude: promotion of environmentay sustainabe socio-economic deveopment of Chennai; identifying priority environmenta issues; estabishing an institutiona strategy for strengthening and institutionaising deveopment strategy; and deveoping action pans into capita investment and technica cooperation projects. These objectives are transated into action pans by invoving a stakehoder groups, and reserving one third representation for women. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process SChP begun with Consutation Meetings, proceeded to Strategic Panning and resuted in the preparation of Action Pans. The atter identified both investments and necessary poicy and institutiona mechanisms. Workshops, Consutation Forums, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and opinion surveys were conducted by SChP with a wide representation from various stakehoder groups, incuding government officias and technica experts. A good representation of women working both within and outside their homes was evident in the process. The process identified three priority environmenta issues in Chennai: improved iquid management and improved water ways; reduction of traffic congestion and improving air quaity; and improving soid waste management within poor peri-urban areas. In order to address these issues, the project set up Working Groups Mechanisms which incuded the formation of Action Committees. Through the process it was identified that the major source of waste was househods, and that it was women who argey managed the waste. Subsequenty, there was a need to educate women on ordery coection and disposa methods. There efforts woud be combined with those of civic authorities and NGOs invoved in soid waste management within the city. In turn, systematic and proper disposa of waste from neighbourhoods woud be ensured. 128

129 In order to reaise the project goa, the Working Group invited NGOs to work with women in the panning, impementation and management of the sewerage and drainage system. The training and incorporation of women into the project was expected to ensure the sustainabiity of the services, since women are argey avaiabe and continuousy dea with the issues being addressed. Through this approach, the construction of community drainage in an informa settement caed Ambedker Nagar was undertaken. On the other hand, Working Groups comprising stakehoder groups, technica experts and women organisations were formed after severa workshops and consutation programmes on ways and means to reieve traffic congestion within the city. The Madras Christian Counci of Socia Services (MCCSS), with the assistance of SChP, organised and educated the community in the process of construction of the community storm water drainage system. Thus, the SCP aso addressed the issue of traffic congestion and air quaity, identified during the workshop. The Working Groups, composed of government officias, technica experts and NGOs with women representatives, have formuated programmes such as staggering weeky hoidays in the market paces of Chennai and staggering the beginning of schoo time in the busy areas of Chennai. A Traffic Action Pan for Chennai has aso been deveoped. The programme has computerised programmes of improvements to road intersections, arteria roads, construction of mini fyovers and improvement in pubic transport system. An action pan for ceaning the water ways is sti in the pipeine Lessons The SChP has moved away from previous methods of impementing projects which affect many stakehoder groups without invoving them. The project had the bessing of the State Government of Tami Nadu and a other stakehoder groups incuding women. The project is process oriented and ensures gender responsiveness throughout a the stages of the EPM process. It has improved the abiity of individuas and organisations to convert agreed strategies into Action Pans. Other areas who have not benefited from the project admire its output and there are high chances of repication. 129

130 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management In spite of its success, there is need to strengthen and equip the key stakehoder groups with skis in project panning, impementation, monitoring and evauation. There is aso a need to increase the capacity of government and NGOs invoved in provision, operation and maintenance of essentia urban services through information exchange and appropriate information systems. Continuous research shoud aso be conducted to assess the specific poicy issues which affect women and men, the changing needs of women and their participation and contribution to urban environmenta panning and management. 130

131 Mothers Centres in Baden- Württemberg, Germany Introduction The Mothers Patform (Mütterforum) is a network of Mothers Centres in the region of Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. The project addresses the marginaisation of housewives and women operating within the community. The project faciitates their re-entry into pubic ife by creating direct channes for participation in community and oca poitics. Through the centres, women are abe to contribute to community panning and deveopment with specia focus on the needs of househods, based on their everyday experiences. The Mothers Patform as a movement has a ong history dating back as eary as The idea was born after a research project of the German Youth Institute (DJI). Between 1980 and 1981 three mode Mothers Centres were funded by the Federa Famiy Ministry. This was foowed by the pubication of a book Mothers Centres written by mothers invoved in the first three centres. This resuted in the spread of Mothers Centres as a grassroots movement a across the country and across the borders of Germany in In 1986 the first Mothers Centre in Baden-Württemberg in Reutingen was opened. Many others foowed. The Mothers Patform in Baden-Württemberg was founded in 1993 by the Famiy Ministry of Baden- Württemberg. By 1998 there were 42 Mothers Centres and 22 initiatives of the Centres under the 131

132 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Mothers Patform on Baden-Württemberg. The numbers keep increasing, as per need. Through the Mothers Centres, women organise themseves and hod discussions, in their fu capacity as decision-makers, and not as cients, as was previousy the case. They view themseves as experts on famiy and community ife, supporting each other as peers, designing strategies for soving their probems and those reating to their environment. Specificay, they chaenge the excusion of chidren from pubic ife which is one of the greatest factors contributing to the excusion of women from pubic eadership and decision-making. The centres have mainstreamed gender in decision making and oca governance - through them women have access to famiy and Youth Wefare Councis and municipa decisionmaking structures. Urban environment Stuttgart is a rich, highy industriaised area in Germany. Like any other industriaised area, there are groups which are excuded and viewed as unproductive within the city. The group mainy incude chidren, the frai, the edery and their caretakers who are mosty women. The Mothers Centres identified that city structures (roads, pubic utiities, buidings and other faciities) hardy cater for the excuded group. The unfriendy pubic environment isoates this group from the rest of the society. Mothers and chidren experience decreasing access to peer contacts and pubic space due to an increasingy dangerous environment, and the inabiity of pubic faciities to adequatey serve their interests. In response to this, the project recognised the importance of integrating the experiences and knowedge of women in the overa panning and management of the city. Due to gender specific divisions of abour, women take on the majority of care work, reproductive tasks and other househod responsibiities. They spend more time within their househods and neighbourhoods. They use the environment not ony as a recreationa space but aso as a work pace, resuting in a weath of knowedge about how urban infrastructure and housing shoud ook in order to meet the requirements of users, especiay themseves and their chidren. Women know what it fees ike to go through dark underpasses to get home, prepare meas for famiies in sma kitchens or stow away a bicyce in the basement whie a waiting todder spis the contents of a shopping bag into the ha - they understand the effects of a society not wecoming and incorporating chidren into the overa pubic ife. Since these tasks are not we recognised as work, women are often not incuded in oca decision-making. They are not abe to participate effectivey in poitics at the grassroots eve due to their engagement within the househods and its surroundings. Instead, experts with forma quaification and professiona positions, who neither know nor understand the needs of women and their chidren, are reied upon. 132

133 The Mothers Patform aims to change the trend of women not participating in urban environmenta panning and management by providing participation forums for the marginaised women who work either at home or in its immediate surroundings, or outside the home. The Centres support women s re-entry into pubic ife, not primariy through the traditiona feminist routes of profession and abour market participation, but by creating direct channes for increasing participation in poitics, community panning and deveopment; with specia focus on the needs and views of women based on their everyday experiences. Experience with a gender responsive EPM process Mothers Centres are sources of information for women groups and those interested in pursuing gender issues in urban environmenta panning and management. The Mothers Patform assists in initiating the start of Mothers Centres. The Mothers Patform provides interested Mothers Centres with a starters package, which contains guideines on how to go about starting a Mothers Centre in a community. Once Mothers Patform approves the starting of a Centre, the Centre members mobiise oca funding and poitica support. Both the Mothers Centres and Mothers Patforms have been recognised as grassroots poitica voice and partner in urban panning and deveopment. Through them women have won access to Famiy and Youth Wefare Councis, and district and municipa decision bodies. Once a Mothers Centre has operated for a period of one year the Centre can appy for regiona funds provided by the Socia Ministry of Baden- Württemberg. The Mothers Patform oversees the activities of Mothers Centres, and buids their capacity through training, consutation services, coordination, technica assistance and poitica advocacy. Overa the Mothers Patform and Mothers Centres have created forums where women discuss their issues with poicy makers. In Schrammberg for instance, the monthy poitica forum in the Mothers Centre is visited by oca poiticians, in Leinfeden Echterchingen, women meet once a year with the mayor to debate community issues; and three times 133

134 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management a year with oca poiticians from a parties to debate issues affecting women, chidren, househods and community in genera; whie in Saem, the City Counci refers inquiries or requests concerning women, chidren and househods to the oca Mothers Centre for review. Through the Mothers Centres women have aso deveoped confidence and are initiating measures for improving the environment. In areas where they have been estabished, the Centres are active in initiating and designing pay-streets for chidren and chidren s adventure paygrounds. They have aso created a ot of room for chidren to encounter nature, invent their own toys and design their own games. They have aso infuenced municipa chidcare programmes to be more fexibe and responsive to the needs of famiies. Other initiatives are in the areas of panning and construction of residentia areas in Essingen and Stuttgart; improving neighbourhoods; improving safety and quaity of iving environment and reevant services around househods. Lessons Mothers Centres have been institutionaised through the support of Mothers Patform and other reevant institutiona structures. The Patform coordinates community based panning activities of Mothers Centres and represents them in Panning and Deveopment Councis and Programmes. This has created channes for grassroots participation in panning and deveopment for oca women, who previousy were not incuded in oca governance processes. This has further resuted in new patforms for gender obbying and participation in support of urban environmenta panning and management. The Mothers Patform and Mothers Centres act as a grassroots poitica voice and partner in urban environmenta panning and management. They have empowered women so that they are abe to take part effectivey in decision making, incuding coming up with initiatives aimed at improving the environment. As opposed to the previous situation, women s issues are addressed in terms of their strengths and taents, capacities, resources and visions, rather than their probems and deficiencies. Mothers Centres remunerate women working at the Centres, and this both economicay empowers women, and aso buids their confidence and motivation. They are therefore not ooked upon as unproductive caretakers but working women earning an income. Subsequenty, they have become roe modes to other women working within their househods, its surrounding and outside the two areas. The Centres have aso promoted provision for chid care in meeting venues. For this reason chidren accompany their mothers and chid care is provided on request inside administrative buidings during poitica meetings. Within the pubic arena Mothers Centres are increasingy caed on by companies and pubic agencies to provide chid care for pubic events and festivas. This is not ony creating new business for Mothers Centres, but aso faciitating women s participation in pubic ife. 134

135 Mothers Centres have faced some difficuties from officia bureaucratic circes. Incusion of women in decision making and remuneration for their abour has agitated opposition from professionas in pubic wefare and socia work organisations who fear osing infuence and contingent potentia funding. The midde management of Loca Authorities are reuctant to change their bureaucratic non-participatory approaches. At the same time, pubic poicy tends to ook for vountary workers, whie women at Mothers Centres are interested in their work being acknowedged and remunerated. This has created constant tension and debate in the negotiations and deaings with Loca Authorities. The tensions and reuctance is not expressed openy and is therefore difficut to address. Overa, the concept of Mothers Centres has proved successfu and repicabe beyond Baden- Württemberg. By the end of 1998 there were 400 Mothers Centres throughout Germany. They have aso spread out in Hoand, Austria, Itay, Switzerand, the Czech Repubic, Hungary and Ukraine. 135

136 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management The Latin American View of Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning, Chie The Latin American urbanisation process is characterised by a strong concentration of popuation and economic activities in the metropoitan areas and by an urban deveopment pattern which has had a negative effect on the environment and therefore on the quaity of ife of the residents of cities. Athough cities are the main centres for promoting economic deveopment, the faiure of managing the impacts of an exposive urbanisation threatens, amongst other things, environmenta quaity, human heath, equity and urban productivity and thus the quaity of ife of its residents. Such a situation affects men and women, girs and boys in different ways. Because men and women generay have different roes, access to, and contro of resources and differences upon decision-making, they thus have different needs. However, it is sedom recognised that the urban space is not neutra and that the community which is being targeted is not homogeneous and its members do not have simiar interests, needs or ways of satisfying them. As mentioned in the Internationa Workshop Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management, in urban environmenta panning and management a environmenta issues are gender sensitive and therefore gender responsiveness is a prerequisite for sustainabe deveopment. However, some issues are of particuar strategic importance depending on the socia, cutura, economic and environmenta context which takes pace. It is thus necessary to consider the differences between the Latin American reaity and the African, Asian or European one. Even between cities and within countries the situations vary consideraby, making the recognition of these differences crucia to the environmenta panning and management process and to the experiences which can be earned from them. 136

137 Over the past few years, there have been significant efforts from Latin-American academics, practitioners and activists to incorporate a gender perspective to the panning, management and study of human settements. Despite the difficuties and resistance which can be anaysed through the institutionaisation eements, it can be considered that this dimension is now recognised as reevant and important in the urban fied, athough the conceptua and practica doubts regarding its impementation sti prevai. The experience from training workshops, discussions and interviews carried out throughout the Region at different eves reveas a positive disposition and attitude towards the subject matter on the part of technica staff from municipaities, ministries, universities, and NGOs, amongst others. However, a consistent ack of support is detected from the higher eve authorities. It is an utmost necessity to receive such support at the decision making eve with the aim of institutionaising a gender perspective. Foowing numerous attempts to incorporate this perspective in a parae manner, it is now recognised that most of the panning manuas, programmes and projects which have been designed in this manner have been fied and rarey consuted, ack mainstream financing, and are sti seen as women s projects. This is generay due to a partia understanding of the subject, or to the idea that gender aware projects are more costy, time consuming and difficut to impement. In many cases, the notion that gender caters ony to women sti exists, without a fu comprehension that it deas with the reations between men and women, and among men and among women. In the cases where this perspective has been incorporated into existing, important or concrete programmes within ministries, municipaities or institutions, for instance, processes of modernisation of the State, preparation of ministeria goas, nationa or municipa panning or evauation forms, the resuts have been more favourabe. This requires a constant and iterative promotion, monitoring and foow up, whereby an interna team carries this process through. This does not inhibit the hiring of externa consutants, however, it highights the importance of 137

138 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management interna staff and identifies the possibiities and opportunities of synergies without necessariy increasing costs. This aspect is quite significant, as it has been difficut to understand that incorporating a gender perspective does not necessariy require additiona resources, but new and improved methodoogies. This is why the attempt to refine Gender EMP as a cross cutting methodoogy is so important, for which environmenta and gender bifocas are required to perceive reaity. Another issue that has attracted the attention of many urban researchers and practitioners reates to indicators, where the need to disaggregate data according to sex has been reveaed as extremey important. Athough much information is aready avaiabe and it can often be found in a disaggregated form, sometimes there is ack of capacity to process, anayse, disseminate and use it. This requires capacity buiding within institutions. Engendering existing indicators is aso reevant. This entais having gender indicators as we as descriptive indicators with quaitative information. For this, new methodoogies for data gathering are important. Over the ast few years, methodoogies such as participatory research, which uses didactic materias, have heped to reach this aim. Apart from disaggregating data according to sex, the questions being asked need on issues reevant to the needs and interests of men and women. These questions coud incude: Who and how are things controed? Which conficts of interests exist? Who takes care of...? How much time do men and women invest in... who is in charge of...? Which activities are carried out by whom? What type of work is assumed by whom as an obigation? Whose responsibiity is to perform certain activity and whose decision is it to carry it through? The use of participation within environmenta panning and management is sti at a precarious state, as environmenta poicies ony consider its use in terms of pubic consutation and rarey contempate a gender perspective in this process. This eads to action panning and decision-making which sti does not consider the articuation of different actors or a gender-responsive approach. Despite the effort and steps achieved up to now, gender aware environmenta panning and management is sti deficient in Latin America. Athough in Chie, as in the rest of the Region, the opportunities arising from internationa cooperation and oca initiatives tend to increase the awareness of urbanenvironmenta probems, the incorporation of a gender dimension is sti imited. It is important to note that often the diverse perspectives from the internationa co-operation have tended to overap and confuse the attempts to improve the panning and management strategies. It is important to consider continuity in the appication of gender to environmenta panning and management as we as more than just wi to work towards a sustainabe deveopment. The suggestions made in the Nairobi Workshop are an important input towards this direction. 138

139 Projet Integre de Daifort, Environnement et Ameioration du Cadre de Vie, Dakar, Senega Daifort est un quartier qui fait partie de a commune de Pikine, i est situé à a imite des communes de Pikine à Est et de Dakar à Ouest dans a presqu îe du Cap-Vert. Le gouvernement du Sénéga appique dans ses vies depuis 1991, une nouvee poitique de restructuration de habitat spontané basé sur es principes suivants: améioration de environnement; accés à a sécurité foncière; recouvrement des coûts d aménagement; intervention minimae dans aménagement des quartiers. Cette poitique est e résutat de ongues concertations entre popuations de Daifort et Administration engagées depuis L Urbanisation accéérée et incontrôée a provoqué une détérioration rapide de environnement et occupation des zones impropres à habitat. Les dépôts sauvages d ordures, absence d équipement en assainissement coectif ou individue adapté ont accé1éré a poution de a nappe phréatique et a augmenté es risques de destruction de 1'équiibre d un miieu nature particuièrement fragie. Cette poution menace surtout es quartiers dépourvus d adduction d eau et qui de ce fait s aimente directement dans a nappe à partir des puits. Daifort à servi de champs d expérimentation à certaines contributions permettant une améioration de environnement. 139

140 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management La protection de environnement devient dès ors, a priorité, notamment dans es aspects santé et assainissement. Une contribution à 1'échee du quartier restructuré est recherchée à travers es activités suivantes: fourniture d eau potabe aux popuations; ramassage et traitement oca des ordures ménagères; dépacement et reogement des popuations instaées dans es zones impropres à habitat; aménagement d espaces verts; éducation nutritionnee en coaboration avec e ministère de a santé;.e.c. (Information, Education, Communication) sur es maadies iées aux probèmes d environnement; assainissement individue; édicues pubics. Etant donné que assainissement individue représente parmi es soutions étudiées, a moins coûteuse et a mieux adaptée aux moyens des habitants des quartiers popuaires, intervention du projet peut consister à une assistance technique et financière. Le programme d assainissement individue vise à imiter es risques de poution de a nappe, tout en tenant compte de a capacité financière des popuations. Toujours dans e cadre de a restructuration et a réguarisation foncière, e projet avait comme principe de faire participer es popuation. Ees participent impérativement à toutes es étapes du processus d améioration du cadre de vie: a panification; exécution; et e financement. Dans esprit comme dans a mise en oeuvre de cette nouvee poitique de restructuration de I habitat spontané, a panification cesse d être un secret. Même es popuations non scoarisées parviennent à panifier grâce aux instruments didactiques conçus avec ees et testés avec succès. Toutes es décisions sont prises en commun, ees tiennent compte des moyens financiers des popuations. Cees-ci s engagent à participer au financement et à exécution des options choisies. Le Projet DUA/GTZ avait aussi a priorité d améiorer es conditions économiques des popuations et particuièrement cees des femmes. C est ainsi qu un projet d ateier de teinture, de promotion des activités économiques (P.A.E.) et e projet environnement et améioration du cadre de vie concernant es ordures ménagères qui constitue notre étude sont réaisés dans ie cadre des projets intégrés. Parmi es projets intégrés nous avons essentieement e P.A.E. qui est une mesure de confiance qui assure un appui financier aux microentreprises instaés, dans e quartiers à structurer (commerçants, artisans, etc.) pour système de crédit rotatif remboursabe de courte durée, autogéré par un comité des habitants. Les crédits s adressent aussi bien aux propriétaires d impenses qu aux ocataires (toute a popuation) sans distinction de sexe. 140

141 A côté de a restructuration de Daifort i restait beaucoup de choses à refaire. S agissant des ordures ménagères a situation était dramatique dans toute aggomération dakaroise, du fait de a situation de crise généraisée des services qui géraient ces ordures vers es années Certains probèmes du quartier de Daifort connaissent un début de soution, cependant a situation des ordures demeure toujours préoccupante et à putôt tendance à se détériorer. La production d ordures peut être estimée à 12 m3 par jour mais aucun ramassage de ces ordures n est assuré. Les tas d ordures grossissaient à proximité des maisons ceinturant totaement e quartier, dégageant des odeurs nauséabondes et participant ainsi à a poution de environnement du quartier et à a détérioration de a santé des habitants. Après e recensement et a vérification des ayantsdroit, un G.I.E. (groupement d intérêt économique) est mis sur pied. faut souigner que essentie des propriétaires de parcees, c est à dire des habitants devant avoir des titres de propriété sont es hommes. L objectif du projet DUA/GTZ, bien qu étant a réguarisation foncière, a senti qu ignorer es diverses positions et besoins sociaux des femmes voire ne pas es prendre en considération dans de nombreux cas peut conduire à a détérioration de a situation. C est dans ce contexte qu i faiait introduire es activités intégrées dont e projet intégré de Daifort, environnement et améioration du cadre de vie qui constitue notre étude de cas. Le projet intégré a permis à a DUA/GTZ de faire participer un grand nombre de femmes et de jeunes. Dans ce cadre, e potentie de femmes a été utiisé, à savoir a prise en considération de eur grande motivation pour être active dans améioration du quartier. Le présent projet se propose d agir en vue d améiorer environnement, e cadre de vie et a santé dans e quartier de Daifort à travers e ramassage des ordures ménagères, grâce à a production de compost, ce qui jumeé activités de maraîchage et de foricuture permet par aieurs de créer des empois 141

142 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management pour es jeunes charretiers, jardiniers, composteurs, es femmes surtout vendeuses de égumes et de feurs. faut y ajouter es empois ponctues ors des investissements initiaux: maçons, menuisiers, puisatiers, pombiers, manoeuvres... Dans es quartiers spontanés, et en particuier, à Daifort, i était important de choisir a cibe en ce qui concerne es besoins prioritaires, sur e pan socia et généraement dans ces quartiers, i faut travaier avec es jeunes et es femmes qui constituent un groupe très dynamique dans es domaines d activités génératrices de revenus, et iées à améioration de environnement. II est important de souigner que es membres du G.I.E. sont constitués essentieement de personnes d un certain âge, qui ne se préoccupe que de a question foncière bien que confronté à des difficutés pour payer e prix de eur parcees. II serait donc intéressant de chercher dans es autres composantes de a popuation une ressource potentiee capabe de renforcer effort des propriétaires d impenses. Ce qu on pourrait trouver chez es femmes (épouses) ou a jeunesse. L information sur es questions iées à environnement et es connaissances techniques sont améiorées grâce à a participation des femmes du quartier et à appuis du projet de restructuration DUA/GTZ. Les femmes, principaes gestionnaires des foyers, se sont rendues compte qu ees avaient des probèmes iés à a détérioration de eur environnement. C est dans cette perspective qu ees ont tenté de se réorganiser: à côté du bureau de eur comité i existait dans chacun des dix sous-quartiers que compte Daifort, deux représentantes femmes à côté des deux représentants hommes. Ainsi, des séances d I.E.C. (information, éducation, communication) se tenaient dans es sous-quartiers périodiquement avec appui d un ONG et du Ministère de a Santé par e Cana du Service de Education pour a Santé, sous a Direction du Projet de Restructuration de habitat spontané DUA/GTZ. I s agissait pour es femmes de s informer et d informer es habitants sur ce que peut entraîner un environnement masain. Quand a sensibiisation se poursuivait dans e sousquartier, es ordures continuaient à envahir es constructions. A partir de ce moment tout e quartier réuni, hommes, femmes sensibes à a questions des ordures ont demandé un assistance du projet DUA/GTZ qui dans e but d atteindre ses objectifs dans améioration du cadre de vie des popuations, a renforcé es activités du comité femmes santé environnement. Des premières études ont été menées par des experts et une proposition a été fait, cependant dans appication du projet on s est heurté à des difficutés. Ainsi, un système de diaogue s est étabi avec toutes es composantes de a popuation hommes, femmes. Ces popuations commencent à voir pus cair sur es méfaits d un environnement poué et es causes qui en découent. Cette fois idée du projet intégré de Daifort environnement et améioration du cadre de vie est confirmée. faiait mettre sur pied un comité de gestion et un comité de piotage. 142

143 Dans ces comités étaient représentaient es femmes, es jeunes, e G.I.E., e comité de sage, et I ONG CCF (Christian Chidren Fund). Pusieurs réunions se sont tenues dans e but de trouver a meieur formue. La concertation a duré pusieurs mois. Dans e cadre des rencontres avec es représentants des popuations de Daifort un tour d horizon a été fait sur es divers soutions généraement utiisées pour e ramassage des ordures sur a base des coûts, on a procédé à 1'éimination de toutes es soutions qui sont hors de a portée de notre popuation cibée. La prise en compte des hommes et des femmes ensembe nous a permis de prendre es décisions suivantes: 1. Le comité de gestion et de piotage doivent toujours tenir informer es popuations à a base en ce qui concerne es décisions prises ou propositions découant des rencontres dans es ateiers. 2. Le G.I.E. (dans e comité de piotage) des propriétaires de parcees, dirige et supervise e projet. 3. Le comité de gestion doit comprendre à égaité autant d hommes que de femmes, et se chargé de exécution technique du projet. 4. Le projet DUA /GTZ est chargé en coaboration avec e comité de gestion d éaborer e dossier technique en tenant compte des avis des autres parties. 5. Toutes es parties prenantes doivent donner une participation financière. L étude du projet a été très ambitieuse, mais compte tenu des fonds disponibes, à savoir: apport de a DUA/GTZ, des CCF régiona et oca, du GIE et des ocataires qui constitue 1,650,000 FCFA. La réaisation est faite par étape. I faiait d abord assainir e quartier et ses aentours de a ceinture d ordures. Cette opération était de très grande envergure durant pusieurs jours. Ee se faisait avec I appui de a Commune de Pikine en pees mécaniques et camions. Toute a popuation a participé à ces opérations qu on appee chez nous 143

144 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management e Sët-Sëta, c est-à-dire, rendre propre es hommes, es femmes avec un grand dynamisme, et même es enfants. Chacun avec e matérie disponibes chez ui (râteau, baai, brouette... ) se rendait utie. L opération est accompagnée d une très grande manifestation foikorique pour éargir a sensibiisation. Une fois ce travai terminé, a coecte des ordures a suivi, dans ce voet, appui de a Commune de Pikine a aussi été considérabe par e renforcement en camion, qui passait deux fois par semaine parce que action de a charrette ne suffisait pas. Après a coecte, e maraîchage a suivi. Ce choix a été retenu par es popuations du fait que e compost ne pouvait pas donner de fonds dans es six premiers mois. Le reste devait suivre. Les avantages du projet Les avantages de ce présent projet sont mutipes. Dans e cas qui nous concerne, e projet est venu au moment ou e prob1ème des ordures constituaient a priorité des popuations d une part, a concertation a été bien menée avec toutes es couches de a popuation, d autre part, jusqu à avoir un consensus. Cette fois ce n est pas seuement avec es femmes seues qui piotent ou prennent es décisions mais putôt es hommes et es femmes. Le caractère communautaire du projet avec a participation massive des popuations et e cimat de confiance qui a régné entre cees-ci et Administration. L améioration du cadre de vie Les effets positifs sur environnement ont été non négigeabes. La poution de a nappe phréatique a diminué parce que es eaux de ruisseement sont moins pouées. Les enfants ne jouent pus entre es tas d ordures ce qui entraînait surtout diverses maadies de a peau (ex. La gae), d où améioration de a santé des enfants et par a même occasion améioration du sort des femmes. Le changement de comportement des habitants du quartier. Les popuation sont de pus en pus sensibes aux questions d hygiène. L éément marquant dans notre pays c est que dans es projets iés à a gestion de environnement aspect genre est toujours pris en compte. On constate que es femmes passent beaucoup de eur temps à a maison ou dans un proche environnement en raison de a responsabiité de certaines tâches. Ees y accompissent a pus grande partie de eurs travaux et ont un grand intérêt à améioration des niveaux des infrastructures de eur environnement immédiat. Les femmes sont très sensibes aux conditions de environnement et à eurs effets sur a santé de eur famie. Ees jouent un rôe important à Daifort dans es organisations de voisinage, ieux de communication sociae du quartier. Le quartier jadis mis à 'écart, s intègre de pus en pus dans e tissu urbain, a zone est convoitée par d autres habitants de haut standing. Les econs a retenir du projet I ne faut jamais perdre de vue a prise en compte des femmes dans es projets de déveoppement, ce qui permet une meieure gestion des ressources; 144

145 Le projet DUA/GTZ, concernant es activités intégrées (ex. du projet intégré des ordures ménagères) ne peut pas assurer e suivi et évauation de façon efficace; La coaboration de différents intervenants dans une même zone est déterminante dans a réussite des projets de déveoppement; La participation des popuations dans a mise en oeuvre de toutes es étapes du projet: conception, financement, réaisation... est essentiee. Les hommes maigré eur coaboration dans exécution des projets avec es femmes veuent toujours es dominer, et sont moins dynamiques que ces dernières. L enthousiasme des débuts ne continue toujours pas. Dans nos pays généraement, a durabiité des projets pose des difficutés, es popuations ne sont pas stabes financièrement, donc, agissant par coups-parti, et courent derrière e pain quotidien. Recommandations Le Gouvernement avec appui du CNUEH peut aider, en formant es femmes, à mieux gérer et suivre es projets après e retrait des baieurs de fonds, es former aussi à bien négocier eur projet et à avoir pus de confiance en ees. Nous recommandons que es gestionnaires des projets de Administration coaborent de pus en pus avec es ONG. Le Gouvernement du Sénéga avec appui du CNUEH peut nous aider à a formation et à a sensibiisation des femmes dans e domaine du ramassage et de a gestion des ordures ménagères. Avec toujours appui du CNUEH, e Gouvernement peut aider es femmes à se former dans es techniques de gestion et de traitement des eaux usées. I peut toujours, avec appui du CNUEH, aider es femmes à a formation, au recycage et à a revaorisation des ordures ménagères. Enfin, nous recommandons au CNUEH d aider, nous femmes qui tentons de soutenir es groupements de femmes dans es quartiers spontanés très diminus à visiter expérience des autres pays dans e domaine de gestion des ordures et des eaux usées. 145

146 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Vugarisation de a Technoogie de a Brique en Terre Stabiisee (BTS), Conakry, Répubique de Guinée Introduction Située en Afrique de Ouest, à 10 au Nord de Équateur, a Guinée est imitée à Ouest par a zone côtière Atantique sur 300 km, au Nord par a Guinée Bissau, e Sénéga et e Mai, à Est par a Côte d Ivoire et au Sud par a Sierra Leone et e Liberia. Ee s étend sur une superficie de Km². Seon es résutats provisoires du recensement généra de a popuation effectué en Décembre 1996 et pubiés en Juiet 97, a popuation Guinéenne est de habitants. De cette popuation es femmes représentent 51,2%. Cette popuation croit à un rythme de 2,8% par an. Description du Miieu Urbain Depuis pus d une décennie, Afrique est confrontée à une crise économique et socio-cuturee, qui de nos jours est caractérisée entre autres, par a faibesse de 1 indice de déveoppement. Par aieurs cette crise fragiise davantage es couches es pus défavorisées de a popuation que sont es femmes et es enfants. De tous es temps, es hommes ont étabi des priorités pour a satisfaction de eurs besoins. D abord se nourrir, se protéger contre es intempéries c est à dire se oger, se vêtir, se soigner et s instruire. D après cette hiérarchisation, i est indéniabe que e ogement occupe une pace importante dans a vie de homme. Historiquement e ogement ne constituait pas un probème pour homme en Afrique. On assistait à une entre aide mutuee entre es habitants d une même communauté. Magré a dominance mascuine dans es domaines de habitat, dominance qui n est d aieurs qu apparente, traditionneement a femme contribuait à près de 70% à a construction du ogement famiia. L extraction de a terre, a corvée d eau, e maaxage ou pétrissage, a confection des briques, enduisage des murs,et panchers avec des décorations sont des activités menées par es femmes. 146

147 Aujourd hui exposion démographique a provoqué une importante augmentation de a popuation urbaine, qui a mutipié es besoins en ogements et autres services sociaux. Les popuations qui émigrent des campagnes vers es vies à a recherche d un bonheur hypothétique, ne peuvent pas se porter sur es vieies vies dont a capacité de réception est imitée. Ees cherchent à s instaer dans es périphéries et se ancent dans des constructions anarchiques, compromettant ainsi toute possibiité d épanouissement équiibré de a cité. On assiste ainsi à une proifération de véritabes bidons vies avec toutes es conséquences nuisibes qui découent d un te phénomène: constructions provisoires, toits en vieies tôes de récupération, perforées et retenues par n importe que objet ourd (caioux, pneus... ) et qui sont défaits à chaque tornade. Ces ocaux sont caractérisés par une mauvaise ventiation, une absence d eau probabe et d assainissement, de voiries, d équipements communautaires, d éectricité, etc. La trop grande concentration d individus sur une certaine surface, (promiscuité) détermine chez es individus, des déviations de comportement qui est un facteur de psychose, de déinquance, de prostitution, de criminaité, de confits sociaux. D après des enquêtes réaisées sur habitat en Guinée, i ressort qu i est caractérisé de façon générae par 3 types : L habitat de haut standing comprenant es grands hôtes, es bâtiments pubics et administratifs, es résidences. L habitat moyen standing : bâtiments pubics (administration, écoes, hôpitaux) ogements construits en matériaux importés ou en matériaux ocaux améiorés. L habitat popuaire essentieement constitué de ogement famiia de moindre quaité et peu fonctionne. Ce type pour a pus part en terre ordinaire crue ou cuite et matériaux importés est e pus répandu et forme e visage urbain de nos vies. 147

148 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Dans a pus part des quartiers, on ne rencontre que es deux derniers types. Le troisième est ceui généraement occupé par des popuations à faibe revenu. I est caractérisé par des maisons très basses avec beaucoup de pièces exigües à murs ézardés, humides en saison puvieuse et chaudes en saison sèche. La terre utiisée pour ces constructions est un matériau très répandu et accessibe à tous à des coûts presque négigeabes. Ce matériau peut être améioré par pusieurs méthodes dont a pus utiisée est a cuisson des briques dans des fours artisanaux ou modernes. Cette forme d améioration de a terre a un impact négatif sur: L environnement à cause de a déforestation due à a coupe abusive du bois pour a cuisson, assèchement des its de cours d eau, e tout contribuant à a dégradation de a fore et de a faune. Cette fore est sérieusement entamée en Guinée avec a forêt qui disparaît à une aure inquiétante. I faut noter aussi es efforts physiques pour a préparation du pétri, a coupe et e transport du bois ainsi que a corvée d eau. La deuxième méthode d améioration est a stabiisation; cette technoogie a pusieurs avantages, économiques, écoogiques, hygiéniques... Sur e pan économique, a BTS n utiisant pas de source d énergie permet a conservation et e déveoppement du couvert végéta et ne provoque pas de poution. La stabiisation est faite au ciment ordinaire dosé à 6-8%. Pour 1 sac de ciment on peut obtenir jusqu à 150 briques. Cette méthode utiise peu d eau pour e maaxage du mortier ce qui permet une économie substantiee en temps, en effort et en voume d eau. Les maisons en BTS ne nécessitent pas de crépissage et offrent un micro cimat intérieur, agréabe en toute saison : frais en période chaude et chaud en période de froid. Pour es magasins de stockage de produits périssabes, (oignons, pommes de terre... ), i a été prouvé que ces produits pourrissent moins dans es magasins construits en BTS que ceux construits avec d autres matériaux (ciment par exempe). Son économie s expique aussi par e fait qu ee soit un matériau oca abondant, accessibe à tous. Ee contribue aussi à a vaorisation des matériaux ocaux de construction. Le procédé de production de ces matériaux est reativement facie une fois e dosage fait et est à a portée de a main d oeuvre ocae peu quaifiée. La construction en terre est un savoir faire et une tradition miénaire en Afrique. La terre stabiisée n est donc qu une améioration d un vieux procédé pour a vaorisation d un matériau oca dont a tendance était à abandon progressif. La construction de ogements «à coût modéré» est une voie incontournabe pour a Guinée si on veut vite changer a physionomie désagréabe qui imprime à a vie es vastes étendues de constructions de fortune et de baraques. 148

149 Experiences Locaes d une Panification et d une Gestion de Environnement L approche genre et Déveoppement est de pus en pus recommandée, car reposant sur un processus de déveoppement durabe, fondée sur a considération réciproque (homme et femme), égaité, a compréhension mutuee sans expoitation ni domination réciproque. C est dans ce cadre que e Ministère des Affaires Sociaes de a Promotion Féminine et de Enfance en coaboration avec e PNUD a éaboré un Programme Cadre Genre Et Déveoppement pour prendre en compte es questions féminines. Ce programme est utiisé pour reconnaître que e rôe des hommes et des femmes ainsi que es reations entre ceux ci sont attribuées par a société et déterminées par e contexte (socia, poitique, économique). Ces rôes peuvent donc changer dans e temps. L anayse de ces rôes et reations montre un déséquiibre dans e pouvoir, accessibiité aux ressources et a charge de travai entre es hommes et es femmes. Le genre et déveoppement (GED) est donc un processus rationne entre homme et femme par eque une meieure répartition des tâches pourrait être assurée. I permettra égaement de vaoriser es tâches des femmes et eur permettre de s autoresponsabiiser autant que es hommes. Le GED vise à un changement de mentaité. C est une approche de déveoppement cuturee d où a nécessité de mettre accent sur aspect éducatif de a société. C est dans ce cadre qu une vaste campagne de sensibiisation pour a scoarisation de a jeune fie est entreprise sur toute étendue du territoire. Les différentes recommandations issues des rencontres des acteurs en éducation encouragent orientation d un pus grand nombre de fies dans es fiières techniques en vue de déveopper et vugariser utiisation de a BTS dans a construction des ogements pour une meieure protection de environnement. L approche équiibrée des sexes, c est à dire reconnaître dans e cadre des efforts généraux visant 149

150 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management à responsabiiser es femmes, que es femmes ne sont pas seuement es principaes premières bénéficiaires des services mais qu ees jouent un rôe essentie et sont des agents de changement. Faciiter a participation des femmes aux réunions en organisant es rencontres à des heures et des ieux qui eur conviennent: Approcher a popuation féminine par des animatrices en vue d une meieure compréhension et d une bonne réceptivité des messages concernant a BTS. Donner aux communautés a formation nécessaire par a prise en charge effective des équipements (mode de gestion, moyens matéries pour entretien et a maintenance). Les services de base, gérés par a coectivité c est à dire maintenir un ferme engagement et apporter un soutien cataytique en faveur de expansion des services qui offrent un bon rapport coût efficacité, grâce aux technoogies appropriées. Le renforcement des capacités, c est à dire adapter des approches par programmes qui permettent de renforcer es moyens à tous es niveaux et dans toutes es couches de société, afin d assurer un déveoppement durabe. Le partage des coûts par a coectivité, c est à dire e partage des dépenses d investissement et des charges d expoitation des services de base, compte tenu de a voonté et a capacité de payer es prestations de services. La gestion communautaire du miieu aquatique c est à dire a conservation de eau, a protection de sa quaité et a gestion des déchets soides et iquides dans e cadre de a protection prioritaire de environnement. Les iaisons intersectoriees avec es programmes de santé, d éducation, de nutrition, de protection de environnement construction de ogement et es autres programmes de déveoppement, en expoitant es synergie entre tous es secteur qui agissent pour a survie, a protection et e déveoppement durabe. Les approches particuières en vue d atteindre es objectifs, c est à dire donner des moyens d action aux communautés et faire vaoir eur rôe, soutenu par es autres intéressés, dans a panification a mise en oeuvre, a gestion et e suivi des services. Le partenariat constitué et renforcé avec es pouvoirs pubics à tous es niveaux aussi qu avec a société civie (ONG, association) e secteur privé, es organismes d aide extérieure et d autres, de façon à assurer une coopération et une compémentarité. Pour a vugarisation de a BTS, ees seront des formatrices dans es différents groupements créés. Les femmes occupent une pace de choix dans a société guinéenne de par e rôe qu ees jouent dans économie famiiae et éducation des enfants. Ees 150

151 sont d une manière générae à a fois reproductrices, éducatrices et productrices. Sur e pan juridique, ees jouissent théoriquement des mêmes droits que es hommes. La persistance des traditions et des mentaités défavorabes aux femmes ont considérabement imité eur contribution et participation dans e processus de déveoppement économique et socia de a Guinée. Bien que des progrès aujourd hui réaisés dans e sens de améioration des conditions de vie des couches sociaes défavorisées en généra, a situation des femmes et des jeunes demeure toujours préoccupante. Le présent thème a pour objet a vugarisation de a technoogie de a brique en terre stabiisée pour améiorer e cadre des popuations en eur procurant un habitat décent. On peut partir de ce qu on appee a femme au foyer, c est à dire a femme qui utiise es différents espaces du ogement. La notion de ogement sera dans e sens e pus arge du terme, c est à dire qu on considère ici ensembe des modes d habitation, mais aussi eur reation avec es équipements d accompagnement direct de habitat: eau potabe, assainissement, santé, éducation, oisirs... Dans es centres urbains insuffisance de revenu est a cause principae de a pauvreté. Mais c est e manque de revenu des pus défavorisés qui cause eur vunérabiité. Dans nos vies, es femmes de même que es groupes sociaux vunérabes, éprouvent de sérieuses difficutés à obtenir un ogement socia saubre dans un quartier sans risques disposant de services sociaux adéquats, d un approvisionnement correct en eau potabe, d instaations sanitaires de services de santé... L occupation anarchique des espaces urbains, a construction de ogements précaires sans pans appropriés entraînant une promiscuité de vie sont a conséquence de a pauvreté. L inexistence ou es difficutés d appication des schémas directeurs d aménagement des vies es amène souvent à s étendre de manière incohérente sur des terrains périphériques. 151

152 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management La croissance démographique accéérée, exode rura des popuations vers es vies à a recherche d un bonheur hypothétique, ont donné naissance aux bidons vies. Le probème de surpeupement des pièces est un phénomène généra en rapport avec a taie des ménages. Ce surpeupement nous amène à constater a cohabitation des parents et des enfants qui a des conséquences pour éducation des enfants. La nuit tout e monde est entassé, et e matin es enfants sont chassés dans a rue pour permettre aux parents d avoir un peu pus d espace. Le découpage des parcees n est pas du tout panifié. Au gré d une occupation spontané anarchique donnant aux parcees une forme géométrique queconque, se trace un réseau routier très rudimentaire difficiement praticabe. Ce qui expique état d encavement de ces ieux qui ne sont accessibes que par des pistes piétonnières. Dans ces conditions, i est évident que adduction d eau et assainissement posent des probèmes. I existe presque pas, des canaux de drainage des eaux de ruisseement, de réseaux d égouts pour es eaux usées. Pendant a saison des puies, es eaux de ruisseement forment des torrents qui traversent qui inondent es zones basses des quartiers. Les atrines traditionnees et es fosses septiques non étanches pouent es eaux souterraines et cees des puits artisanaux. Le trop pein de ces fosses, de même que es eaux de ménage, couent entre es habitations et e ong des rues formant çà et à des faques sources d épidémies. Quant aux déchets soides, ordures ménagères is sont produits au rythme de 500 à 600 t/jour pour Conakry. Toutes ces mauvaises conditions sont pus ressenties au niveau des femmes qui sont partout à a recherche du quotidien. Les surcharges des travaux domestiques accentuent et accroissent eurs difficutés et baissent considérabement eur revenu. La technoogie de a BTS a beaucoup d avantages: acquisition d un habitat décent aux popuations à faibe revenu; et protection de environnement. La participation des popuations est nécessaire à a panification, à a conception, à exécution et à évauation des projets. Des mécanismes de participation et de consutation des popuations ocaes sont essenties dans a gestion intégrée du territoire. 152 L améioration du marché de ogement et a mise en pace d un cadre régementaire approprié à accroissement de a production de ogements Promotion d un habitat socia urbain dans une perspective de résorption de habitat insaubre des quartiers périphériques des grandes vies ; Assainissement urbain, notamment des quartiers pauvres des grandes vies du pays, par a promotion de a participation des popuations. Dans e cadre des actions d information, d éducation et de communication (IEC). Dans e cadre des activités génératrices de revenus, des petites unités féminines de production des matériaux ocaux de construction, émergence des unités (PUE) de ramassage, de coecte des ordures ménagères. Cette activité est aussi menée par es ONG et associations féminines.

153 Pour a participation popuaire dans e cadre de assainissement, e PADU (Projet d Appui au Déveoppement Urbain), entrepris avec appui de UNICEF, a construction des atrines améiorées dans des quartiers spontanés et des bornes fontaines. Cette méthode consistait à donner par exempe des matériaux de construction (ciment et fer) et a popuation bénéficiaire participait pour exécution de a fosse septique et a main d oeuvre pour a maçonnerie. Pour cette approche, certains principes ont été définis: e paidoyer, c est à dire attirer attention sur es besoins et es droits des enfants et des femmes et mobiiser un engagement poitique et pubic pour faire adopter es poitiques et accéérer es actions. Evauation de Experiences Locaes 1. Essor à Timbi Madina: C est une ONG française qui évaue dans cette ocaité depuis 1989 ; objectif principa qui était a protection des forêts, en effectuant e reboisement des zones dégradées. Mais au cours de exécution de ce projet, i a été constaté que a pus grande consommation du bois était au niveau des fours à briques. Dans e souci de corriger cette situation, cette ONG en coaboration avec e ministère de agricuture, des eaux et forêts a introduit a technoogie de a BTS. Les briquetiers ont été recensés, sensibiisés et formés à cette technoogie. Les coopératives d artisants à a BTS sont mises sur pieds et évouent dans toute a zone. La réaisation de pusieurs infrastructures (bibiotèques, centres de santé, écoes, autres bâtiments administratifs, magasin de stockage de pommes de terre et oignons et des maisons d habitations) prouvent que a popuation adhère de pus au pus au projet. 2. Expérience de Garafiri: Garafiri est e site de construction du nouveau barrage hydroéectrique du même nom dans a préfecture de kindia (Basse- Guinée). La retenue de ce barrage inondera 24 viages e ong du Konkouré dans es préfectures de Kindia, Daaba, Mamou et Pita ayant un âge moyen de 100 ans. 153

154 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Une popuation très importantes doit être évacuée vers des zones de recasement aissant derrière ee de vastes paines agricoes, des centaines de miiers d arbres fruitiers en âge de production, des cases-musées, des ieux de cute en un mot son histoire. Cette évacuation engendre des probèmes de tous ordres financier, économique, socio-cuture, administratif, etc. C est e pus grand chantier où tous es intervenants dans a BTS ont un champs d appication de eur savoir faire. Tous es spéciaistes de a construction en BTS sont à Garafini: Institutions Universitaire et de recherche appiquées. Petite et moyenne entreprises de production de tuies en mortier de ciment, de briques et de construction en terre. Ce chantier mené à bonne fin sera a pus grande expérience des constructions en terre qui permettra aux spéciaistes de donner un visage nationa à a terre. Notre ONG entretient un partenariat soutenu avec : Le PADU Réaisation des atrines améiorées dans es quartiers défavorisés. Réaisation de caniveaux en pierre maçonnés pour e drainage des eaux de ruisseement. Réaisation de bonnes fontaines ( points d eau ) dans ces mêmes quartiers. Le Département de Génie Civi, nous participons à des travaux de recherches au niveau du aboratoire des sos. Avec e CERESCOR pour des échanges d expériences. Certaines ONG féminines de a pace, nous entretenons des reations de partenariat. Nous effectuons des études techniques pour des projets de construction de a pace (magasins de stockage, centres de fumage de poisson, écoes...). Nous participons à toutes es activités du MASPFE (séances de sensibiisation... ) en pus des études techniques et enquêtes que nous faisons pour ce département. Nous coaborons avec e Fonds Africain pour Habitat (FAH) Sierra Leone dans eur projet de reconstruction pour a réinstaation des popuations. Nous coaborons avec e FAH siège, Nairobi pour, acquisition de ogements aux pauvres. A Conakry, nous avons réaisé un parc urbain dont es infrastructures sont en BTS (kiosque, paiotes), pierres atéritiques et tuies. Notre principa partenaire est ONUDI qui dépoie des efforts considérabes pour appuyer nos activités sur e terrain (don d une presse à briques). Nous avons aussi d autres baieurs comme a Banque Mondiae. L AFIG pour sa part a initié un projet de construction d une unité de production de briques en terre stabiisée BTS et de tuies. Ce projet est soumis au Ministère de Urbanisme et de Habitat qui a transmis avec avis favorabe au PNUD. 154

155 Après a réaisation de cette ère unité nous avons ambition de a mutipier dans es régions administratives et ensuite dans es préfectures et sous préfectures. Nous avons déjà des groupements de femmes formées à cet effet à Nairobi (Coopératives des femmes de Lanséboundji et potières de Kankan) que nous encadrons. Cette activité avec cees existant déjà (teinture, couture, maraîchage, saponification, extraction du se marin... ) permettront de reever e niveau économique des femmes et eur faciiter acquisition d un ogement décent. Nous encourageons aussi de regrouper es jeunes fies ayant bénéficié d une formation technique dans es IPS (écoe professionnee de niveau en maçonnerie, menuiserie, pomberie, éectricité... Acces au Logement La quaité des maisons a positivement changé de a boue de terre ordinaire pétrie, sans dimensions exactes, on est arrivé à a BTS avec des dimensions standardisées. Le temps de construction, si a boue de terre ne permet pas a pose de pus de 2 assises par jour, pour permettre a prise et e durcissement, a BTS, ee, permet e montage de toute une maçonnerie en 1 jour. La forme circuaire des cases ne permettant pas une expoitation rationnee de a surface bâtie eu égard à a forme rectanguaire des meubes est rempacée par une maison de forme rectanguaire. Les toitures en paie des cases sont rempacées par des tues possédant en pus de a thermo-isoation a résistance au feu. Activités de recherche Un vaste programme de recherche sur améioration de a terre et es ééments de construction en terre est en cours au Centre de recherches de Rogbané: Section matériaux de construction. Là se trouve en expérimentation a stabiisation au ciment, à a coe naturee, confection de panneaux égers à partir de mixture terre-souiure de bois, expérimentation de fibres végétaes comme armatures. Les études de a BTS étant achevées au département de Génie Civi de Université de Conakry, a stabiisation chimique des argies à a soude costique, 155

156 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management aux résidus industries (boue rouge) pour a construction routière est en cours, Concusion La panification et a gestion de environnement urbain doit impiquer inévitabement es quatre «sphères» que sont: e socia, économique, e poitique et écoogique. L avenir est très prometteur car es institutions de formation et de recherche comme Université de Conakry à travers e département de Génie Civi et cees de financement: ONUDI, a Banque Mondiae, é PNUD, etc sont disposées à soutenir es activités de notre projet. Au regard de tous ces avantages, on peut concure aisément que a BTS est une soution économique et écoogique, cutureement acceptée pour faire face à a demande pressante en ogements et infrastructures d intérêt individue, socia et pubic à coût modéré. 156

157 Pa rt 3 Reference s Workshop Statement Case Study Authors Acronyms 157

158 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Participants at the internationa workshop on Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning and Management Nairobi,

159 Workshop Statement on Gender Responsiveness for Sustainabe Urban Deveopment Nairobi, 30 September 1998 We, participants from cities, oca governments, non-governmenta organisations, community based organisations, research institutions, private sector and support programmes from a over the word have reviewed our efforts and achievements in making environmenta panning and management more gender responsive. We invite the UNCHS/UNEP initiated Urban Environment Forum, together with supporting programmes and institutions, to spearhead foow-up incuding mobiising additiona support for impementing gender responsive environmenta panning and management at the oca, nationa, regiona and goba eves. Furthermore we support the efforts of the Habitat II City Summit in Istanbu, June 1996, to incorporate gender concerns into the Habitat Agenda. Our comprehensive review of our common as we as varied urban experiences has produced evidence of the remarkabe range of initiatives, achievements and chaenges in gender responsive environmenta panning and management wordwide, and of the resources which have been mobiised in our cities. The Sustainabe Cities Programme wi faciitate the synthesis of the wide variety of practica essons of experience in a Source Book on gender responsive environmenta panning and management, for dissemination wordwide. We concude that in urban environmenta panning and management a environmenta issues are gender sensitive and therefore gender responsiveness is a prerequisite for sustainabe deveopment. However, some issues are of particuar strategic importance, such as environmenta education, improved sanitation, the urban economy, empoyment, housing, transport, safety and security. The issues are context specific and the chaenge is to coect more experiences in order to make avaiabe and expand knowedge in this area. 159

160 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management We put forward the foowing ideas to be discussed and further deveoped for wider appication and support: Improve gender disaggregated information and stakehoder invovement Gender disaggregated information is important for effective panning and impementation. It means information on the situation of women and men and does not mean data on women aone. A number of approaches in gender sensitive data coection have been identified and comparisons of househods headed by women and men and aso gender comparisons within househods are recommended. Because women (and men) are not homogenous groups, where possibe and appropriate, data shoud aso be disaggregated by other socio-economic variabes such as age, ethnicity, income, education etc. Both quaitative and quantitative methods can be used in coecting data. Experience shows that quaitative methods of coecting data from women and men (young and od) give better resuts than quantitative methods, which have many pitfas; however, the two methods are best used together. Participatory methods of data coection are aso important. They make it easier for communities to deveop a sense of ownership over the data, generate greater commitment by the various stakehoders and provide a better perception of women s and men s needs and interests. Stakehoder invovement at a eves of projects and programmes is key to reaising Environmenta Panning and Management goas. Important aspects to consider incude: timing and venue of activities, and services to be provided e.g. chid care; and resources to be used, for exampe professionas vs. unpaid grass roots stakehoders. Improve gender sensitive strategy formuation and decision making It is observed that women are not adequatey invoved in strategy formuation and decision-making. This is party due to cutura constraints differing across and within cities. Participation by women and men resuts in a sense of ownership, and thus serves sustainabiity. A number of suggestions were made on improving women s invovement. It is important to provide both common and different fora for women and men, especiay during initia stages of project/programme deveopment. Additionay, women and men shoud be continuousy invoved at every eve of decision making. Women s own supportive structures outside the estabishment and institutionaised participation and decision-making process shoud be maintained. Other important aspects to consider incude: 160

161 faciitating effective media strategies making pubic space - physica and poitica- within the community avaiabe for women forming appropriate structures of invovement and participation (e.g. procedures of egitimisation of groups representatives) ensuring forma inks between participatory structures (civi society) and governance structures (pubic sector) supporting principed (meaning equa status) partnerships and coaboration between professionas and grass roots structures strengthening existing structures for effective gender invovement enhancing teamwork and networking, in and outside the estabishment faciitating gender sensitisation of top, medium and ow eve management activey seeking poitica support ensuring access to resources Indicators for strategy formuation and decision making Indicators are reevant for assessing strategies and decisions reating to projects and programmes. Indicators shoud be identified, preferaby with community invovement, at the time of strategy deveopment and reviewed as projects and programmes proceed. Issues to be assessed by indicators coud incude: the nature of the poitica cuture whether created spaces are being used by communities whether the environment is better managed progress in sensitising top poicy makers progress in invoving women in each stage of decision-making engendering traditiona indicators the extent of partnership between governmenta organisations and non-governmenta organisations resources spent to strengthen capacity in gender responsive panning and management 161

162 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Improve gender responsive action panning and resource mobiisation for effective impementation Invoving women and men in action panning and resource mobiisation is key for efficient utiisation of resources and thus for sustainabe deveopment. Mobiising resources is a chaenge, and cutura aspects have to be considered. The invovement of communities in action-panning resuts in a greater sense of ownership and increased commitment to impementation. The invovement of women and men in action panning and resource mobiisation can be improved in the foowing ways, amongst others: using participatory gender sensitive workshops recognising the different roes and identities of women and men training at various eves simpifying working procedures making use of gender expertise using a gender sensitive mechanism for better cross-sectora deveopment coordination outining the feasibiity of projects - ony concrete outcome and improvements wi encourage peope to stay invoved Indicators for gender responsive action panning and resource mobiisation Community based identification of indicators is desirabe. The foowing indicators are proposed, amongst others: the type of resources mobiised using gender responsive approaches increase in women s invovement in activities action pans impemented the eve of satisfaction of women and men invoved or affected by the process improvement in productivity and income eve of men s (or other groups) resistance or acceptance of change 162

163 Institutionaise gender responsive environmenta panning and management and monitor progress towards our common objectives Principes of institutionaising gender issues in reation to the pubic sector and civi society, as we as their inter-reationships and reation to communities need to be outined. This woud faciitate effective and comprehensive mainstreaming of gender issues in society. Mainstreaming gender responsive environmenta panning and management eads to equa participation of women and men in communities. At the same time poitica wi at the top, incuding concrete actions such as aocation of resources, is essentia to mainstreaming gender in institutions. Thus using both bottom-up and top-down approaches is necessary. Training at a eves is essentia. This must: be reevant to the issues addressed and demand-driven be continuous and reguary updated ink different groups and activities be monitored and evauated using community based indicators of success, efficiency, and satisfaction Monitoring and evauation in environmenta panning and management programmes is essentia. It must be continuous, updated through training and accompanied by cear procedures and gender responsibiities. Women and men are key to change, and their awareness at community eve wi ead to positive change in socia rues regarding what women and men coud and shoud do, in order to achieve greater equity. Civi society and pubic sector institutions need to interact. For this networks, with inks to communities, are needed. Women s committees that can and do infuence the pubic sector, and women s resource centres at the community eve are usefu. The atter shoud be open to men s participation, where appropriate. There are many chaenges and pitfas in the process of mainstreaming gender: women and men ack gender awareness socio-cutura and poitica barriers to change insufficient knowedge of women s and men s needs and interests ack of interest and poitica wi, especiay in oca authorities 163

164 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management expoitation and poitica interference in women s organisations supporting emerging women s eaders from the grassroots and strengthening atera soidarity appropriate toos for gender anaysis and panning are needed Whie recognising that the initiative and most of the responsibiities for gender responsive environmenta panning and management must come from the cities themseves, we acknowedge the important roe of speciaised expertise and internationa support. Therefore, we commit ourseves, in our respective capacities, to firmy supporting the appication and further deveopment of these approaches, which are derived from the sharing of practica experiences between cities, gender experts and support programmes. We recommend that gender shoud be seen as one of various socia categories, which are reevant to human behaviour and structuring of societies, e.g. age, ethnic group, reigion. Therefore, addressing gender issues fundamentay serves to address issues of equity, justice and peace in society. We recommend that research and training in gender responsive environmenta panning and management shoud be intensified, incuding ooking systematicay at how to draw further essons of experience. We recommend that indicators shoud be deveoped to measure progress towards achieving gender responsive environmenta panning and management goas. We recommend that resources shoud be committed for ensuring gender responsive environmenta panning and management. We recommend that the Urban Environment Forum shoud faciitate a continuous exchange in gender responsive environmenta panning and management through a topic custer reating to gender and networking among partners. We recommend that the foow-up of this workshop shoud incude inking the workshop outcome and the emerging network into the Habitat II foowup and the preparation for the review in

165 Case Study Authors Amman, Jordan Estabishing a Women-Oriented Cottage Industry in Madaba Ms. Sawa O A-Sukhon Bani Hamida Weaving Project Women Oriented Cottage Industries in Jordan, P.O. Box: 5617 Zahran, Ibn Khadoon St. # 77, 4th Circe/ Jaba Amman, Amman 11183, Jordan Te: , , Fax: , E-mai: [email protected]; [email protected] Aswan, Egypt A Naseryah Urban Improvement Project Mr. Abdaa E-Erian Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Programme P.O. Box: 191, 164 Saad Zaghoo St., Ismaiia, Egypt Te: , Fax: , E-mai: [email protected] or Cairo University, 3 Midan Hayet E Tadriss, Cairo, Egypt Te: (home), (office), , (facuty) Fax:

166 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Chennai, India Gender Responsive EPM in the Sustainabe Chennai Project Ms. M. Geetha Sustainabe Chennai Project, Chennai Metropoitan Deveopment Authority, 8, Gandhi Irwin Road, Egmore, , Chennai, India Te: , Fax: E-mai: or Conakry, Guinea Vugarisation de a Technoogie de a Brique en Terre Stabiisee (BTS) Ms. Bade Fatoumata Diop Vugarisation de a technoogie de e BTS, Association des Femmes Ingénieurs de Guinée, P.O. Box: 1345, Conakry, Guinea Te: , (r), Fax: E-mai: [email protected] Dakar, Senega Projet Integre de Daifort, Environnement et Ameioration du Cadre de Vie Ms. Traore Aminata Correa Heath and Environment Committee, Garbage Coection in Daifort, Direction de Urbanisme et de Architecture, Ministere de Urbanisme et de Habitat, P.O. Box: 253, Avenue Roosevet, Dakar, Senega Te: , , Fax: E-mai: [email protected] Dar-es-Saaam, Tanzania Mabibo Environmenta Management Society Ms. Zita Nyirenda Mabibo Environmenta Management Society, P.O. Box: 21875, Dar-es-Saaam, Tanzania, Te: , Fax: Guntur, India The Swarna Jayanthi Shahri Rozgar Yojana Project Ms. Koi Sharada Municipa Corporation, Guntur, A.P., India Te: , , , E-mai: [email protected] Hamburg, Germany Good Governance: New Forms of Cooperation and Partnership for More Gender Responsive Urban Deveopment Ms. Kerstin Zimann Panning and Housing in Deveoping Countries, Technica University of Hamburg-Harburg, TUHH, FSP 1-07, D Hamburg, Germany Te: /3211, Fax: E-mai: [email protected] 166

167 Heideberg, Germany Future Workshops - From Vision into Action: Women s Roe in City Panning Ms. Minu Hemmati Office of the Mayor, City Counci, Marktpatz 10, Heideberg, D-69117, Germany Te: , /1090 Hue City, Vietnam Women Initiative in Environmenta Protection Mr. Le Van Thanh Long Hue City Bureau of Foreign Affairs, 01 Pham Hong Thai St., Hue City, Vietnam Te: , Fax: , E-mai: [email protected] Ibadan, Nigeria Capacity Buiding for Urban Poverty Aeviation Ms. Ousade Taiwo Centre for Enterprise Deveopment and Action Research (CEDAR), P.O. Box: 9270, Tiwa, 11 Ouyoe Way, New Bodija, Ibadan, Nigeria Te: , Fax: c/o , E-mai: [email protected] Ismaiia, Egypt Women s Committees in the Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Project Ms. Habiba Eid Sustainabe Ismaiia Governorate Programme, P.O. Box: 191, 164 Saad Zaghoo St., Ismaiia, Egypt Te: , , Fax: , E-mai: [email protected] Kampaa, Uganda Promotion of Sanitation Among Househods in Luzira Ms. Heen Gakwaya Appropriate Technoogy Energy and Environment, YWCA, P.O. Box: 2108, 1 & 3 George Street, Kampaa, Uganda Te: , , Fax: E-mai: [email protected] Kathmandu, Nepa Gender responsive EPM: An Experience from Lonha Community in Patan Ms. Lajana Manandhar Urban Deveopment Programme, Lumanti Support Group for Sheter, P.O. Box: 10546, Kupandoe, Laitpur, Kathmandu, Nepa Te: , Fax: E-mai: [email protected] 167

168 Integrating Gender Responsiveness in Environmenta Panning and Management Kathmandu, Nepa Consumer Education and Community Participation Project Ms. Mangaa Karanjit Nepa Water Suppy Corporation, P.O. Box: 11673, Jyabaha, 21, Kathmandu, Nepa Te: (home), (office), Fax: (home), (office), E-mai: Lusaka, Zambia Gender Responsive Approaches in the Sustainabe Lusaka Programme Ms. Litumeo Mate Sustainabe Lusaka Programme, Sustainabe Lusaka Programme, P.O. Box: 31966, c/o UNDP, off Harry Mwanga Nkhumbua Rd, Hse. No. 7916, Lusaka, Zambia Te: , , Fax: , E-mai: Nairobi, Kenya Gender and Green Towns Project (fu case study not incuded in book) Ms. Jane Wanyonyi Government Training Institute, Dept. of Environmenta Studies, P.O. Box: 84027, Vanga Rd, Kizingo, Mombasa, Kenya Te: , Fax: Recife, Brazi Seective Soid Waste Coecting and Recycing Ms. Sivia C. Arrais Seective Soid Waste Coection and Recycing, Municipaity of Recife, Rua Antonio Range, 84/501 - Encruzihada, Av.Gov. Caros de Lima Cavacanti, 09-Derby, , , Recife, Brazi Te: , Fax: , E-mai: [email protected] Santiago, Chie The Latin American View of Gender Responsive Environmenta Panning Ms. Paoa Jiron Instituto de a Vivienda, Facutad de Arquitectura, Universidad de Chie, Vicuna Cifuentes 2315, depto 304, Santiago, Chie Te: , , Fax: E-mai: [email protected] Stuttgart, Germany Mothers Centres in Baden-Württemberg Ms. Monika Jäcke, Ms. Andrea Laux Mothers Patform Baden-Württemberg, Nationa Association of Mothers Centres Germany, DJI Nockherstr.2, D München, Germany Te: , Fax: , E-mai: [email protected] or Regiona Center Europa, Mothers Centre Baden-Württemberg, Mothers Patform, Bismarkstr. 5517, D Stuttgart, Germany Te: , Fax: , E-mai: [email protected] 168

169 Inventory of Acronyms AFIG EE ELCI EPM FGD GTAG GTI CBO CEDAR CLEE HDI GAD GDI GEM KGTPA NGO PEP PRA SCP TOT UEF UPE UNCHS UNEP WID WUC Association of Women Engineers of Guinee Environment Educators Environment Liaison Centre Internationa Environmenta Panning and Management Focus Group Discussion Green Towns action Groups Government Training Institute Community Based organisation Centre for Enterprise Deveopment and Research Community Leve Environmentaists Educators Human Deveopment Index Gender and Deveopment Gender-reated Deveopment Index Gender Empowerment Measure Kenya Green Towns Partnership Association Non-governmenta organisation Participatory Environmenta Panning Participatory rapid appraisa Sustainabe Cities Programme Training of Trainers Urban Environment Forum Urban Poverty Education United Nations Centre for Human Settements United Nations Environment Programme Women in Deveopment Ward Users Committees 169