All Aspects. of a...business...industry...company. Planning. Management. Finance. An Information. Technical Skills. Technology.

Transcription

1 A Aspects Panning of a...business...industry...company Management Finance Technica Skis Technoogy Labor Issues An Information Sourcebook Community Issues Heath & Safety Persona Work Habits

2 Acknowedgement Portions of this document were adapted (with permission) from a pubication tited: A Aspects of the Business/Organization: Connecting the Cassroom and the Workpace Written by: Arene Broeker, Ed.S., Supervisor, Business Education, Missouri Department of Eementary and Secondary Education Originay deveoped by: Institute for Workforce Education, University of Missouri Coumbia, Susie Cox, Project Director A Aspects of a Business Industry Company Designed and Deveoped by: Ben Cay Kansas Competency-Based Curricuum Center This document was deveoped by the Kansas Competency-Based Curricuum Center with funds provided by the Kansas State Department of Education, First printing, Juy, Formatting and Word Processing by: Esperanza Root KCBCC This document was revised and reprinted in 2002 through permission granted to the Texas Education Agency, Career and Technoogy Division, Austin, Texas, Instructiona Materias Service, Texas A&M University provided revision and printing services.

3 Tabe of Contents Introduction Panning Management Finance Technica & Production Skis Underying Principes of Technoogy Labor Issues Community Issues Heath, Safety & Environment Persona Work Habits Strategies for Incorporating A Aspects Worksite Learning Activities NCRVE Research Summary

4 What is A Aspects? Introduction An A Aspects Exampe Students in the tenth grade hod a car wash every year to raise money for a cass trip. Teachers coud incorporate A Aspects into this activity by invoving students heaviy in panning, management, marketing, finance, abor reations, and environmenta safety. Students might be asked to break the overa process into tasks and schedue shifts and assignments. They coud hep choose a ocation for their venture and negotiate with the owners. Students coud identify production needs (hoses, buckets, soap, wash mitt, towes), research the costs of different products avaiabe in the market and make recommendations, cognizant of environmenta and worker safety impacts. Students might estimate a price for their services, based on a reasonabe projection of business eves, costs of production, and a comparison of prices in the market. Students might create a marketing campaign advertising the car wash. Lessons in socia studies, science, Engish, and math coud be inked to provide students with the knowedge and abiities to make decisions about the car wash. Is it defined by egisation or is it defined by whatever educators in each schoo and schoo district decide it shoud be? A Aspects is an integra part of the 1998 Car D. Perkins Vocationa and Appied Technoogy Act (Perkins III). A provision in this act cas for students to have "strong experience in and an understanding of those aspects of industry the students are preparing to enter." A Aspects was first mentioned in federa egisation as part of Car D. Perkins Vocationa and Appied Technoogy Act of 1990 (Perkins II). In this egisation, educationa activities associated with A Aspects were aso described. These incude "panning, management, finance, technica and production skis, underying principes of technoogy, abor issues, community issues, and heath, safety, and environmenta issues." The Schoo-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 ampified the need for an A Aspects curricuum in the schoos. Gaining a better understanding of the industry as a whoe and the many roes an individua can pay in it are the two main goas of an A Aspects curricuum. Where does A Aspects fit in? Current education reform is focusing on a wide range of changes in schoos. Issues incude combining earning with actua experiences; integrating vocationa and academic education; deveoping more interdiscipinary instruction; forging Continued on next page 1

5 inks between schoos, businesses, and community institutions; and avoiding narrow training. A of this is being done with the goa of preparing students with a variety of skis in a fast-changing workpace. Education for A Aspects is a strategy that seeks to achieve these objectives. Programs that emphasize A Aspects expore the context in which vocationa skis are taught and used. For exampe, auto mechanics is taught as part of a transportation program. In addition to the specific skis needed for a particuar occupation, students are shown the "Big Picture" of the industry and genera technoogica principes important to the transportation industry. Students aso earn about panning, project deveopment, teamwork, communications, and other work-reated skis. NCRVE* On A Aspects (*Nationa Center for Research in Vocationa Education) At the very east, it can be said that A Aspects wi evove just as education and workpace needs and practices evove. As with other strategies, A Aspects wi not be driven soey by egisation nor wi it ever be defined in precise terms. A Aspects may vary as a function of the context or contexts in which it is used. And finay, it shoud be recognized that A Aspects is a curricuum deveopment strategy. Studies conducted over the past severa years by NCRVE that focus on A Aspects offer some meaningfu insight. A Aspects can be impemented in a variety of ways (e.g., course by course, custer, entire schoos). A Aspects serves as an organizer for curricuum rather than an end in itsef. A Aspects is easiy combined with Tech Prep and schoo-to-work. A Aspects is best suited for secondary schoos. However, postsecondary, midde schoo, and eementary schoo exampes exist. A Aspects can serve as a bridge to unite schoo-based and work-based earning experiences. Probems do exist: Some empoyers and educators have difficuty understanding and accepting the A Aspects concept. Workpace barriers such as abor suppy concerns, short-term production demands, and tradition have imited the impementation of an A Aspects curricua. 2

6 The A Aspects Approach Has At Least Four Justifications Integrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education. If career skis are imited to a narrowy defined job task, it is amost impossibe to integrate advanced foundation skis. Successfu integration depends on having a rich context for appying foundation skis and knowedge. Covering A Aspects of the industry provides that context. Anayzing and soving the probems facing an industry and the enterprises within it invoves utiizing skis in reading, writing, mathematics, science, and socia studies. Empowering Students to Make Career and Life Choices. Some programs provide ony the skis for one job. This eaves students unprepared to change career goas or to cope with abor market changes. Teaching A Aspects gives students transferrabe skis, such as panning and management, which expand their opportunities. Enabing Students to Adapt to Technoogica Change. Asking schoos to predict how technoogy wi change and to constanty revamp equipment is no onger reasonabe--if it ever was. Providing students with broad skis in A Aspects of industry, together with academic skis, enabes them to understand and adapt to changes when they eave schoo and throughout their careers. Invoving Students in Economic Deveopment. If programs prepare students ony to fi the current job openings in ow-income communities, students are eft dependent upon too few jobs, which demand too few skis and provide too itte income for a decent ife. In contrast, students who understand and have experience with panning, management, community issues, etc., can survive, thrive, and hep others in ow-income communities. The next section of this document contains a discussion of each of the nine aspects: Panning Management Finance Technica skis Principes of technoogy Labor issues Community issues Heath and safety Persona work habits The information incudes a brief definition, sampe instructiona topics, and questions to compete a worksite anaysis survey. Aso incuded is a cross-reference to either career deveopment skis or workpace basic skis (SCANS). Scenarios, cassroom projects, and worksite activities are provided for each of the nine aspects. 3

7 Panning How an organization pans incuding goas and objectives; types of ownership (pubic, private); reationship of the organization to economic, poitica, and socia contexts; assessment of needs. Major Instructiona Units: Strategic panning; estabishing goas and objectives; performance assessment. Sampe Instructiona Topics Worksite Anaysis Questions Career Deveopment Skis Why businesses and industries need to pan how to respond to customers needs and expectations The difference between deivering products versus deivering services How reguatory aws can have an impact on a business operations Ways an empoyee can infuence company decisionmaking How a poitica organization can have an impact on how a company operates Benefits in anticipating technoogy and market trend changes The reationship of customer satisfaction and the "bottom ine" Ways to assess a company s competition 1. What evidence is there of strategic panning? (departmentwide and company-wide) 2. What are the roes of the owner(s), management, and abor in the strategic panning process? 3. What economic, poitica, and socia eements does the company consider in panning, deveoping, marketing, and seing its service or product? 4. How is customer satisfaction measured? Documentation: Organizationa chart Business pan Market assessment Advertising pan/strategy Year-end reports Describe the factors that impact on decision making: a. Needs and wants b.vaues c. Goas d.standards Distinguish between types of decisions: a. Economic b.technica c. Socia Appy the steps in the decision making process. Utiize probem soving skis: a. Identify the probem for resoution b.define critica issues c. Anayze causes of a probem d.utiize research and assessment skis e. Examine resuts of a probem f. Offer soutions to a probem g. Seect a soution to a probem h.impement an action pan 4

8 Appying the Aspect of Panning Integrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Probem-Soving, Decision-Making, Computer Technoogy You are panning to open a sma business (an auto repair shop, for exampe). Athough you have saved some of your own money for this enterprise, you need additiona funds to buy up-to-date equipment (such as diagnostic machines). Prepare a business pan that wi convince the bank that you are a good business risk and that it shoud end you the money. (Students coud use this activity for any business or career path.) Contact the Sma Business Administration (or appropriate agency) in your area to find out more about funding sources. Incude a timeine in the business pan to achieve your goa. Eectronics Technoogy, Computer Technoogy, Ergonomics, Mathematics, Interior Design, Probem-Soving As the manager of your department, you are aware of the various differences that your department faces when 25 more computers and 10 aser printers are added to the existing aboratory of 55 computers. You are in charge of ocating a new area that has the proper amount of space, utiities, eectrica outets, ventiation, and comfort. Deveop a pan that sets up an idea ocation for this aboratory. Design a foor pan for the department using eectronic simuations or other sources to suggest a ayout. (This assignment coud aso incude an Assessment of Needs.) Worksite Experience Seect a oca business/organization and arrange to meet with the director or manager to earn the goas and objectives for hiring staff. How many empoyees are required to run the organization? If the business/organization has more than one shift, how many supervisors are required? Arrange to attend a staff meeting and observe interactions between staff and managers. Note what issues are discussed and how conficts are resoved. 5

9 Management Structure and process for effectivey accompishing the goas and operation of the organization using faciities, staff, resources, equipment, and materias. Major Instructiona Units: Organizationa structures; workpace cutures; production methods Sampe Instructiona Topics How business and industry are dependent on the nationa and internationa economies How a "chain of command" works The significance of a company's workpace cuture Differences in how private companies and pubic agencies operate How roes and responsibiities in a famiy business are different than in arger companies Differences in how a famiy farm operates versus how another sma business operates How a company organizes its departments Ways a company s departments communicate How a company's marketing affects a its empoyees Why written poicies are used in industry How cutura diversity can have a positive effect on an industry How to adjust to different management styes Resources avaiabe from professiona organizations Worksite Anaysis Questions 1.What is the management structure of the organization? 2.What is the rationae for various departments within the company? 3.How woud you describe the work atmosphere? (e.g., intense; aid back; one-for-a-and-a-forone; dog-eat-dog) Documentation: Mission statement Organizationa chart/pan Exampes of written communication between departments or guideines Workpace Skis Outine the procedures invoved in ordering, distributing, and controing suppies Requisition suppies/equipment Expain an ordering decision Conduct feasibiity study on vendors Deveop an inventory management pan Define and expain the features of the foowing: a. Perpetua inventory b.periodic inventory c. Physica inventory 6

10 Appying the Aspect of Management Integrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education Creative Thinking, Computer Technoogy, Language Arts, Marketing You have been hired by a arge federa reserve bank that is merging with a savings and oan bank. You have been asked to prepare a brochure about how the merger wi affect customers accounts. Design a pamphet. Try to anticipate a the questions that nervous customers wi pose. Probem-Soving, Decision-Making You are the manager of a toy store. Your best seing toy is sod out. It is near Christmas and many customers are demanding this popuar item. Deveop a strategy to both appease the customer and to obtain this toy. Communication Skis, Teamwork, Time Management, Strategic Panning You work for a chemica pant that has deveoped a reputation of being unresponsive to the community. You have been appointed to a team that is responsibe for improving the company s pubic image. Deveop a pan that wi aeviate the community s concerns whie costing the company no money. Incude specific timeines and guideines. Worksite Experience Seect a oca business/organization and gather information incuding (1) the number of peope working there, (2) the number of hours the faciity operates, (3) the job cassifications of empoyees, (4) the quaifications for each job cassification, and (5) the range of empoyee wages. (Students may revise or add to the data coected depending on the specific enterprise chosen.) 7

11 Finance Accounting and financia decision-making process; methods of acquiring capita to operate; management of financia operations incuding payro. Major Instructiona Units: Capita acquisitions; financia operations. Sampe Instructiona Topics Key factors effecting profit and oss Typica ways a business obtains capita The importance and depth of accounting in a business The impications for a company extending credit How a company estimates and bids for a contract The importance of cost containment in a company Why personne and abor offer the most fexibiity for financia adjustment Worksite Anaysis Questions 1.How did (or does) the company acquire capita (money) to operate? 2.What are some of the fixed and variabe expenses of the company? 3.How has technoogy increased and/or decreased the costs of operations? Documentation: Financia report of the company Strategy for cost containment Credit poicies Estimating and bidding procedures Workpace Skis Expain the concept of suppy and demand Accept and approve checks according to company poicy Process a payment from credit card Operate a cash register Hande cash disbursement Maintain petty cash fund Reconcie daiy cash transactions Anayze existing budget Audit monthy records Prepare monthy financia reports Locate and eiminate common errors in accounting records List the steps of an accounting cyce Compare and contrast pricing poicies at competing businesses/ industries Determine cost, time, or resources needed to compete a task within an industry or occupation 8

12 Appying the Aspect of Finance Integrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education Economics, Internationa Trade, Poitica Science, Language Arts, Teamwork Many products sod in the United States are made in other parts of the word. Seect ten different items found in your home or community that were manufactured abroad. After identifying the country where each item was made, prepare a report indicating the type of government, the state of the economy, and the quaity of the educationa system in that country. Indicate why these goods need to be imported rather than made in the United States. Te how the goba economy infuences word trade. (This idea coud be deveoped as a team assignment or cass project.) Decision-Making, Mathematics, Persona Finance, Automotive Technoogy You have just graduated from high schoo and have found a great job. You must have a car, however, to get to work. Your friend has just purchased a foreign car and wants you to do the same. Your parents want you to buy an American car. You want to make a ogica decision. Chose an American-made car and an import car to compare. Investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the two cars incuding the costs of ownership (i.e., insurance, gas, and registration, as we as the price of the car), safety, repair, maintenance, and depreciation records, as we as gas mieage. Create a tabe in which you compare the two so that your friend and parents wi know that you arrived at your decision ogicay. Worksite Experience Interview an officer in the oca investment company to determine how the company gets data, the number of peope in a market segment, and their investment preferences. Determine the institution s overa marketing strategy. Deveop a pre-interview questionnaire of at east 5 to 10 questions on how the company gathers data and how this data affects its advertising and products. 9

13 Technica and Production Skis Specific skis and techniques for production; basic skis*; ways of organizing production work, incuding methods which diversify and rotate jobs. Major Instructiona Units: Specific production skis; basic foundation skis. *Math, communications, computer technoogy, time management, and creative thinking. Sampe Instructiona Topics Certification requirements for a specific job Obtaining technica information and training Jobs that are inter-reated with other jobs Typica modern production techniques Using production standards and quaity contro techniques The importance of using troubeshooting techniques The abiity to use supervisory and deegation skis The importance of deadines and schedues The importance of cross-training empoyees Worksite Anaysis Questions 1. What are some instances when the foowing basic skis are needed: reading, writing, math, speaking, istening, and science? 2. Is teamwork or individua initiative the predominate work structure? Incude exampes to support your opinion. 3. What work eements are time driven? 4. What are some causes of major work stoppages? 5. What are the eves of training and skis represented throughout the company? 6. How does the company invest in training, retaining, and advancing empoyees? Documentation: Skis tests required of entry-eve empoyees In-service training activities/ schedue of casses Work or job anayses Empoyee evauation forms Workpace Skis Locate information and seect the materias, toos, equipment, or other resources to perform the activities needed to accompish a specific task Set priorities or the order in which severa tasks wi be accompished Identify and expain the use of common suppies for a given occupationa area Perform routine tasks reated to equipment operation and/or maintenance Check incoming stock and compete stock contro records Anayze an inventory report Anayze various modes of physica distribution and storage faciities Read and interpret technica manuas Ask questions to carify ora instructions Initiate and maintain task focused conversations 10

14 Appying the Aspect of Technica and Production Skis IIntegrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education Mathematics, Probem-Soving, Time Management, Human Resource Management You empoy eeven bakers in the bakery that you own and manage. You have just signed a contract with a major food chain to suppy them with 5,000 hoiday cakes over and above their reguar order. These cakes wi be deivered during the four weeks between Thanksgiving and Christmas. To fi this order, you wi need extra abor. The saary of each baker is $8.00 an hour. When they work overtime, the bakers earn time-and-a-haf. One person can bake 10 cakes per hour. Each cake retais at $9.50 and uses $4.50 worth of ingredients. Gas for the oven costs another $8.25 per batch of 10 cakes. You need to decide whether you shoud hire additiona empoyees or run overtime shifts. Make a pan for getting the abor that you need whie maximizing your profits. Entrepreneurship, Mathematics, Language Arts, Computer Technoogy Your cass decides to prepare a unique cookbook one which can be used to prepare a mea for a few peope (such a sma group) or for as many as 90 peope. Have each student bring a favorite recipe and create a cookbook with quarter, haf, reguar, and doube recipes. The cass coud seect a format and coect a recipes to share with others. Communication Skis, Teamwork, Time Management, Probem-Soving, Decision-Making Your team eader wants to expedite communication among a the saes personne in your firm. He/she has given you the task of setting up a conference for the 30 nationa and 10 internationa saes representatives. Your team eader wishes to introduce a of them to new product ines. Design two conferences that are both time and cost effective. Make a budget for each one. 11

15 Underying Principes of Technoogy Technoogica systems used in the workpace and their contributions to the product or service; the mathematica, scientific, socia, and economic principes that underie the technoogy Major Instructiona Units: Technoogy in the workpace; continued professiona training. Sampe Instructiona Topics Basic resources necessary for technoogy How technoogica systems evove to meet human wants and needs Technoogy's reationship to fossi fues and other environmenta concerns (e.g., waste and poution) Ergonomics in the workpace How ingenuity and creativity are used to identify new uses for existing technoogy, devices, or processes Worksite Anaysis Questions 1. How has technoogy transformed the company's operation? 2. How does the company use the foowing technoogies: communication technoogy, production technoogy, transportation technoogy, and bio-reated technoogy? 3. How is computer technoogy utiized throughout the company? 4. How is technoogy used in making decisions regarding production or other matters? Documentation: Organizationa chart Training manuas Production fow charts Inventory anayses Productivity data and statistics EPA, OSHA requirements Career Deveopment Skis Describe the historica evoution of technoogica innovations as a means through which human needs and wants are satisfied Identify potentia heath hazards created by technoogy in the work pace Process information using computer hardware and software to reach an informed decision on a probem with severa variabes Use computer technoogy to contro a technoogica system when given access to the necessary hardware and software Utiize computer technoogy as a recordkeeping device to document progress toward reaching an optima soution to a technoogica probem Draw and abe a systems diagram depicting the systems approach soution to a probem Utiize futuring techniques to anticipate the consequences of a new technoogy 12

16 Appying the Aspect of Underying Principes of Technoogy Integrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education Communication Skis, Negotiation Skis, Language Arts, Poitica Science The pant in which you are working is undergoing a radica change in procedure. Pant-wide, management is introducing progressive automation and new technoogy. You are one of the union representatives. The workers are nervous for a number of reasons. They do not know how to use the new technoogy and they are afraid that they wi be repaced by machines. Create a pan to receive questions from the empoyees and to communicate management s answers to these questions. Teamwork, Time Management, Socia Studies, Creative Thinking You are the team eader for designing a communication system that wi meet the needs of your growing company for the next 10 years. To do this, you must investigate the appicabe state and federa aws. You must aso research the current and emerging technoogies. Then you must deveop a recommendation aong with timeines and a cost anaysis to present to the board of directors. Computer Technoogy, Marketing, Language Arts, Communication Skis, Creative Arts You work in the pubic reations department of your company. A recent study indicated that your company s advertisement in the yeow pages is inadequate. Customers sedom use it because it does not ceary specify what products or services your company provides. You are in charge of designing a new advertisement that wi be used in the phone book and in severa trade pubications. Design one that is both attractive and cear. It shoud specify what products or services your company offers and be readabe at a gance. Your reports shoud incude a written statement and a visua exhibition so that you can present it to the board of directors. (This activity coud incude the deveopment of a home page for the Internet.) 13

17 Labor Issues Rights of empoyees and reated issues; wages, benefits, and working conditions. Major Instructiona Units: Empoyees rights and responsibiities; roe of abor organizations. Sampe Instructiona Topics Worksite Anaysis Questions Career Deveopment Skis Why businesses and industries need to pan how to respond to customers needs and expectations Differences between being a sef-empoyed worker and a worker empoyed by a company The roe abor organizations pay in industry Advantages/disadvantages of houry and saaried pay The importance of a written job description The importance of knowing your rights as a worker The importance of cutura sensitivity The importance of participating in quaity enhancement programs 1. How is division of abor accompished? 2. Who participates in defining the worker's roes, responsibiities, and rights? 3. Why is cutura sensitivity important in this particuar workpace? Documentation: Empoyee orientation/handbook Written job descriptions Statement of workers rights Organized abor agreements List criteria for seecting, evauating, promoting, and terminating empoyees Define ega issues for hiring and/ or termination Identify skis needed to maintain effective work reations with coeagues Demonstrate negotiating skis Provide constructive criticism 14

18 Appying the Aspect of Labor Issues Integrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education Entrepreneurship, Business/Marketing, Decision-Making, Computer Technoogy You are the manager of a oca sma business. You are peased with your saary and benefits. You have a fexibe schedue, heath insurance, and investment opportunities. You woud ike to advance in the company; however, you see no room for growth. You begin to consider investing in your own franchise. Research the pros and cons of opening your own franchise comparing at east three different types. Deveop a pan that wi aow you to seect the best franchise for your needs. Mass Media and Broadcasting, Language Arts, Career Exporation A teevision production team from a major news station has been fiming in your schoo. They are doing a series caed Learning and the 21st Century. You find their work particuary interesting. Your teacher asks you to identify the job tites and duties of a of the peope invoved in the production company and to create a pan to pursue a career in one of these areas. Worksite Experience Research and visit an industry in your area and determine which unions are active. Note if there are any empoyees not covered by a union. Investigate the benefits and drawbacks of a union. Prepare for a cass discussion or presentation to incude such information as (1) whether you get what you pay for as a union member, and (2) how unions have changed working conditions and wages through the years. Cite exampes of these in your report. 15

19 Community Issues The impact of the company on the community, and the community's impact on the company. Major Instructiona Units: Community activities and issues; company's invovement in the community. Sampe Instructiona Topics Worksite Anaysis Questions Career Deveopment Skis Why a company's pubic perception is important Key ways a company heps its community Key ways a community heps a company The impact of buying outside the community The importance of providing for the access needs of the physicay chaenged Contributing specia skis through vounteer work 1. How does the company maintain a good pubic image? 2. What community projects or initiatives does the company participate in? 3. What are some tangibe resuts of the company's and its empoyees' invovement in community issues and/or projects? 4. How is the faciity modified to be accessibe to the physicay chaenged? Documentation: Evidence of company participation in community programs List of community activities in which the empoyees participate Compiance with the Americans with Disabiities Act Anayze the positive and negative impacts of adapting technoogy to the environment and the human user Locate and use expert sources and peer support Anayze the impact of famiy infuence upon one's persona deveopment Describe the reationship between human deveopment and changing roes/ responsibiities 16

20 Appying the Aspect of Community Issues Integrating Foundation and Career Technoogy Education Language Arts, Communication Skis, Environmenta Science, Socia Studies You are a member of a community committee that is responding to the mayor s suggestion that a sports compex be constructed in your neighborhood. Peope in this neighborhood are very concerned that this sports compex wi cause a ot of additiona probems incuding increased traffic, crime, and noise. On the other hand, many neighbors see that this faciity woud have a positive economic effect. You have been eected to prepare a report isting aternative suggestions to hep aeviate the fears of the community. You are to present this report at a community meeting next month. Science, Decision-Making, Language Arts, Socia Studies Residents in your community have been greaty upset by the presence of an obnoxious odor that emanates from a sma stream that runs through an empty ot. As a community service project, your cass has offered to assist the community in finding the source of this probem and in aeviating it if possibe. You are in charge of deveoping two pans: a short-range one with which you and other cassmates can hep and a ong-range pan that can be impemented by the community. Present your pans to the principa, superintendent, and schoo counci. Worksite Experience Make arrangements to meet with the pubic reations or marketing manager of a oca enterprise. Find out why the business/organization has a pubic reations department and what community activities it supports. Investigate how the enterprise impacts the oca area and how the neighborhood impacts the business/organization. Ask the pubic reations or marketing manager to cite an exampe of a pubic reations issue. 17