Reflections - the choices people make. Mari Vaattovaara Professor of Urban Geography Vice Dean University of Helsinki, Finland

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1 Reflections - the choices people make Mari Vaattovaara Professor of Urban Geography Vice Dean University of Helsinki, Finland

2 Urban and planning geographer, masters in landscape architecture ACRE, Norface Nodes, Snellman Award from the University of Helsinki. The award is given for meritorious work in disseminating academic and scientific knowledge.has considerably promoted the public's recognition of the research carried out at and the main goals of the university.

The award is given for meritorious work in disseminating academic and scientific

3 Three challenges for future research from empirical research findings The growth of a city-region and the rise of new optimal locations? The desirability of mixed use development in villages or neighbourhoods? Dynamics of the city regions Social cohesion and spatial integration? Who are the people we are talking about and in which kinds of neighborhoods do they live in?

The desirability of mixed use development in villages or neighbourhoods?

4 Most of our cities have grown from a city to a city-region (Vaattovaara 2011) Kehyskunnat % Espoo, Kauniainen ja Vantaa % Kehyskunnat % Helsinki % 1990 Kehyskunnat % Espoo, Kauniainen ja Vantaa % Helsinki % Espoo, Kauniainen ja Vantaa % Helsinki % 2010 Kehyskunnat % Espoo, Kauniainen ja Vantaa % Helsinki % Kehyskunnat = Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Mäntsälä, Nurmijärvi, Pornainen, Sipoo, Tuusula ja Vihti

490 872 47 % Espoo, Kauniainen ja Vantaa 170 978 20 % Helsinki 522 235 61 % 2010 Kehyskunnat 301 433 23 % Espoo, Kauniainen ja Vantaa 450

5 The biggest structural challenge in the urban planning is to understand the change of a mono-centric city a multi-centric urban agglomeration

6 to find and define the new optimum or best location for different uses

7 Real-time accessability of shopping malls by car and by public transportation (Salonen, Toivonen, Vaattovaara 2012).

10 There is a clear mismatch between traffic planning and the new optimal on the edge. The logic of the location of retail has not really changed during the last one hundred years it locates in the well accessible locations - but the best locations have moved.

11 Second Challenge principle of mixed use development?

12 Mixed Use Development (American Planning Association) Mixed-use development is development that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, and where appropriate, industrial uses. Mixed-use development: allows for greater housing variety and density reduces distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other destinations encourages more compact development strengthens neighborhood character promotes pedestrian and bicycle friendly environments

Mixed-use development: allows for greater housing variety and density reduces distances between housing, workplaces,

13 The desirability of mixed use development? within city-regions Sources: Uusimaa Regional Council in housing areas or buildings Vancuver Daily Sun

14 The good intentions to direct or govern the future development start often from wishes and assumptions that will radically challenge the realised laws of urban developmenment

15 15 Unlike most of the mixed use plans and cityregional plans belive, most of the firms and enterprises are locating to dense clusters of zones. In Helsinki region 50 % of firms and employment locate in 1,2 % of land and 80 % in clusters covering only 4,7 % of the land (Laakso & al. 2010). 20 % (bars, pizzerias, hairdressers ) locate more evenly No trend of redistribution is obrervable - rather the contrary!

In Helsinki region 50 % of firms and employment locate in 1,2 % of land and 80 % in clusters covering

16 As the predictions, comparisons are calculated not based on realities but based on the planned land use (wishes of municipalities) the outomes are surpricingly similar (need for private car use in different cityregional masterplan options)

municipalities) the outomes are surpricingly similar (need

17 Not to forget the dynamics Milano Leipzig Poznan Birmingham Riika München How long do you think you will work with your current employer? ACRE research Dublin Amsterdam Sofia Toulouse Budapest Barcelona Helsinki Alle vuoden 1-5 vuotta Yli 5 vuotta En tiedä 100 %

18 Questions related to optimal location or accessability have to be rediscussed. The reality of urban form and the normative ideals of planning have already for some time been on differing paths

19 About Social Development - Cohesion and Social Mix Long tradition of social mixing in housing policy in many european countries. In Finland has been relatively successfull as the differences among the residents have been small Full employment, cultural homogenity, small income differences Now differences are increasing NORFACE-funded comparative research project (NODES) which explores the dynamics and effects of ethnic residential segregation in the Nordic Welfare States.

In Finland has been relatively successfull as the differences among the residents have been small Full employment,

20 There is a great diversity among ethnic groups and between different neighborhoods DEC10 neighbourhoods Helsinki: immigrant proportions 11 21% Stockholm: 24 67% Oslo: 39 64%

21 Flight and avoidance 76 95% of movers in all countries and both mover categories report that they avoided some neighbourhoods when looking for new housing

22 The travel to a better tomorrow, requires innovativeness, visionary thinking as well as braveness in addition to the respect of the needs, values and the behavior of humans

23 Few additional thoughts

24 High edu, high income High edu, not high income High inccome, not high edu

25 Cultural orientations Willingness to experiment,risks, hobbies outside home Work orientation, self development Technological development Home assical music, art as a hobby

26 The choise of bicycles in different local conditions is extreamly important addition to the very greatly introduced need and design (by Jan Gehl, for example)

27 Jan Gehl Singapore 6/2014

28 Jan Gehl Singapore 6/2014

29 The role and importance of the suburbs was notable in the ACRE cities Riika München Barcelona Leipzig Sofia Milano Toulouse Amsterdam Dublin Helsinki Budapest Birmingham Kaupungin keskusta Muu ydinkaupunki Esikaupunkialueet % Kylä tai kaupunki metropolialueella En tiedä

30 Except for the super creative "Superluovat" Muut osaajat 0 Kaupungin keskusta 20 Muu ydinkaupunki 40 Esikaupunkialueet Kylä tai kaupunki metropolialueella 100 % En tiedä The whole logic of the film industry is different (Ahokas 2008)

31 For the future research we would need to Employ the latest computational methods and accurate data to catch the ongoing development Recognize and respect the behaviour of individual actors (citizens, firms..) in the changing urban structure Acknowledge the development of a polycentric urban form and adapt planning accordingly

32 Otherwise the smart citizens (with the use of open data etc.) will make the puzzle of smart or sustainable cities even more complicated

33 Questions for discussion How should the future city look like? What should be changed (first)? Are there any win/win choices people make?

HSL and Mobility management

HSL and Mobility management Best payback from existing service Tarja Jääskeläinen Helsingin seudun liikenne -kuntayhtymä HSL region Hyvinkää Mäntsälä Six municipalities: Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen, Vantaa,