Human-Centered Software Engineering

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1 Ahmed Seffah Jean Vanderdonckt Michel С Desmarais Editors Human-Centered Software Engineering Software Engineering Models, Patterns and Architectures for HCl Springer

2 CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables xi xvii Contributing Authors xxi 1 Human-Centered Software Engineering: Software Engineering Architectures, 1 Patterns, and Models for Human Computer Interaction Ahmed Seffah, Jean Vanderdonckt, and Michel C. Desmarais 1.1 Scope Specific Objectives of the CHISE Volume II Overview Chapter Summaries 3 References б Part I User Experiences, Usability Requirements, and Design 2 What Drives Software Development: Bridging the Gap Between Software and 9 Usability Engineering Nuno J. Nune.H 2.1 Introduction Use Case Driven Software Development Architecture Centric From Essential Use Cases to the Conceptual Architecture Tool Issues Conclusion 23 References 24 3 Human Activity Modeling: 27 Toward a Pragmatic Integration of Activity Theory and Usage-Centered Design

3 vi HUMAN-CENTERED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING. VOLUME II Larry L. Constanüne 3.1 Introduction Activity Theory Usage-Centered Design Toward Integration Human Activity Modeling Design Implications Process Implications Application Discussion 47 References 50 4 A User-Centered Framework for Deriving a Conceptual Design from User Ex- 53 periences: Leveraging Personas and Patterns to Create Usable Designs Нота Javahery, Alexander Deichman, Ahmed Seffah, and Mohamed Taleh 4.1 Introduction A First Look at the Proposed Framework Modeling User Experiences with Personas Creating a Conceptual Design Using Patterns An Illustrative Case Study A Detailed Description of UX-process Further Investigation: The P2P Mapper Tool Conclusion 76 References 79 5 XML-Based Tools for Creating, Mapping, and Transforming Usability Engi- 83 neering Requirements Fei Huang, Jon Titus, Allan Wolinski, Kevin Schneider, and Jim A. Carter 5.1 Introduction Toolset Overview Using XML to Structure UE Specifications Mapping Between XML-based UE and SE Specifications Translating Between XML-based UE Requirements Into SE Specifications Conclusion 102 References 102 Part II Modeling and Model-Driven Engineering 6 MultiPath Transformational Development of User Interfaces with Graph 107 Transformations Quentin Limbourg and Jean Vanderdonckt 6.1 Introduction Related Work Expressing the Ul Development Cycle with Graph Transformations Development Paths Conclusion 134

4 CONTENTS vii References Human-Centered Engineering with UIML 139 James Helms, Robbie Schaefer, Kris Luyten, Jo Vermeulen, Mare Abrarns, Adrien Coyette, and Jean Vanderdonckt 7.1 Introduction UIML: An Overview Tools for and Extensions of UIML Improvements to UIML for Version UIML-Related Standards Conclusion 169 References Megamodeling and M eta model-driven Engineering for Plastic User Interfaces: 173 Mega-UI Jean-Sebastien Sottet, Gaelle Calvary, Jean-Marie Favre, and Joelle Coutaz 8.1 Introduction Plasticity: Case Study and Engineering Issues Modeling, Metamodeling, and Megamodeling MDE for Plasticity Conclusion and Perspectives 196 References Cause and Effect in User Interface Development 201 Ebba Thora Hvannberg 9.1 Introduction Research Study Eliciting Needs and Context Design Evaluation in Context Foundation and Context of an Evaluation Model Conclusion 218 References 219 Part III Interactive Systems Architectures 10 From User Interface Usability to the Overall Usability of Interactive Systems: 225 Adding Usability in System Architecture Mohamed Taleb, Ahmed Seffah, and Daniel Englebery 10.1 Introduction Background and Related Work Identifying and Categorizing Typical Scenarios Patterns as Solutions to the Problems Documented as Scenarios Modeling Cause-Effect Relationships Between Software Elements and Usability Conclusion and Future Investigations 242

5 via HUMAN-CENTERED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING. VOLUME II References Toward a Refined Paradigm for Architecting Usable Systems 245 Tamer Rafla, Michel C. Desmarais, and Pierre N. Robülard 11.1 Introduction An Overview of Previous Work Usability at the Requirements Definition Stage Usability-Centered Software Development Process Conclusion 253 References Trace-Based Usability Evaluation Using Aspect-Oriented Programming and 257 Agent-Based Software Architecture Jean-Claude Tarby, Houcine Ezzedine, und Christophe Kolski 12.1 Introduction First Approach for Early Usability Evaluation: Injection of the Mechanism of Traces by Aspect-Oriented Programming Second Approach: Interactive Agent-Based Architecture and Evaluation Module Towards an Assistance System for the Evaluation of Agent-Based Interactive Systems Comparison Between the two Approaches Conclusion 273 References Achieving Usability of Adaptable Software: The AMF-Based Approach 277 Franek Tarpin-Bernard, Kinan Samaan, Bertrand David 13.1 Introduction State-of-the-art AMF and Its Relationships With Other Models A Method for Designing Adaptable Applications Future Developments and Conclusion 294 References 295 Part IV Reengineering, Reverse Engineering, and Refactoring 14 The GAINS Design Process: 301 How to do Structured Design of User Interfaces in any Software Environment Martha J. Lindeman 14.1 The Costs of Changing User Interfaces Overview of the GAINS Process Overview of XP's Planning Levels Evaluations of Usability Difficulties With Two XP Assumptions Conclusions 314 References 315

6 CONTENTS ix 15 Legacy Systems Interaction Reengineering 317 Mohammad El-Ramly, Eleni Stroulia, and Hani Samir 15.1 Introduction Motivation for Interaction Engineers Generic Methodology Applications of Interaction Reengineering From Websites to Web Services Advantages and Limitations 331 References Reverse Engineering for Usability Evaluation 335 Atif M. Memon 16.1 Introduction GUI Model Design of the GUI Ripper Implementation Empirical Evaluation Related Work Conclusions and Future Work 352 References Task Models and System Models as a Bridge between HCl and SE 357 David Navarre, Philippe, Palanque, and, Marco Winckler 17.1 Introduction Related Work Why a Task Model is Not Enough A Classical System Model The Improved System Model Scenarios as a Bridge Between Tasks and System Models A Case Study The Integration of the Models: CTT-ICO Conclusions 382 References 384 Authors Index 387 Subject Index 395