Human-Centered Software Engineering - Integrating Usability in the Software Development Lifecycle

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1 Human-Centered Software Engineering - Integrating Usability in the Software Development Lifecycle Edited by Ahmed Seffah Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Jan Gulliksen Uppsala University, Sweden and Michel C. Desmarais Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Quebec, Canada Springe]

2 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface Dedication Contributing Authors XI XV xvii XX i xxiii Part I Introductory Chapter 1 An Introduction to Human-Centered Software Engineering: 3 Integrating Usability in the Development Process Ahmed Seffah. Jan. Gulliksen. and Michel G. üesmaroin 1.1 Introduction Major Obstacles for Effective Integration The Series of Workshops on HCI/SE Integration Why Human Centered Software Engineering? Audience A Quick Tour of The Book 12 Part II Principles, Myths and Challenges 2 Key Principles for User-Centred Systems Design 17 Jan Gullikscn. Beugt. Gönmsson, Inge.r Boivie, Jenny Pe.rsson, Stefan Blomkvist, Am C'ajander 2.1 Purpose and Justification lg 2.2 Background lg 2.3 The Project Definition and Key Principles Tools for Applying UCSD Application Agile Approaches and UCSD Discussion/Conclusions 32 v

3 HUMAN-CENT RRED SOFTWARE ENGINE RRING 3 HCl, Usability and Software Engineering Integration: Present and Future 37 Ahmed Suffah, Midid C. Desmarxiis, and Eduard Metzker 3.1 Introduction Development Processes Artefacts Design Knowledge Organisational Approaches Conclusion 56 4 Surveying the Solitudes: An Investigation into the Relationships between Hu- 59 man Computer Interaction and Software Engineering in Practice BUI. Je.rome, Rick Kazman 4.1 Introduction The State of the Research The State of the Practice Knowledge of SE and HCl Working Together in the Workplace Software Process Interactions Implications of the Process Issues Use of HCl Methods Conclusions/Recommendations Future Research 69 5 Convergence or Competition between Software Engineering and Human Com- 71 puter Interaction AUütair G. Sutdijjt- 5.1 Introduction Design Processes and Methods Design Representations in SE and HCl Viewpoints in HCl and SE Theoretical Underpinnings Conclusions 83 Part III Requirements, Scenarios, and Use-cases 6 Experience with Using General Usability Scenarios on the Software Architecture 87 of a Collaborative System Roh J. Adams, Lcn Ba.su. and Btmnie E..lohn 6.1 Introduction Usability and Software Architecture The Usability and Software Architecture Project Prior Use of U&SA Materials Questions for a Real-world Case The Merboard Project U&SA'S Application to Merboard 102

4 COXTEXTS vii 6.8 Summary of Findings Ongoing Work xio 7 Linking User Needs and Use Case-driven Requirements Engineering 113 Sari Kujala 7.1 Introduction Understanding User Needs Linking User Needs to User Requirements Writing User Requirements from the User Point of View Evaluating the Approach in Industry Guiding Designers to the World of Usability: Determining Usability Requlre- 127 ments Through Teamwork Timo Jokrda 8.1 Introduction 12g 8.2 Related Methods Development of KESSU URD General Features of KESSU URD Steps of KESSU URD Findings from the Case Studies Conclusions Discussion Transforming Usability Engineering Requirements Into Software Engineering 147 Specifications: From PUF to UML Jim A. Carter. Jim hin, Kevin Schneider, David Fourneij 9.1 Introduction The Putting Usability First (PUF) Methodology The Unified Modeling Language Applying PUF in UML Implementing These Additions in UML Example Transformations Conclusion Igg Part IV UCD, Unified and Agile Processes 10 Which, When and How Usability Techniques and Activities Should Be 173 Integrated Kavier Ferre, Natalia Juristo, Ana M. Moreno 10.1 Introduction Usability Methods Approach to Integration Integration Proposafs Based on SE Methods Summary of Integration Proposais Mapping Between Usability and SE Activities Assignment of Usability Techniques to Activities 186

5 Vlll HUMAN-CENTERED SOFT WAKE ENGINEERING 10.7 When to Apply Usability Activities and Techniques Discussion Conclusions Coping with Complexity Dave. Roberts 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Designers' Model 11.3 User Engineering Modeling Continued Development Towards a Model for Bridging Agile Development and User-Centered Design 219 Stefan Blomkvist 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Software Development Risks - Reasons for the Agile Approach Characteristics of Agile Development User-Centered Design User-Centered Design Qualities in Agile Development Discussion Towards a Model for Bridging Agile and UCD Ripple: An Event Driven Design Representation Framework for Integrating 245 Usability and Software Engineering Life Cycles Pnrdha S. Pyta, Mimvcl A. Perez-Qmnones, James D. Arihur. and H. Rci Hartson 13.1 Introduction Background Current Practices Ripple: A Design Representation Framework Contributions 13.6 Potential Downsides of Ripple Current Status jm ZVL Part V UCD Knowledge and Ul design Patterns 14 Integrating User-Centered Design Knowledge With Scenarios 269 Steven. R. Hayn.es, John M. Canvll, Mary Be.lh Rosson 14.1 Introduction What's in Design? 14.3 An Integrative Example A Design Knowledge Research Agenda Related Work 14.6 Conclusion 285 2J0 284

6 CONTEXTS ix 15 Patterns of Integration: Bringing User Centered Design Into The Software 287 Development Lifecycle Lisa Batilc 15.1 Introduction Pattern A: Foot in the Door (for internal usability group) Pattern B: Foot in the Door (for external Consultants) Pattern C: UCD Focus on Early Definition and Design Pattern D: UCD in Every Phase Conclusion Ul Design Patterns: Bridging Use Cases and Ul Design 309 John M. Artim 16.1 Introduction Tree An Example of a Ul Pattern Composed Ul Design Patterns in Use Pattern Descriptions in Practice Future Work Conclusions Ul Design Patterns: From Theory to Practice 331 Jimct Wcsson and Lester Cowley 17.1 Introduction Pattern Identification Pattern Use: The Dome Case Study Pattern Evaluation Further Research Conclusions 351 References 353 Authors Index 379 Subject Index 387