Ontologies for Software Engineering and Software Technology

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1 Coral Calero Francisco Ruiz Mario Piattini (Eds.) Ontologies for Software Engineering and Software Technology With 84 Figures and 46 Tables y Springer

2 Contents 1. Ontological Engineering: Principles, Methods, Tools and Languages Introduction What Is an Ontology? Viewpoints from a Philosopher and from an Ontology Engineer What Are the Main Components of an Ontology? Ontological Engineering Principles for the Design of Ontologies Ontology Development Process and Life Cycle Methods, Methodologies, Tools and Languages Methods, Methodologies and Tools Used for the Whole Ontology Development Life Cycle Ontology Learning Ontology Alignment and Merging Ontology Evolution and Versioning Ontology Evaluation Ontology Implementation Conclusions Acknowledgements 39 References Using Ontologies in Software Engineering and Technology Introduction Kinds of Ontologies Heavyweight Versus Lightweight Ontologies A Review of the Uses in SET Ontology Versus Conceptual Model Ontology Versus Metamodel Ontologies in Software Engineering Environments Representing Ontologies Using Software Engineering Techniques Experiences and Lessons Learned in Software Engineering Research., 69

3 X Contents 2.4 A Proposal of Taxonomy Ontologies of Domain Ontologies as Software Artifacts Review and Classification of Proposals in the Literature Proposals of Ontologies of Domain Proposals of Ontologies as Software Artifacts 86 References Engineering the Ontology for the SWEBOK: Issues and Techniques Introduction History and Principles of the SWEBOK Project Hierarchical Organization Reference Material and Matrix Depth of Treatment The Ontology of the SWEBOK from a Conceptual and Consensus- Reaching Perspective The Ontology of the SWEBOK as a Formal Artifact Fundamental Elements of the Ontology of the SWEBOK Activities, Artifacts and Agents Models, Specifications and Methods Theoretical Standpoints and Guidelines Conclusions 119 References An Ontology for Software Development Methodologies and Endeavours Introduction Ontology Architecture The Communities Involved Usage and Ontology Domains Product and Process Endeavour-Related Concepts High-Level View The Process Side The Product Side The Producer Side...»., Endeavour-Related Concepts: Conclusion Method-Related Concepts Templates and Resources Duality in the Method Domain Applying the Methodology A. 148

4 Contents XI 4.5 Conclusion 148 References Software Maintenance Ontology Introduction Software Maintenance An Ontology for Software Maintenance Overview of the Ontology The System Sub-ontology The Computer Science Skills Sub-ontology The Maintenance Process Sub-ontology The Organizational Structure Sub-ontology The Application Domain Sub-ontology Validating the Ontology Quality Validation Relevance Validation Putting the Maintenance Ontology to Work Conclusion 171 References An Ontology for Software Measurement Introduction Previous Analysis A Running Example The Proposal of Software Measurement Ontology The SMO Conclusions 194 References An Ontological Approach to SQL: Introduction SQL Evolution The Ontology for SQL: The Data Types Sub-ontology The Schema Objects Sub-ontology Example.' Conclusions 212 References The Object Management Group Ontology Definition Metamodel Introduction % 218

5 XII Contents 8.2 Why a MOF Ontology Metamodel? WhyaMetamodel? Why MOF? Why Not UML?, The Ontology Development Metamodel RDF/OWL Metamodel Topic Maps Common Logic General Structure of Metamodels Profiles and Mappings The Need for Translation UML Profiles Mappings Mapping CL Interaction of Profiles and Mappings Extendibility Metaclass Taxonomy Semantic Domain Models M-ary associations Discussion Acknowledgments 245 References Ontologies, Meta-models, and the Model-Driven Paradigm Introduction Models and Ontologies What's in a Model? What's in an Ontology? Similarity Relations and Meta-modelling Meta-models Metameta-models The Meta-pyramid, the Modelling Architecture of MDE MDE and Ontologies Domain and Upper-Level Ontologies Relationship of Ontologies and System Models on Different Meta-levels Employing Domain Ontologies in the MDA,* Conceptual Benefits of an Ontology-A ware Meta-pyramid Tools Based on an Ontology-Aware Meta-pyramid The mega-model of Ontology-Aware MDE Related Work Conclusions."..271

6 Contents 9.7 Acknowledgments 271 References Use of Ontologies in Software Development Environments Introduction From SDE to DOSDE Domain-Oriented Software Development Environment Domain Ontology in DOSDE Task Ontology in DOSDE Mapping Domain and Task Using Knowledge Throughout the Software Development From DOSDE to EOSDE Enterprise-Oriented Software Development Environments Enterprise Ontology Tools in DOSDE and EOSDE Domain Theory Browser Sapiens: A Yellow Page's Software Tool RHPlan: A Software Tool for Human Resource Planning...3O Conclusion 305 References Semantic Upgrade and Publication of Legacy Data Introduction and Motivation Global Approach to Database-to-Ontology Mapping Mapping Situations between Databases and Ontologies The R 2 O Language A Mapping Description Specified in R Description of Database Schemas Definition of Concept Mappings Describing Conditions and Conditional Expressions Describing Transformations Attribute and Relation Mappings The ODEMapster Processor Experimentation: The Fund Finder Application Ontologies in the Funding Domain The Presentation Part: Semantic Publishing and Navigation., Conclusions and Future Work Acknowledgements 337 References 337

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