Merton-Black-Scholes model for option pricing. Peter Denteneer. 22 oktober 2009
|
|
- Laureen Thomas
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Merton-Black-Scholes model for option pricing Instituut{Lorentz voor Theoretische Natuurkunde, LION, Universiteit Leiden 22 oktober 2009 With inspiration from: J. Tinbergen, T.C. Koopmans, E. Majorana, F.L.J. Vos
2 Outline I. Introduction: heat conduction and diusion II. III. a. Preliminaries; portfolio dynamics and arbitrage b. Merton-Black-Scholes model for option pricing c. The Black-Scholes formulas IV. R.N. Mantegna and H.E. Stanley, An introduction to Econophysics: Correlations and Complexity in Finance (2000, 2007) J.-P. Bouchaud and M. Potters, Theory of Financial Risk and Derivative Pricing: From Statistical Physics to Risk Management (1997, 2009) J. Voit, The Statistical Mechanics of Financial Markets (2000, 2005)
3 Introduction: heat conduction and diusion Physical diusion vs. stochastic diusion Fourier 1807 heat equation T (t; x; y ; z) Laplace 1809 stochastic diusion equation P(x; n) Einstein 1905 synthesis via Brownian motion (! estimate of = 2 P 2 hx 2 i = 2D s t Bachelier 1900 (!) Theorie de la speculation n! time Mandelbrot 1963 cotton prices
4 Brownian motion Random walk: every time interval t take step ` left or right; what is position x = n` after time t = N t? Brownian motion: stochastic process resulting from taking the random walk to the continuous limit. Solution: dx = dw P(x; t) = Brownian motion with drift: 1 p 22 t (x m) 2 e 2 2 t hx 2 i = 2 t linear in t; D s where dw = O pdt dx = dt + dw (Wiener process)
5 Geometric Brownian motion: ds = Sdt + SdW Using the It^o formula from stochastic calculus: Z = ln S! dz = ( )dt + dw Log-normal distribution: (initial value S(t 0 ) = S 0, = t t 0 ) 1 P(S; t; S 0 ; t 0 ) = p exp S 2 2 8>< h >: ln S S 0 i 2 1 ( 2 2 ) 2 2 9>= >;
6 Stochastic calculus Underlying process: W (t) Primary process: X (t) dx = a(x ; t)dt + b(x ; t)dw Derived process: Z(t) = F (t; X (t)) df = + a(x b2 (X ; 2 F dt + 2 dw uctuating part of the primary process X (t) contributes to the drift of the derived process Z(t)! ( X S ; a S ; b S ; F ln S )
7 Preliminaries (Partly in) Lecture I: Financial markets A. Changes in stock prices are log-normally distributed! geometric Brownian motion B. For a forward contract the enforced arbitrage price is: F = S 0 e rt (= forward payment written in contract; S 0 : price at time of contract, r: interest rate, T : maturity) Independent of distribution of stock prices (; ), i.e. independent of uctuations of underlying stock! A forward contract is a contract between two parties on the delivery of an asset at a certain time T in the future at a certain price. The contract is binding to both parties.
8 Preliminaries A. Changes in stock prices are log-normally distributed! geometric Brownian motion B. For a forward contract the enforced arbitrage price is: F = S 0 e rt (= forward payment written in contract; S 0 : price at time of contract, r: interest rate, T : maturity) Independent of distribution of stock prices (; )! C. European call option: a contract that gives the holder the right (but not the obligation) to buy the underlying asset for the (strike) price K at (maturity) time T (K ; T specied in the contract). D. No-arbitrage principle: In a market free of arbitrage, any riskless portfolio must yield the risk-free interest rate r.
9 Portfolio dynamics and arbitrage Value of portfolio: Self-nancing portfolio: Vx = x S = x 0 B + x 1 S dvx = x ds (t 0) An arbitrage is a portfolio for whose value holds: (i) V (0) = 0 (ii) V (t) 0 with probability 1 for all t > 0 start with nothing cannot loose money (iii) V (T ) > 0 with positive probability for some T > 0 chance of prot Chance of a riskless prot out of nothing!
10 Merton-Black-Scholes model for option pricing Two main assumptions: (i) I db = rbdt (interest upon interest; r: constant) I ds = Sdt + SdW (geometric Brownian motion) (ii) The market is free of arbitrage? (many) additional practical/technical assumptions F. Black and M. Scholes, J. Polit. Econ. 81, 637 (1973) R. C. Merton, Bell J. Econ. Manag. Sci. 4, 141 (1973) Merton and Scholes, Nobel Prize in Economics 1997
11 Additional assumptions in MBS model (i) trading of assets is continuous (ii) selling of assets is possible at any time (iii) there are no transaction costs (iv) all market participants can lend and borrow money at the same, constant interest rate r (v) there are no dividend payments between t = 0 and t = T. (vi) : : : (taxes, short selling, : : : ) Idealized nancial markets
12 European call option: C(S; t; K ; dc = + 2 C 2 (S)2 dt dw Delta-hedging portfolio: (t) = C(S; d = S dt+s Eliminate the risk (i.e. the stochastic The No-arbitrage principle, i.e. d = r dt, now leads to the Black-Scholes (S)2 + Boundary condition: C(S; T ) = max(s K ; 0) rc = 0 dw
13 Solution to BS equations: change of variables: t; S! ; x = T t (2= 2 ) x = ln S K u(x; ) = e x+2 C(S; t) With appropriate choice of and : = 1 2 K 2r 2 1 = 1 2 2r Terminal condition at t = T becomes initial condition at = 0: 2 u u(x; = 0) = 0 for x < 0 e x e x for x 0
14 Using the Green function G(x; x 0 ; ) of the heat equation: u(x; ) = Z 1 1 with I (a) = e a2 +ax N G(x; x 0 ; ) u(x 0 ; = 0) dx 0 = I () I () x + 2a p 2 and N(x) 1 p 2 Z x e s2 =2 ds 1 Going back to original variables S and t leads to the Black-Scholes formulas: G(x; x 0 ; ) = 1 p 4 e (x x0 ) 2 =4 ;
15 The Black-Scholes formulas C(S; t) = S N(d 1 ) K e r (T t) N(d 2 ) d 1 = ln S K + r + 2 =2 (T t) p T t K + r 2 =2 (T t) d 2 = ln S p T t R stock price S strike price K N(x) p 1 x 2 1 e s2 =2 ds risk free interest rate r maturity T volatility!!
16 Discussion Main idea of MBS: Riskless portfolio, consisting of option and underlying asset, is possible. The stochastic process (i.e. the risk) can be eliminated since both stock and option depend on the same source of uncertainty! Important achievement of MBS: 1. In idealized markets, the risk associated with an option can be hedged away completely ( -hedging ). 2. The writer (seller) of an option does not need to ask for a risk premium (because, the average rate of return of the stock, has dropped out of the equations).
17 Discussion The Black-Scholes dierential equation is similar to the Fokker-Planck and Schrodinger equations of Physics and the Kolmogorov equation of Mathematics (but with important dierences!). The Merton-Black-Scholes theory contains important aspects of both Probability Theory/Statistics (probability distributions, stochastic processes) and Game Theory (arbitrage, strategy, decisions). The model allows for an exact, non-trivial solution. This may be compared to e.g. the Ising model in two dimensions for magnetism in (statistical) physics. Less appropriate would be to compare with the Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics
18 Implied volatility: imp C market (S; t; r ; ; K ; T ; : : :) C BS (S; t; r ; imp ; K ; T ) Figure: Implied volatility of options on the same underlying asset and expiring on the same day as a function of strike prices. ITM: in-the-money; ATM: at-the-money; OTM: out-of-the-money
19 VAEX-index: Volatility index voor opties op aandelen genoteerd in de AEX, voor de periode van 21 augustus 2008 tot en met 20 augustus VIX-index: Volatility index voor opties aan de CBOE (Chicago Board Options Exchange), gebaseerd op aandelen in de S&P500 (Standard & Poor's 500).
20 Figure: Volatility indices VAEX (options on AEX stocks) and VIX (options on S&P500 stocks), August August A case of universality?
21 Inspirators J. Tinbergen ( ) Ph.D Physics, Leiden; Ehrenfest (1st) Nobel Prize Economics 1969 T.C. Koopmans ( ) Ph.D Physics, Leiden; Kramers Koopmans' theorem (QM) 1934; Nobel Prize Economics 1975 E. Majorana (1906-\1938") child prodigy of Italian physics paper 1936/1942: Il valore leggi statistiche nella sica e nelle scienze sociali The Great Depression (US: /1941; NL: )
第 9 讲 : 股 票 期 权 定 价 : B-S 模 型 Valuing Stock Options: The Black-Scholes Model
1 第 9 讲 : 股 票 期 权 定 价 : B-S 模 型 Valuing Stock Options: The Black-Scholes Model Outline 有 关 股 价 的 假 设 The B-S Model 隐 性 波 动 性 Implied Volatility 红 利 与 期 权 定 价 Dividends and Option Pricing 美 式 期 权 定 价 American
More informationThe Black-Scholes Formula
FIN-40008 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS SPRING 2008 The Black-Scholes Formula These notes examine the Black-Scholes formula for European options. The Black-Scholes formula are complex as they are based on the
More informationJorge Cruz Lopez - Bus 316: Derivative Securities. Week 11. The Black-Scholes Model: Hull, Ch. 13.
Week 11 The Black-Scholes Model: Hull, Ch. 13. 1 The Black-Scholes Model Objective: To show how the Black-Scholes formula is derived and how it can be used to value options. 2 The Black-Scholes Model 1.
More informationCall Price as a Function of the Stock Price
Call Price as a Function of the Stock Price Intuitively, the call price should be an increasing function of the stock price. This relationship allows one to develop a theory of option pricing, derived
More informationBlack-Scholes Equation for Option Pricing
Black-Scholes Equation for Option Pricing By Ivan Karmazin, Jiacong Li 1. Introduction In early 1970s, Black, Scholes and Merton achieved a major breakthrough in pricing of European stock options and there
More informationInvesco Great Wall Fund Management Co. Shenzhen: June 14, 2008
: A Stern School of Business New York University Invesco Great Wall Fund Management Co. Shenzhen: June 14, 2008 Outline 1 2 3 4 5 6 se notes review the principles underlying option pricing and some of
More informationFinite Differences Schemes for Pricing of European and American Options
Finite Differences Schemes for Pricing of European and American Options Margarida Mirador Fernandes IST Technical University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal November 009 Abstract Starting with the Black-Scholes
More informationQUANTIZED INTEREST RATE AT THE MONEY FOR AMERICAN OPTIONS
QUANTIZED INTEREST RATE AT THE MONEY FOR AMERICAN OPTIONS L. M. Dieng ( Department of Physics, CUNY/BCC, New York, New York) Abstract: In this work, we expand the idea of Samuelson[3] and Shepp[,5,6] for
More informationOn Black-Scholes Equation, Black- Scholes Formula and Binary Option Price
On Black-Scholes Equation, Black- Scholes Formula and Binary Option Price Abstract: Chi Gao 12/15/2013 I. Black-Scholes Equation is derived using two methods: (1) risk-neutral measure; (2) - hedge. II.
More informationEXP 481 -- Capital Markets Option Pricing. Options: Definitions. Arbitrage Restrictions on Call Prices. Arbitrage Restrictions on Call Prices 1) C > 0
EXP 481 -- Capital Markets Option Pricing imple arbitrage relations Payoffs to call options Black-choles model Put-Call Parity Implied Volatility Options: Definitions A call option gives the buyer the
More informationCS 522 Computational Tools and Methods in Finance Robert Jarrow Lecture 1: Equity Options
CS 5 Computational Tools and Methods in Finance Robert Jarrow Lecture 1: Equity Options 1. Definitions Equity. The common stock of a corporation. Traded on organized exchanges (NYSE, AMEX, NASDAQ). A common
More informationTHE BLACK-SCHOLES MODEL AND EXTENSIONS
THE BLAC-SCHOLES MODEL AND EXTENSIONS EVAN TURNER Abstract. This paper will derive the Black-Scholes pricing model of a European option by calculating the expected value of the option. We will assume that
More informationOverview. Option Basics. Options and Derivatives. Professor Lasse H. Pedersen. Option basics and option strategies
Options and Derivatives Professor Lasse H. Pedersen Prof. Lasse H. Pedersen 1 Overview Option basics and option strategies No-arbitrage bounds on option prices Binomial option pricing Black-Scholes-Merton
More informationAmerican and European. Put Option
American and European Put Option Analytical Finance I Kinda Sumlaji 1 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction... 3 2. Option Style... 4 3. Put Option 4 3.1 Definition 4 3.2 Payoff at Maturity... 4 3.3 Example
More informationOptions: Valuation and (No) Arbitrage
Prof. Alex Shapiro Lecture Notes 15 Options: Valuation and (No) Arbitrage I. Readings and Suggested Practice Problems II. Introduction: Objectives and Notation III. No Arbitrage Pricing Bound IV. The Binomial
More informationPricing Barrier Options under Local Volatility
Abstract Pricing Barrier Options under Local Volatility Artur Sepp Mail: artursepp@hotmail.com, Web: www.hot.ee/seppar 16 November 2002 We study pricing under the local volatility. Our research is mainly
More informationLecture Notes: Basic Concepts in Option Pricing - The Black and Scholes Model
Brunel University Msc., EC5504, Financial Engineering Prof Menelaos Karanasos Lecture Notes: Basic Concepts in Option Pricing - The Black and Scholes Model Recall that the price of an option is equal to
More informationValuing Stock Options: The Black-Scholes-Merton Model. Chapter 13
Valuing Stock Options: The Black-Scholes-Merton Model Chapter 13 Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 8th Ed, Ch 13, Copyright John C. Hull 2013 1 The Black-Scholes-Merton Random Walk Assumption
More informationFIN 411 -- Investments Option Pricing. Options: Definitions. Arbitrage Restrictions on Call Prices. Arbitrage Restrictions on Call Prices
FIN 411 -- Investments Option Pricing imple arbitrage relations s to call options Black-choles model Put-Call Parity Implied Volatility Options: Definitions A call option gives the buyer the right, but
More informationMathematical Finance
Mathematical Finance Option Pricing under the Risk-Neutral Measure Cory Barnes Department of Mathematics University of Washington June 11, 2013 Outline 1 Probability Background 2 Black Scholes for European
More informationHow To Value Options In Black-Scholes Model
Option Pricing Basics Aswath Damodaran Aswath Damodaran 1 What is an option? An option provides the holder with the right to buy or sell a specified quantity of an underlying asset at a fixed price (called
More informationA Comparison of Option Pricing Models
A Comparison of Option Pricing Models Ekrem Kilic 11.01.2005 Abstract Modeling a nonlinear pay o generating instrument is a challenging work. The models that are commonly used for pricing derivative might
More informationCaput Derivatives: October 30, 2003
Caput Derivatives: October 30, 2003 Exam + Answers Total time: 2 hours and 30 minutes. Note 1: You are allowed to use books, course notes, and a calculator. Question 1. [20 points] Consider an investor
More informationNotes on Black-Scholes Option Pricing Formula
. Notes on Black-Scholes Option Pricing Formula by De-Xing Guan March 2006 These notes are a brief introduction to the Black-Scholes formula, which prices the European call options. The essential reading
More informationOption Valuation. Chapter 21
Option Valuation Chapter 21 Intrinsic and Time Value intrinsic value of in-the-money options = the payoff that could be obtained from the immediate exercise of the option for a call option: stock price
More informationChapter 8 Financial Options and Applications in Corporate Finance ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS
Chapter 8 Financial Options and Applications in Corporate Finance ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 8-1 a. An option is a contract which gives its holder the right to buy or sell an asset at some predetermined
More informationOn Market-Making and Delta-Hedging
On Market-Making and Delta-Hedging 1 Market Makers 2 Market-Making and Bond-Pricing On Market-Making and Delta-Hedging 1 Market Makers 2 Market-Making and Bond-Pricing What to market makers do? Provide
More informationLectures. Sergei Fedotov. 20912 - Introduction to Financial Mathematics. No tutorials in the first week
Lectures Sergei Fedotov 20912 - Introduction to Financial Mathematics No tutorials in the first week Sergei Fedotov (University of Manchester) 20912 2010 1 / 1 Lecture 1 1 Introduction Elementary economics
More informationHow To Price A Call Option
Now by Itô s formula But Mu f and u g in Ū. Hence τ θ u(x) =E( Mu(X) ds + u(x(τ θ))) 0 τ θ u(x) E( f(x) ds + g(x(τ θ))) = J x (θ). 0 But since u(x) =J x (θ ), we consequently have u(x) =J x (θ ) = min
More informationThe Black-Scholes pricing formulas
The Black-Scholes pricing formulas Moty Katzman September 19, 2014 The Black-Scholes differential equation Aim: Find a formula for the price of European options on stock. Lemma 6.1: Assume that a stock
More informationHedging of Financial Derivatives and Portfolio Insurance
Hedging of Financial Derivatives and Portfolio Insurance Gasper Godson Mwanga African Institute for Mathematical Sciences 6, Melrose Road, 7945 Muizenberg, Cape Town South Africa. e-mail: gasper@aims.ac.za,
More informationOption pricing. Vinod Kothari
Option pricing Vinod Kothari Notation we use this Chapter will be as follows: S o : Price of the share at time 0 S T : Price of the share at time T T : time to maturity of the option r : risk free rate
More informationUnderstanding Options and Their Role in Hedging via the Greeks
Understanding Options and Their Role in Hedging via the Greeks Bradley J. Wogsland Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1200 Options are priced assuming that
More informationOption Premium = Intrinsic. Speculative Value. Value
Chapters 4/ Part Options: Basic Concepts Options Call Options Put Options Selling Options Reading The Wall Street Journal Combinations of Options Valuing Options An Option-Pricing Formula Investment in
More informationPRICING DIGITAL CALL OPTION IN THE HESTON STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODEL
STUDIA UNIV. BABEŞ BOLYAI, MATHEMATICA, Volume XLVIII, Number 3, September 003 PRICING DIGITAL CALL OPTION IN THE HESTON STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODEL VASILE L. LAZAR Dedicated to Professor Gheorghe Micula
More informationOPTIONS MARKETS AND VALUATIONS (CHAPTERS 16 & 17)
OPTIONS MARKETS AND VALUATIONS (CHAPTERS 16 & 17) WHAT ARE OPTIONS? Derivative securities whose values are derived from the values of the underlying securities. Stock options quotations from WSJ. A call
More informationBlack-Scholes Option Pricing Model
Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model Nathan Coelen June 6, 22 1 Introduction Finance is one of the most rapidly changing and fastest growing areas in the corporate business world. Because of this rapid change,
More informationOption Portfolio Modeling
Value of Option (Total=Intrinsic+Time Euro) Option Portfolio Modeling Harry van Breen www.besttheindex.com E-mail: h.j.vanbreen@besttheindex.com Introduction The goal of this white paper is to provide
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS. A. Put-Call Parity 1 B. Comparing Options with Respect to Style, Maturity, and Strike 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. McDonald 9: "Parity and Other Option Relationships" A. Put-Call Parity 1 B. Comparing Options with Respect to Style, Maturity, and Strike 13 2. McDonald 10: "Binomial Option Pricing:
More informationLecture 6: Option Pricing Using a One-step Binomial Tree. Friday, September 14, 12
Lecture 6: Option Pricing Using a One-step Binomial Tree An over-simplified model with surprisingly general extensions a single time step from 0 to T two types of traded securities: stock S and a bond
More informationThe interest volatility surface
The interest volatility surface David Kohlberg Kandidatuppsats i matematisk statistik Bachelor Thesis in Mathematical Statistics Kandidatuppsats 2011:7 Matematisk statistik Juni 2011 www.math.su.se Matematisk
More informationLecture 21 Options Pricing
Lecture 21 Options Pricing Readings BM, chapter 20 Reader, Lecture 21 M. Spiegel and R. Stanton, 2000 1 Outline Last lecture: Examples of options Derivatives and risk (mis)management Replication and Put-call
More informationMonte Carlo Methods in Finance
Author: Yiyang Yang Advisor: Pr. Xiaolin Li, Pr. Zari Rachev Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics State University of New York at Stony Brook October 2, 2012 Outline Introduction 1 Introduction
More informationARBITRAGE-FREE OPTION PRICING MODELS. Denis Bell. University of North Florida
ARBITRAGE-FREE OPTION PRICING MODELS Denis Bell University of North Florida Modelling Stock Prices Example American Express In mathematical finance, it is customary to model a stock price by an (Ito) stochatic
More informationVolatility Index: VIX vs. GVIX
I. II. III. IV. Volatility Index: VIX vs. GVIX "Does VIX Truly Measure Return Volatility?" by Victor Chow, Wanjun Jiang, and Jingrui Li (214) An Ex-ante (forward-looking) approach based on Market Price
More informationAlternative Price Processes for Black-Scholes: Empirical Evidence and Theory
Alternative Price Processes for Black-Scholes: Empirical Evidence and Theory Samuel W. Malone April 19, 2002 This work is supported by NSF VIGRE grant number DMS-9983320. Page 1 of 44 1 Introduction This
More informationLecture 12: The Black-Scholes Model Steven Skiena. http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/ skiena
Lecture 12: The Black-Scholes Model Steven Skiena Department of Computer Science State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11794 4400 http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/ skiena The Black-Scholes-Merton Model
More informationDerivation of Local Volatility by Fabrice Douglas Rouah www.frouah.com www.volopta.com
Derivation of Local Volatility by Fabrice Douglas Rouah www.frouah.com www.volopta.com The derivation of local volatility is outlined in many papers and textbooks (such as the one by Jim Gatheral []),
More informationThe Black-Scholes-Merton Approach to Pricing Options
he Black-Scholes-Merton Approach to Pricing Options Paul J Atzberger Comments should be sent to: atzberg@mathucsbedu Introduction In this article we shall discuss the Black-Scholes-Merton approach to determining
More informationMoreover, under the risk neutral measure, it must be the case that (5) r t = µ t.
LECTURE 7: BLACK SCHOLES THEORY 1. Introduction: The Black Scholes Model In 1973 Fisher Black and Myron Scholes ushered in the modern era of derivative securities with a seminal paper 1 on the pricing
More informationOption Values. Determinants of Call Option Values. CHAPTER 16 Option Valuation. Figure 16.1 Call Option Value Before Expiration
CHAPTER 16 Option Valuation 16.1 OPTION VALUATION: INTRODUCTION Option Values Intrinsic value - profit that could be made if the option was immediately exercised Call: stock price - exercise price Put:
More informationFour Derivations of the Black Scholes PDE by Fabrice Douglas Rouah www.frouah.com www.volopta.com
Four Derivations of the Black Scholes PDE by Fabrice Douglas Rouah www.frouah.com www.volopta.com In this Note we derive the Black Scholes PDE for an option V, given by @t + 1 + rs @S2 @S We derive the
More informationApplication of options in hedging of crude oil price risk
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND MANAGEMEN SCIENCES ISSN rint: 156-154, ISSN Online: 151-1559 doi:1.551/ajsms.1.1.1.67.74 1, ScienceHuβ, http://www.scihub.org/ajsms Application of options in hedging of crude
More informationwhere N is the standard normal distribution function,
The Black-Scholes-Merton formula (Hull 13.5 13.8) Assume S t is a geometric Brownian motion w/drift. Want market value at t = 0 of call option. European call option with expiration at time T. Payout at
More informationVolatility as an indicator of Supply and Demand for the Option. the price of a stock expressed as a decimal or percentage.
Option Greeks - Evaluating Option Price Sensitivity to: Price Changes to the Stock Time to Expiration Alterations in Interest Rates Volatility as an indicator of Supply and Demand for the Option Different
More informationAsian Option Pricing Formula for Uncertain Financial Market
Sun and Chen Journal of Uncertainty Analysis and Applications (215) 3:11 DOI 1.1186/s4467-15-35-7 RESEARCH Open Access Asian Option Pricing Formula for Uncertain Financial Market Jiajun Sun 1 and Xiaowei
More informationBond Options, Caps and the Black Model
Bond Options, Caps and the Black Model Black formula Recall the Black formula for pricing options on futures: C(F, K, σ, r, T, r) = Fe rt N(d 1 ) Ke rt N(d 2 ) where d 1 = 1 [ σ ln( F T K ) + 1 ] 2 σ2
More informationChapter 1: Financial Markets and Financial Derivatives
Chapter 1: Financial Markets and Financial Derivatives 1.1 Financial Markets Financial markets are markets for financial instruments, in which buyers and sellers find each other and create or exchange
More informationDiusion processes. Olivier Scaillet. University of Geneva and Swiss Finance Institute
Diusion processes Olivier Scaillet University of Geneva and Swiss Finance Institute Outline 1 Brownian motion 2 Itô integral 3 Diusion processes 4 Black-Scholes 5 Equity linked life insurance 6 Merton
More informationCall and Put. Options. American and European Options. Option Terminology. Payoffs of European Options. Different Types of Options
Call and Put Options A call option gives its holder the right to purchase an asset for a specified price, called the strike price, on or before some specified expiration date. A put option gives its holder
More informationDoes Black-Scholes framework for Option Pricing use Constant Volatilities and Interest Rates? New Solution for a New Problem
Does Black-Scholes framework for Option Pricing use Constant Volatilities and Interest Rates? New Solution for a New Problem Gagan Deep Singh Assistant Vice President Genpact Smart Decision Services Financial
More informationAn Introduction to Exotic Options
An Introduction to Exotic Options Jeff Casey Jeff Casey is entering his final semester of undergraduate studies at Ball State University. He is majoring in Financial Mathematics and has been a math tutor
More informationLecture 11: The Greeks and Risk Management
Lecture 11: The Greeks and Risk Management This lecture studies market risk management from the perspective of an options trader. First, we show how to describe the risk characteristics of derivatives.
More informationLecture 15. Sergei Fedotov. 20912 - Introduction to Financial Mathematics. Sergei Fedotov (University of Manchester) 20912 2010 1 / 6
Lecture 15 Sergei Fedotov 20912 - Introduction to Financial Mathematics Sergei Fedotov (University of Manchester) 20912 2010 1 / 6 Lecture 15 1 Black-Scholes Equation and Replicating Portfolio 2 Static
More informationFinance 436 Futures and Options Review Notes for Final Exam. Chapter 9
Finance 436 Futures and Options Review Notes for Final Exam Chapter 9 1. Options: call options vs. put options, American options vs. European options 2. Characteristics: option premium, option type, underlying
More informationA Genetic Algorithm to Price an European Put Option Using the Geometric Mean Reverting Model
Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol 8, 14, no 143, 715-7135 HIKARI Ltd, wwwm-hikaricom http://dxdoiorg/11988/ams144644 A Genetic Algorithm to Price an European Put Option Using the Geometric Mean Reverting
More informationChapter 2: Binomial Methods and the Black-Scholes Formula
Chapter 2: Binomial Methods and the Black-Scholes Formula 2.1 Binomial Trees We consider a financial market consisting of a bond B t = B(t), a stock S t = S(t), and a call-option C t = C(t), where the
More informationFinance 400 A. Penati - G. Pennacchi. Option Pricing
Finance 400 A. Penati - G. Pennacchi Option Pricing Earlier we derived general pricing relationships for contingent claims in terms of an equilibrium stochastic discount factor or in terms of elementary
More information1 The Black-Scholes Formula
1 The Black-Scholes Formula In 1973 Fischer Black and Myron Scholes published a formula - the Black-Scholes formula - for computing the theoretical price of a European call option on a stock. Their paper,
More informationLecture 4: The Black-Scholes model
OPTIONS and FUTURES Lecture 4: The Black-Scholes model Philip H. Dybvig Washington University in Saint Louis Black-Scholes option pricing model Lognormal price process Call price Put price Using Black-Scholes
More informationWeek 13 Introduction to the Greeks and Portfolio Management:
Week 13 Introduction to the Greeks and Portfolio Management: Hull, Ch. 17; Poitras, Ch.9: I, IIA, IIB, III. 1 Introduction to the Greeks and Portfolio Management Objective: To explain how derivative portfolios
More informationJung-Soon Hyun and Young-Hee Kim
J. Korean Math. Soc. 43 (2006), No. 4, pp. 845 858 TWO APPROACHES FOR STOCHASTIC INTEREST RATE OPTION MODEL Jung-Soon Hyun and Young-Hee Kim Abstract. We present two approaches of the stochastic interest
More informationIntroduction to Options. Derivatives
Introduction to Options Econ 422: Investment, Capital & Finance University of Washington Summer 2010 August 18, 2010 Derivatives A derivative is a security whose payoff or value depends on (is derived
More information15.401 Finance Theory
Finance Theory MIT Sloan MBA Program Andrew W. Lo Harris & Harris Group Professor, MIT Sloan School Lectures 10 11 11: : Options Critical Concepts Motivation Payoff Diagrams Payoff Tables Option Strategies
More informationOn the Valuation of Power-Reverse Duals and Equity-Rates Hybrids
On the Valuation of Power-Reverse Duals and Equity-Rates Hybrids Oliver Caps oliver.caps@dkib.com RMT Model Validation Rates Dresdner Bank Examples of Hybrid Products Pricing of Hybrid Products using a
More informationPricing of an Exotic Forward Contract
Pricing of an Exotic Forward Contract Jirô Akahori, Yuji Hishida and Maho Nishida Dept. of Mathematical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan E-mail: {akahori,
More informationGoals. Options. Derivatives: Definition. Goals. Definitions Options. Spring 2007 Lecture Notes 4.6.1 Readings:Mayo 28.
Goals Options Spring 27 Lecture Notes 4.6.1 Readings:Mayo 28 Definitions Options Call option Put option Option strategies Derivatives: Definition Derivative: Any security whose payoff depends on any other
More informationOption Pricing. Chapter 4 Including dividends in the BS model. Stefan Ankirchner. University of Bonn. last update: 6th November 2013
Option Pricing Chapter 4 Including dividends in the BS model Stefan Ankirchner University of Bonn last update: 6th November 2013 Stefan Ankirchner Option Pricing 1 Dividend payments So far: we assumed
More informationExam MFE Spring 2007 FINAL ANSWER KEY 1 B 2 A 3 C 4 E 5 D 6 C 7 E 8 C 9 A 10 B 11 D 12 A 13 E 14 E 15 C 16 D 17 B 18 A 19 D
Exam MFE Spring 2007 FINAL ANSWER KEY Question # Answer 1 B 2 A 3 C 4 E 5 D 6 C 7 E 8 C 9 A 10 B 11 D 12 A 13 E 14 E 15 C 16 D 17 B 18 A 19 D **BEGINNING OF EXAMINATION** ACTUARIAL MODELS FINANCIAL ECONOMICS
More informationFour Derivations of the Black-Scholes Formula by Fabrice Douglas Rouah www.frouah.com www.volopta.com
Four Derivations of the Black-Scholes Formula by Fabrice Douglas Rouah www.frouah.com www.volota.com In this note we derive in four searate ways the well-known result of Black and Scholes that under certain
More informationInstitutional Finance 08: Dynamic Arbitrage to Replicate Non-linear Payoffs. Binomial Option Pricing: Basics (Chapter 10 of McDonald)
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 08-1 Institutional Finance 08: Dynamic Arbitrage to Replicate Non-linear Payoffs Binomial Option Pricing: Basics (Chapter 10 of McDonald) Originally prepared
More informationFINANCIAL ECONOMICS OPTION PRICING
OPTION PRICING Options are contingency contracts that specify payoffs if stock prices reach specified levels. A call option is the right to buy a stock at a specified price, X, called the strike price.
More informationBlack-Scholes and the Volatility Surface
IEOR E4707: Financial Engineering: Continuous-Time Models Fall 2009 c 2009 by Martin Haugh Black-Scholes and the Volatility Surface When we studied discrete-time models we used martingale pricing to derive
More informationOptions, pre-black Scholes
Options, pre-black Scholes Modern finance seems to believe that the option pricing theory starts with the foundation articles of Black, Scholes (973) and Merton (973). This is far from being true. Numerous
More informationFIN-40008 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS SPRING 2008
FIN-40008 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS SPRING 2008 Options These notes consider the way put and call options and the underlying can be combined to create hedges, spreads and combinations. We will consider the
More informationOption Pricing with S+FinMetrics. PETER FULEKY Department of Economics University of Washington
Option Pricing with S+FinMetrics PETER FULEKY Department of Economics University of Washington August 27, 2007 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Terminology.............................. 3 1.2 Option Positions...........................
More informationCHAPTER 20. Financial Options. Chapter Synopsis
CHAPTER 20 Financial Options Chapter Synopsis 20.1 Option Basics A financial option gives its owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a financial asset at a fixed price on or until a specified
More informationLecture 4: Properties of stock options
Lecture 4: Properties of stock options Reading: J.C.Hull, Chapter 9 An European call option is an agreement between two parties giving the holder the right to buy a certain asset (e.g. one stock unit)
More informationValuation of American Options
Valuation of American Options Among the seminal contributions to the mathematics of finance is the paper F. Black and M. Scholes, The pricing of options and corporate liabilities, Journal of Political
More informationConvenient Conventions
C: call value. P : put value. X: strike price. S: stock price. D: dividend. Convenient Conventions c 2015 Prof. Yuh-Dauh Lyuu, National Taiwan University Page 168 Payoff, Mathematically Speaking The payoff
More informationVIX, the CBOE Volatility Index
VIX, the CBOE Volatility Index Ser-Huang Poon September 5, 008 The volatility index compiled by the CBOE (Chicago Board of Option Exchange) has been shown to capture nancial turmoil and produce good volatility
More informationOPTIONS and FUTURES Lecture 2: Binomial Option Pricing and Call Options
OPTIONS and FUTURES Lecture 2: Binomial Option Pricing and Call Options Philip H. Dybvig Washington University in Saint Louis binomial model replicating portfolio single period artificial (risk-neutral)
More informationOptions Pricing. This is sometimes referred to as the intrinsic value of the option.
Options Pricing We will use the example of a call option in discussing the pricing issue. Later, we will turn our attention to the Put-Call Parity Relationship. I. Preliminary Material Recall the payoff
More informationHow To Value Real Options
FIN 673 Pricing Real Options Professor Robert B.H. Hauswald Kogod School of Business, AU From Financial to Real Options Option pricing: a reminder messy and intuitive: lattices (trees) elegant and mysterious:
More informationWeek 12. Options on Stock Indices and Currencies: Hull, Ch. 15. Employee Stock Options: Hull, Ch. 14.
Week 12 Options on Stock Indices and Currencies: Hull, Ch. 15. Employee Stock Options: Hull, Ch. 14. 1 Options on Stock Indices and Currencies Objective: To explain the basic asset pricing techniques used
More informationReview of Basic Options Concepts and Terminology
Review of Basic Options Concepts and Terminology March 24, 2005 1 Introduction The purchase of an options contract gives the buyer the right to buy call options contract or sell put options contract some
More informationThe Valuation of Currency Options
The Valuation of Currency Options Nahum Biger and John Hull Both Nahum Biger and John Hull are Associate Professors of Finance in the Faculty of Administrative Studies, York University, Canada. Introduction
More informationPart V: Option Pricing Basics
erivatives & Risk Management First Week: Part A: Option Fundamentals payoffs market microstructure Next 2 Weeks: Part B: Option Pricing fundamentals: intrinsic vs. time value, put-call parity introduction
More informationBlack-Scholes-Merton approach merits and shortcomings
Black-Scholes-Merton approach merits and shortcomings Emilia Matei 1005056 EC372 Term Paper. Topic 3 1. Introduction The Black-Scholes and Merton method of modelling derivatives prices was first introduced
More information