Den nordiske skogen forener bruk og bevaring
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1 Den nordiske skogen forener bruk og bevaring The Nordic forest - use and conservation in combination Skogbildet varierer mellom de nordiske land, men de nordiske skogene har likevel mange likheter. I våre skoger forenes natur, friluftsliv og treproduksjon. The Nordic forests have regional differences, but there are also many similarities. In our forests nature and recreation are combined with timber production. Skogmarihand (Dactylorhiza maculata) trives i skog og enger. The Spotted orchid is found in forests and meadows. Photo: John Y. Larsson, Skog og landskap En bæredyktig bruk av skogen sikrer at både nåtidige og fremtidige behov kan tilgodeses. Sustainable use of the forest assures that both present and future needs are fulfilled. En vårlig bøkeskog innbyr til skogtur. A beech forest in spring welcomes us to a stroll. Photo: Bjerne Ditlevsen, Skov- og Naturstyrelsen
2 Hållbart skogsbruk kräver förnyelse Sustainable forestry demands regeneration I många hundra år blev de nordiska skogarna avverkade utan en tanke på föryngring. Island tappade nästan all skogsvegetation, och i många delar av övriga Norden uppstod i början av talet begreppet den gröna lögnen. Skogen innehöll inte längre tillräckligt med virke för att kunna förse industrin och hushållen med det virke och den ved de behövde. Ved eller möbelvirke? Investeringar i god skogsföryngring ger valmöjligheter i framtiden för skogsägare och samhälle. Firewood or veneer? Investments in proper forest regeneration support future forest owners and society with alternative options for utilization. Photo: Ragnar Johnskås, Skogfrøverket For centuries, the Nordic forests were harvested without a thought for regeneration. Iceland lost almost all of its forests. At the beginning of the 20 th century, the notion the green lie became well known in the Nordic countries. Sparse spruce and pine stands could no longer support industry and households with the desired amount of lumber and firewood. Skogsbruket och vårt samhälle skördar idag och i många år framöver resultatet av de investeringar i form av skogsplantering som utfördes på 50- och 60-talen. På grund av ökade kostnader har viljan att investera i plantering av nya plantor och underhålla den unga skogen avtagit på många ställen. Detta får på sikt konsekvenser för tillgången på timmer av god kvalitet en utveckling som måste stoppas. Today and for many years to come, forestry and society are harvesting the investments in tree planting that took place during the fifties and sixties. Due to increased costs, the will to plant and to tend young stands have decreased in many areas. In the long run, this will affect the supply of good quality timber. Tid för eftertanke. Gran eller björk, plantering eller naturlig föryngring - många valmöjligheter för en livslång investering. Moments of reflection. Spruce or birch, planting or natural regeneration many considerations to take prior to a lifelong investment. Photo: Ragnar Johnskås, Skogfrøverket
3 Allt byrjar það á fræi It all starts with a seed Sjálfbær skógrækt byggir á því að skógurinn endurnýjist. Það getur gerst við náttúrlega endurnýjun, sáningar eða gróðursetningar. En í öllum tilfellum byrjar það með litlu fræi sem ber eiginleika móðurtrésins í sér. Sustainable forestry is built on regeneration, which can take place using natural regeneration, sowing or planting. Regardless of method, the starting point is a small seed, carrying the properties of the mature tree. Eftir gott fræár má finna næstu kynslóð á skógarbotninum. A good seed year has provided the forest floor with new spruce seedlings. Photo: Kjersti Holt Hanssen, Skog og landskap Framtíð skógarins felst í erfðaefni fræsins og plantnanna sem hann rís upp af. Þess vegna er mikilvægt að vanda valið á efniviðnum sem á að nota. Með því að nota kynbættar plöntur er hægt að auka framleiðni skógarins um prósent. Plönturnar þurfa þó alltaf að vera vel lagaðar að aðstæðum á vaxtarstað. Seeds and seedlings provide the genetic framework for the forest stand. Therefore, the choice of regeneration material is important. Breeding may increase the volume production with %. However, the seedlings must always be adapted to the local climate. Ein planta komin á sinn stað hvar er best að setja næstu? One seedling planted where should I put the next one? Photo: Øyvind M. Edvardsen, Skogfrøverket
4 Provenienser når forskellighed er viktig Provenances when difference matters Vækstbetingelserne i Norden er forskelligartede. Eg, bøg, birk, gran og fyr findes i store dele af Norden. Men det er forskellige typer ( provenienser ) af den enkelte træart, der findes de forskellige steder. Growth conditions differ in the Nordic countries. Oak, beech, birch, spruce and pine are widespread in the Nordic countries. But different types ( provenances ) of the tree species are present at different sites. Gammelt fyrretræ, formet av vejr og vind. An old pine tree, shaped by wind and weather. Photo: John Y. Larsson, Skog og landskap Proveniens betyder kommer fra og betegner træets afstamning. Afstamningen har betydning for træets vækst og egenskaber. Viden om hvilke typer (provenienser), der i særlig grad er egnede på et givet voksested er et vigtigt grundlag for fremavl af godt plantemateriale og for bæredygtig skovdrift. Provenance means come from and describes the origin of the tree. The origin has importance for growth and characteristics. Knowledge about performance of provenances at different sites is important for breeding and sustainable forestry. NordGen Skog bidrager til videnudveksling om provenienser - også på nettet. NordGen Skog contributes to exchange of knowledge about use of provenances, also on the web.
5 Skogtrærnes genetiske ressurser Genetic resources of forest trees For de aller fleste er et tre i skogen bare enda et tre - blant veldig mange trær i skogen. Trærne er likevel forskjellige individer som viser stor genetisk variasjon for mange egenskaper. Noen egenskaper er svært viktige for trærnes overlevelse, vekst og utvikling. For most people a tree in the forest is just another tree among many others. Still, trees are individuals showing substantial variation in many traits. Some traits are crucial for the trees survival, growth and development. Gran med søyleform skyldes en mutasjon i treets DNA. Spesiell, men ikke unik! Monolitten i Norge. A tall narrow shaped Norway spruce caused by a mutation in the trees DNA. Special but not unique! Photo: Vidar Johnskås Skogbruket utnytter trærnes genetiske variasjon for å produsere frø og planter med egenskaper fordelaktig i et økonomisk skogbruk. Ved å opprettholde høy genetisk variasjon i skogbrukets foryngelsesmaterialer sikres grunnlaget for naturlige evolusjonsprosesser hvilket betyr genbevaring av skogtrær på naturens premisser. Foresters utilize the trees genetic diversity to produce seeds and plants with qualities advantageous in commercial forestry. By maintaining a high level of genetic diversity in the forestry regeneration material, the foundation for natural processes of evolution are assured which means safeguarding the trees genetic resources in a natural way. Mange av de nordiske treslagene sprer pollen og frø med vinden, hvilket bidrar til høy genetisk variasjon. Many nordic tree species disperse pollen and seeds long distances by wind, assuring large genetic variation. Photo: Ragnar Johnskås, Skogfrøverket
6 Yhdistää käytännön ja tieteen Unites practice and science Pohjoismainen metsätalous kehittyy jatkuvasti pystyäkseen vastaamaan nykyajan vaatimuksiin ja odotuksiin. The Nordic Forestry is under continuous development in order to meet the demands and expectations of today. Paakkutaimien käytöstä keskustellaan NordGen in teemapäivällä. Use of container seedlings is debated at a NordGen thematic day. Photo: Gunnar Friis Proschowsky, Skov- og Naturstyrelsen. Left and right photo by Dan Aamlid, Skog og landskap. NordGen Metsä on kohtaamispaikka, jossa käytännön toimijat, tutkijat ja hallinnon edustajat vaihtavat mielipiteitä ja keskustelevat ideoista ja tiedoista. Se muodostaa perustan jatkuvalle kehitykselle. NordGen Forest is a meeting place where practitioners, researchers, and public administrators can exchange and discuss ideas and knowledge. It forms the basis of continuous development.
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