Wind Power Overview - with offshore focus. Jörgen Svensson Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Transcription

1 Wind Power Overview - with offshore focus Jörgen Svensson Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

2 Organisation - research group Lund university, 1666, students staff 7200 Faculty of Engineering, LTH (8), students 9500 staff 1500 Dep. of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering 18 Div. of Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation (IEA) - Electrical power-, Electrical drive- & Automation-systems; Electrical Power System research group Associate professors; Olof Samuelsson, Jörgen Svensson Postdocs; Jonas Johansson PhD students; Ingmar Leisse, Evripidis Karatsivos, Finn Landegren, Reza Safari Tirtashi Researchers; Lars Lindgren, Francesco Sulla, Johan Björnstedt Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 2

3 Outline Wind Power Market Expansion A Technology Integration challenges Research B Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 3

4 Part A Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 4

5 Market Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 5

6 Wind Power A power that grows in the world Total energy use TWh/year Electricity mTWh/year (2007) +25% 282 GW (93) +30% N America 66 (18) +55% 5.1 (0.5) Europe +15% 107 (57) +15% 1 (0.5) Asia (China) +44% 100 (16) +26% 3.2 (1) Year GW 2001: : : : : : : : : : : 237-2% 2012: 282-3% Global expansion of 20-30% (19%) annually and one of the largest markets Total capacity 282 GW (<600 TWh, <3%) in 2012 and 45 GW added in 2012 The wind sector had a turnover of 60 billion Euro in 2012 WWEA sees a global capacity of 500 GW as possible by the year 2016 and more than 1000 GW by the year GW = 500 wind turbines of 2 MW WWEA - World Wind Energy Association ? - 7.5% 2020: 1000? - 15% 2050: 5000? - 75%

7 Wind share of total electricity consumption Europe Denmark 50% wind power by 2020 Ireland 40 % RES by 2020 Spain 41% RES (21% WP) by 2020 Germany no nuclear power by 2021 (35% RES by 2020 and 80 by 2050)

8 Sweden installed capacity wind turbines 2100 MW 3.5 TWh (2.4%) + 35% wind turbines 2900 MW 6.1 TWh (4.2%) + 74% (38%) wind turbines 3700 MW 7.2 TWh ( %) + 18% (27%) In addition, a total of >100 wind power projects >10 MW have ongoing environmental investigations. If implemented, this is a total of about >4000 wind turbines with an annual production of >35 TWh. In Sweden, the electric certificate system is the driving force: Target1: 17 TWh new green electricity year 2016 Target2: 25 TWh new green electricity year 2020 compared to 2002 Swedish Energy Agency has proposed a new goal for wind power of 30 TWh per year until 2020 that with the right conditions is possible - about 20% of the electricity consumption.

9 Global expansion challenge Where to build new wind power on a global scale?

10 Where to build future WPPs good wind speed? Time perspective? - on Expansion - on Research WPP WPP PV PV PV WPP WPP Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 10

11 Offshore wind power Why? +Chepaer investment +Less complex, technically -Lack of locations for onshore projects (into woods, up in north) -Lack of public acceptance of onshore projects +Higher wind speed +Less complex planning process +Larger project economy of scale +Lower wind shear -> lower tower + Potential for very large wind turbines -Large investments (foundations, cables, substations) -More expensive O&M - Waves, salt, ice

12 Offshore WPP Development- Status GW offshore and onshore >4 GW offshore (Europe) GW offshore GW offshore (600 TWh/year) GW (4.000 TWh/year, 20%) - 20xx 4000 GW ( TWh/year, 80%) Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 12

13 The 15 largest offshore WPPs in operation today

14 Offshore Wind Power Plant Development - Phase 1: short distance - Phase 2: long distance - Phase 3: oceans Nation A TSO Plans for many new interconnectors Open up for new large sites for WP In range >1000 MW Distance more than 30 km to shore TSO Offshore power system SU TSO Nation B >30 km Wind Power System TSO control area Substaion (shallow) Transmission line Navigable passage boundary TSO Driving forces: 1. Interconnect nations and Nation C markets together with the target goal on renewals Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 2. More economical utilisation of grid through shared 14 use

15 Offshore DC-Grid Development Global cumulative wind power capacity (MW) HVDC- links ---> DC - Grids Source: EWEA 2009 Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 15

16 Global Super DC-Grids 2025? - Large infrastructures (mix of AC & DC) - Combination of many new technologies (Renewables, Power Electronics, Automation) - Transmission capacities: 10, 20, 30 GW? ? 2050? Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 16

17 Technology challenge

18 Technology? Criteria buyer wishes! Efficient high output, no losses Available never stop Robust/durable hold forever Investment/maintenance cheap Rotor-Capacity relation Number of blades Drive train Low losses Few components High quality of components Cost-effective manufacturing Competition Proven design Failure statistics today? Standard design

19 Failure statistics High failure rate of electrical system and electric control systems Long downtime on the gearbox, generator and drive train Mean time to repair a fault is 130 hours Gearbox and yaw system takes an average of 270 hours to repair WTs larger than 1 MW show an increasing failure rate over the number of years of operation For gearboxes, the number of errors decreased in recent years while the stop time has increased -> cold climate, mountains, woods? -> less failure rates, especially offshore? Source: Windenergy Report Germany > design issue; few components, high component quality (gearless solution?)

20 Technology Wind turbines a) b) HAWT, VAWT Gear box Gen Gear box Gen c) d) Gen Gear box Gen 274 m 10 MW 2012 MW Rotor (m) offshore Lunds universitet / LTH/ Mätteknik och industriell elektroteknik/ IEA 20