The Apache Cassandra storage engine
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1 The Apache Cassandra storage engine Sylvain Lebresne FOSDEM 12, Brussels
2 1. What is Apache Cassandra 2. Data Model 3. The storage engine
3 1. What is Apache Cassandra 2. Data Model 3. The storage engine
4 about:project Distributed data store aimed at big data. Apache project since Version 1.0 released last October. Proven in production (Netflix, Twitter, Reddit, Cisco,...). Largest know cluster has over 300TB in over 400 machines.
5 Apache Cassandra
6 Apache Cassandra A database:
7 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized
8 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized replicated & durable
9 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized replicated & durable scalable / elastic
10 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized replicated & durable scalable / elastic
11 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized replicated & durable scalable / elastic fault-tolerant / no SPOF
12 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized replicated & durable scalable / elastic fault-tolerant / no SPOF highly available
13 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized replicated & durable scalable / elastic fault-tolerant / no SPOF highly available
14 Apache Cassandra A database: distributed / decentralized replicated & durable scalable / elastic fault-tolerant / no SPOF highly available data center aware US Europe
15 1. What is Apache Cassandra 2. Data Model 3. The storage engine
16 Data Model Not SQL (no transaction, nor joins) but more than Key/Value. Inspired by Google BigTable Column families based.
17 Ex: user profiles For each user, holds profile infos 50e8-e29b birth_year 1994 fname lname Justin Bieber Users
18 Ex: user profiles For each user, holds profile infos 50e8-e29b birth_year ab1-f1b7 birth_year 1978 fname Justin lname Bieber fname Ashton lname Kutcher Users
19 Ex: user s Tweets For each user, tweets he has made 50e8-e29b Timeline
20 Ex: user s Tweets For each user, tweets he has made 50e8-e29b glad you had a good birthday #muchlove Timeline
21 Ex: user s Tweets For each user, tweets he has made 50e8-e29b 1 happy bday my glad you had a good birthday #muchlove Timeline
22 Ex: user s Tweets For each user, tweets he has made 50e8-e29b 2 thanks for the gam happy bday my glad you had a good birthday #muchlove Timeline
23 Ex: user s Tweets For each user, tweets he has made 50e8-e29b still a little tired. back in the studio today thanks for the gam happy bday my glad you had a good birthday #muchlove Timeline
24 There s more Secondary indexes Distributed counters Composite columns
25 1. What is Apache Cassandra 2. Data Model 3. The storage engine
26 Goal Writes are harder than reads to scale Spinning disks aren t good with random I/O Goal: minimize random I/O
27 A write s journey write( k1, c1:v1 ) Memory Memtable Commit log Hard drive
28 A write s journey write( k1, c1:v1 ) Memory k1 c1:v1 Memtable k1 c1:v1 Commit log Hard drive
29 A write s journey ack k1 c1:v1 Memory k1 c1:v1 Hard drive
30 A write s journey write( k2, c1:v1 c2:v2 ) k1 k2 c1:v1 c1:v1 c2:v2 Memory k1 c1:v1 k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 Hard drive
31 A write s journey write( k1, c1:v4 c3:v3 c2:v2 ) k1 c1:v4 c2:v2 c3:v3 Memory k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 k1 c1:v1 k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 k1 c1:v4 c3:v3 c2:v2 Hard drive
32 A write s journey Memory flush index cleanup k1 c1:v4 c2:v2 c3:v3 k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 SSTable Hard drive
33 A write s journey more updates k1 k2 c1:v5 c4:v4 c1:v2 c3:v3 Memory k2 c1:v2 c3:v3 k1 c1:v5 c4:v4 index k1 k2 c1:v4 c2:v2 c1:v1 c2:v2 c3:v3 Hard drive
34 A write s journey Memory flush index index k1 c1:v4 c2:v2 c3:v3 k1 c1:v5 c4:v4 k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 k2 c1:v2 c3:v3 Hard drive
35 Writes properties No reads or seeks Only sequential I/O Immutable SSTables: easy snapshots
36 A read s journey read( k1 ) Memory? index index k1 c1:v4 c2:v2 c3:v3 k1 c1:v5 c4:v4 k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 k2 c1:v2 c3:v3 Hard drive
37 A read s journey k1 c1:v5 c2:v2 c3:v3 c4:v4 Memory merge index index k1 c1:v4 c2:v2 c3:v3 k1 c1:v5 c4:v4 k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 k2 c1:v2 c3:v3 Hard drive
38 Compaction Goal: keep the number of SSTables low Merge sort against multiple sstables Sequential I/O
39 Compaction Goal: keep the number of SSTables low Merge sort against multiple sstables Sequential I/O index k1 k2 c1:v4 c2:v2 c1:v1 c2:v2 c3:v3 k1 k2 index c1:v5 c4:v4 c1:v2 c3:v3
40 Compaction Goal: keep the number of SSTables low Merge sort against multiple sstables Sequential I/O index k1 c1:v4 c2:v2 c3:v3 k2 c1:v1 c2:v2 index index k1 k2 c1:v5 c2:v2 c3:v3 c1:v2 c2:v2 c3:v3 c4:v4 k1 k2 c1:v5 c4:v4 c1:v2 c3:v3
41 Optimizations Row Cache Bloom filters: eliminates whole SSTable Key Cache Rows & Columns Indexes...
42 Other features Compression Checksums Time to live
43 Questions?
44 Cassandra 1.1 scheduled for next month
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