The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe

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1 Primary funding is provided by The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers Additional support provided by AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 1

2 Dennis Dria E&P Applications of Fiber Optic Technologies Myden Energy Consulting PLLC May 2012 Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 2

3 Fiber Optic Sensing in E&P Why Fiber Optic Monitoring? Where we are How it works an overview Field examples 3

4 Why Fiber Optics? Well design may limit intervention or prevent Production Logging Need real-time data for control Smart well operation Developed and successfully deployed temperature, pressure, strain and acoustics No down-hole electronics - > high temperature 4 Reliability has been established 4

5 Well & Reservoir Monitoring Needs Well & Completion Integrity Casing & tubing leaks, sand control components Production Flow Monitoring Zonal allocation, gas/water breakthrough Injection Monitoring Injection profile, fracture growth Stimulation Diagnostics Thermal Flood Monitoring 5 5

6 Well & Reservoir Monitoring Needs Well & Completion Integrity Production Flow Monitoring Could we see damage Injection Profiling onset early enough to prevent failure? Thermal Flood Monitoring 6 6

7 Fiber Optics Sensing Single Point Sensor Fiber Sensing Element Multi-point (quasi-distributed) Sensor Fiber Multiple Sensing Elements Distributed Sensor Fiber Fiber itself is Continuous Sensing Element 7 7

8 Single Point Sensing Fabry-Perot concept response to pressure is a function of the distance between two reflectors Externally pressured cavity (e.g. well pressure) Applied pressure Applied pressure applied perssure causes change in cavity length, measured optically 8

9 Single Point Sensing (cont d) and practical realization for downhole applications Externally pressured cavity (e.g. well pressure) Applied pressure Applied pressure applied perssure causes change in cavity length, measured optically FO Single Sensor example: Fabry-Perot fiber-optic pressure sensing element (courtesy of Baker Hughes) 9

10 Single Point Sensing (cont d) and practical realization for downhole applications Externally pressured cavity (e.g. well pressure) Applied pressure Applied pressure applied perssure causes change in cavity length, measured optically FO Single Sensor example: Fabry-Perot fiber-optic pressure sensing element (courtesy of Baker Hughes) EFPI (External Fabry-Perot) Pressure- Temperature gauge sensors (courtesy of Baker Hughes) 10

11 Courtesy of Baker Hughes 11 11

12 Single-Point Sensor Fiber Analog is downhole P gauge Various sensing methods Different gauges available P, T, flow, seismic Installation similar to conventional gauges 12 12

13 Bragg Grating Multi-point Precision Sensing for high-temperature thermal flood monitoring Courtesy of Robert Caporuscio, 2011 SPE workshop on Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing 13

14 Discretely Distributed Sensors Multiple Sensing Elements (hundreds to thousands) Example - Strain image of pipe deformation Pipe bent in test Shape determined by strain imaging Courtesy of Pearce, et al., SPWLA 2009

15 Distributed Sensing Fiber Continuously-Distributed: Sensing Elements are microscopic defects in glass Fiber itself is the sensor Back-scattered light carries information 15 15

16 Distributed Sensing Fiber Continuously-Distributed: Sensing Elements are microscopic defects in glass Fiber itself is the sensor Back-scattered light carries information Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) 16 16

17 Distributed Temperature Sensing 17 17

18 E&P Company DTS applications a select list of published examples only, not meant to be comprehensive Gas Lift monitoring/optimization SPE 67729, SPE 92962, SPE Production/inflow monitoring SPE 84324, SPE 87631, SPE 92962, SPE Injection profiling, water management SPE 90248, SPE 95419, SPE 94989, SPE Enhanced Recovery (CO 2, Thermal) SPE 90248, SPE Well integrity and monitoring SPE 62952, SPE , SPE ESP optimization SPE Fracture Height Monitoring SPE Real-time stimulation monitoring SPE , SPE

19 E&P Company DTS applications a select list of published examples only, not meant to be comprehensive Aera Energy AGIP Anadarko BHP Petroleum BP BSP (Brunei) Centrica Energy Chevron/Texaco ConocoPhilips EnCana Husky Energy Oxy/Occidental PDO (Oman) PDVSA Petrobras Pemex Saudi Aramco Shell Suncor Gas Lift monitoring/optimization SPE 67729, SPE 92962, SPE Production/inflow monitoring SPE 84324, SPE 87631, SPE 92962, SPE Injection profiling, water management SPE 90248, SPE 95419, SPE 94989, SPE Enhanced Recovery (CO 2, Thermal) SPE 90248, SPE Well integrity and monitoring SPE 62952, SPE , SPE ESP optimization SPE Fracture Height Monitoring SPE Real-time stimulation monitoring SPE , SPE

20 Integrity monitoring: Pressure leaks through GL valves when perf guns fire From SPE (Brown) - slides presented at 2010 SPE workshop on Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing 20

21 Gas Lift monitoring 21 modified, from Smolen & van der Spek (2003)

22 Deep Water well - Gas Lift valve monitoring

23 Time-lapse monitoring of production 23 from Pinzon, et al (2007), SPE

24 Production monitoring gas breakthrough from Pinzon, et al (2007), SPE

25 Stimulation Diagnostics Fractured Carbonate Production Zone Evaluation from DTS profiles during CT Operations Courtesy of S. Iorio, 2011 SPE workshop on Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing 25

26 Quantifying Injection Monitoring: Temperature Monitoring of Injector Wells Sand-face temperature profile during injection Qualitative but useful Value in time-lapse measurement Warm back during shut in Slower warm back to geothermal = high local inj rate Faster warm back to geothermal = low local injection rate Thermal tracer Similar in principle to radioactive tracer method Yields water velocity ~ spinner 26

27 Onshore water inj well - DTS behind casing stabilized temperature profile to indicate injection profile warm back to watch for out of zone frac Packer Fracture above perfs? (3) 24 hr shut in (1) Lower rate (2) Higher rate from Huckabee, SPE (2009) 27

28 Hydraulic Fracture Containment Evaluation Fracture stayed contained after two months of continuous injections

29 Thermal tracer method Similar to how radioactive tracer is used to obtain fluid velocity Use tracer velocity ~ spinner analysis Track a temperature anomaly with DTS Calculate the velocity of the temperature anomaly Temperature velocity = water velocity In-situ water flow rate = velocity/pipe cross-sectional area Change in in-situ rate indicates water injection 29

30 Thermal tracer method s Rahman, et al., SPE (2011) 30

31 Thermal Tracer Method onshore water injector Rahman, et al., SPE (2011) 31

32 Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) installation options Permanently Installed Cable clamped to casing, tubing or sand screen Pump fiber down control line Intervention similar to logging Coiled tubing with fiber Hybrid fiber-electric cable for well tractor Slick line with integral fiber 32 32

33 Permanent Installation Example Cable clamped to casing or tubing 33 33

34 Example Installation - Horizontal Well (courtesy of Dean Brown and Paul Huckabee, 2007)

35 SAGD CT Installation PDVSA (Venezuela) Optical fiber (in ¼ dia stainless steel tube) Well head from Saputelli, et al (1999), SPE

36 Installation Example Sand Screen/Gravel Pack Pump-own fiber system Permanently Installed Cable clamped to casing or tubing Courtesy of Tor Kragas, presented at 2009 SPE Workshop on DTS 36 36

37 Installation Example Sand Screen/Gravel Pack Pump-own fiber system Fiber/cable between outer tube and sand screen Fiber-Optic Enabled Multiple Completion Components Sand Screen Multi-fiber Wet Connect Expansion joint GP/FP ports Courtesy of Jeremy Pearce, 2010 SPE workshop on Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing 37

38 Fiber-Optic Monitoring - Sand Screen in Gravel Pack & Frac-Pac Fiber/cable between outer tube and sand screen Multi-trip Sand GP completion enabler Multi-fiber Wet Connect Photo courtesy of Baker Hughes 38

39 Distributed Acoustic Sensing New technology potential being demonstrated Originally taken from perimeter intrusion detection Acoustic signal every 1 to 10 m Up to 100 km coverage Applications include Flow Well diagnostics/leaks Completion integrity monitoring Amplitude Distance e Initial Acoustic Distance 39 Difference Noise event 39

40 Distributed Acoustic Sensing Hear sand produced through hole in screen OTC

41 Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Seismic Application Zero-offset VSP 41 41

42 Distributed Acoustic Sensing Completion/Stimulation Diagnostics DAS acquisition while setting bridge plug 674 channels 5-meter spacing from SPE Molenaar, et al. (2011) Setting the plug 42

43 Distributed Acoustic Sensing injection flow velocity gas injection downward propagating SOS, travelling with the flow upward propagating SOS Dashed line estimate based on average inj rate &PVT Flow speed deduced from Doppler shift from SPE Johannessen, Drakeley & Farhadiroushan. (2012) 43

44 Data Management is Important Near real-time data access Exception-based reporting Integrated visualization & interpretation Life-of-well data storage and access 44 44

45 Data Management Example Paterson, 2011 SPE ATW on Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing

46 Conclusions Fiber optic sensors provide real-time monitoring capability Pressure Temperature Acoustic Value of optical sensors demonstrated When needed to make decisions Production & Injection flow Mechanical integrity 46

47 Thank you! Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program 47