SOIL HEALTH COVER CROPS RELAY CROPPING
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1 SOIL HEALTH COVER CROPS RELAY CROPPING Sustainable Agriculture in North Dakota Tim Semler Extension Agent Farm Business Management 1
2 As a crop producer only Why grow a cover crop (CC)? CC pros: Prevented Planting or sizeable wet areas Plant growth feeds soil organisms and keeps soils active and healthy Idled/fallowed soil organisms like Rhizobia and Mycorrhriza will go to sleep Utilize excessive moisture allows soil salts to leach deeper into profile CC - legumes will fix nitrogen 2
3 Cover Crop Pros cont d. Tap-rooted CC plants may bring deeper soil nutrients closer to soil surface (P-K-S) Tap-rooted CC can break-up clay pans Improve soil organic matter content Provide high quality late season grazing for cattle and sheep What are your goals from a Cover Crop? 3
4 Cover Crop Cons Certain seed mixes can use up existing fertility are they a good trade-off? Crop Insurance limitations?? Differences between PP & Failed Acres Prevent Plant cannot harvest until Nov. 1 Cover Crop Choice affects residue left in field next spring No-Till operations 4
5 2010 CC Seed Costs? Purple Top Turnip - $2.37/# Pasja Radish - $3.73/# YB Sweetclover - $2.37/# Red Clover - $2.37/# Grain Millet - $0.32/# Hay Millet - $0.56/# Field Peas - $0.07/# (bin run) Barley - $0.10/# Oats - $0.14/# 5
6 Cover Crop Considerations Reason? Cost? Mix your own or Custom Blend? Time of year to seed? Choice of warm season vs. cool season Seeding rate Pre-seeding weed control Graze or Not? 6
7 POTENTIAL SEED RECIPES Not gospel! Radish 2# Canola 3# Radish 2# Turnips 2# Bly/Oats 30# Turnip 2# Bly/Oats 32# Peas 30# Bly/Oats 20# $16.68 $9.10 $17.10 Radish 2# Radish 2# Hay Millet 5# Turnip 2# Turnip 2# Bly/Oats 30# Bly/Oats 30# Bly/Oats 20# Radish 2# Clover 1# Sunflowers 5# Turnip 2# $18.57 $19.80 $19.00 Grain Millet 5# Bly/Oats 40# Radish 3# Bly/Oats 30# Peas 30# Bly/Oats 30# Radish 2# Clover 2# Clover 2# Turnips 2# $11.64 $19.93 $
8 Mandan USDA ARS Cover Crop Chart 8
9 9
10 Do we want to see this next season? 10
11 Planting a Cover Crop 11
12 Blending Oats + Turnip + Radish Seed 30# + 1.5# + 1.5# = $13.35/A. 12
13 Seeding Aug. 27 th 13
14 Oats Turnips Radish Emergence Sept. 7th 14
15 Cover Crop Stage Oct. 1st 15
16 Cover Crop Growth Oct. 1st 16
17 Glen Cunningham Lansford on Prevented Planting Seeded August 3 rd Custom Mix 25% Oats + 25% Millet + 19% Peas + 16% Barley + 9% Turnips + 6% Radish Seed Cost per Acre = $22.65 Grazed Cows/Calves after Nov. 1 Herd adapted quickly no digestive probs. Calves actually reduced creep feed cons. 17
18 Cunninghams will repeat in
19 Cunninghams Cont d. 19
20 Cunninghams Turnip & Radish 20
21 Pat Flaherty Westhope on Prevented Planting Seeded July 26 th Bin Run Conf. Sunflowers + Arvika Peas + Millet + Turnips + Radish Herd turned-out after Nov. 1 Grazed clean by Nov. 17 roots to the soil Will incorporate this system as an annual forage management tool 21
22 Pat Flaherty Oct. 12th 22
23 Pat Flaherty cont d. 23
24 Pat Flahery cont d. 24
25 Pat Flaherty cont d. 25
26 Herd Turnout Oct. 24 th Growing Period is Over 26
27 Radish & Turnips do not like Saline-Flooded Soils 27
28 Oct. 24 th cont d. 28
29 Oct. 24 th cont d. 29
30 Oct. 24 th cont d. 30
31 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop: Expanding the Benefits of Peas in Rotation Blaine G. Schatz Carrington Research Extension Center
32 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop System ** A system where field pea seeds that are lost at harvest are encouraged to germinate and re-grow. ** The re-growth becomes a source of organic matter, nitrogen, and other benefits that otherwise would not exist.
33 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop System The opportunity exists for significant pea development. Field pea harvest occurs early in season. Late July to mid-august. Field pea are tolerant to freezing temperatures. Experience indicates pea growth continues until late October to early November. 33 NDSU Carrington Research Extension Center
34 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop System Pea seeds lost at harvest must be introduced to the soil to achieve proposed benefits. Seed to soil contact required for germination. Methods to foster seed to soil contact. Disking (light) Coulter Harrow Roller Timing and effectiveness of this operation is important to attain maximum re-growth.
35 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop System Management Option: Graze Re-growth Pea re-growth is a high quality and very palatable forage. Ex: CREC acre pea field Harvested Aug.10 ~ Disked Aug Beef cows grazed re-growth - Turned in on October 15 - Grazed for 21 days (Nov. 4) -Est. Intake = 2,800 lbs DM/A
36 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop System Enhances/Increases: Organic matter Soil nitrogen Biological activity Soil cover/stabilization Grazing or Forage options Re-crop response
37 Pea Relay Cover Crop: Nitrogen Benefit * Growing conditions in the fall are very favorable for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in field pea. * Generally cool growing conditions. * High numbers of rhizobia bacteria, inoculum, from crop just grown.
38 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop System Organic Matter and Nitrogen Yield 2008 replicated samples from CREC commercial field pea fields Field 14B 3026 lb dry matter / Ac 129 lbs total N at 4.3% N Field 14A 1582 lbs dry matter / Ac 63 lbs total N at 4.0% N Field lbs dry matter / Ac 69 lbs total N at 3.7 % N
39 Field Pea Relay Cover Crop System Organic Matter and Nitrogen Yield CREC Past Years lbs dry matter / Ac 136 lbs total N at ~4.0% N lbs dry matter / Ac 80 lbs total N at ~ 4.0% N lbs dry matter / Ac 121 lbs total N at ~4.0% N lbs dry matter / Ac 108 lbs total N at ~ 4.0% N 39 NDSU Carrington Research Extension Center
40 2010 Field Pics Oct. 7th
41 QUESTIONS? COMMENTS! RESOURCES - NDSU Extension Service Blaine Schatz, Dir. NDSU Carrington Res./Ext. Ctr. USDA Agricultural Research Service Mandan Natural Resources Conservation Service
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