HUNTING AND FORESTRY DETERMINANTS OF MOOSE POPULATION DYNAMICS
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1 HUNTING AND FORESTRY DETERMINANTS OF MOOSE POPULATION DYNAMICS Fig. Kaarlo Nygrén Tuire Nygrén Game and Fisheries Research Institute Indian Forest Service mid-career training - Group II Joensuu
2 Development of the Finnish moose population in time and space Biology and policies of the moose management Finland
3 Time BEFORE and AFTER
4 Before the 1970 s Since the prehistoric times moose have been hunted in Finland, but the population numbers most probably have always been small. As a catch moose was highly valued. Hunting was difficult before the time of firearms but the moose meat made the hunting important for the survival of families and whole villages. The productivity of moose populations were lower than nowadays. The quality and amount of moose feed was up to the 1950 s much lower than nowadays
5 Nygrén, T. 1987
6 Nygrén, T. 1987
7 Why the increase? 1) The area of young forests increased quickly after the war the amount and quality of moose feed was better than ever.
8 Why the increase? 1) The area of young forests increased quickly after the war the amount and quality of moose feed was better than ever. 2) Big predators (bear and wolf) were absent. Up to the 20th century only near the Russian border small populations existed.
9 Why the increase? 1) The area of young forests increased quickly after the war the amount and quality of moose feed was better than ever. 2) Big predators (bear and wolf) were absent up to the 20th century only near the Russian border small populations existed. 3) Poaching, sicknesses and other causes of death had a minor role (2-3 % of all deaths) in the population development.
10 Why the increase? 1) The area of young forests increased quickly after the war the amount and quality of moose feed was better than ever. 2) Big predators (bear and wolf) were absent up to the 20th century only near the Russian border small populations existed. 3) Poaching had a minor role in the population development. 4) The amount of 0,5 year old calves in the bag increased and as a result increased also the average age and the productivity of the population.
11 Why the increase? 1) The area of young forests increased quickly after the war the amount and quality of moose feed was better than ever. 2) Big predators (bear and wolf) were absent up to the 20th century only near the Russian border small populations existed. 3) Poaching had a minor role in the population development. 4) The amount of 0,5 year old calves in the bag increased and as a result increased also the average age and the productivity of the population. 5) The hunted numbers were smaller than the annual reproduction.
12 Two main determinants of the moose population development in Finland 1) Forestry - responsible for the amount and quality of suitable food 2) Hunting responsible for the density and structure of the population
13 When density is not a limiting factor, population structure is decisive for the productivity of the population age structure adult sex ratio
14 Determination of age structure Fig: Tuire Nygrén
15 keskimääräinen ikä (v.) Average age of killed moose 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 urokset (Matson s Lab) naaraat (Matson s Lab) urokset (RKTL) naaraat (RKTL) Nygrén, T. 2009
16 Vasojen saalisosuudet (%) Proportion of calves in the bag Rannikko-Suomi Sisä-Suomi Oulun lääni Lappi Nygrén, T. 2009
17 Pregnancies of Finnish moose females in 1980 Number of feti/100 females alkioita/100 naarasta yksi alkio kaksi alkiota ,5 2,5 3,5 4,5 5,5 6,5 7,5 8,5 9,5 10,5+ naaraan ikä (v.) Age (years) Nygrén, T. 1983
18 Fig. Tuire Nygrén Dead born sextuplets of Valtimo
19 vasoja/100 aikuista Number of calves/100 adults Rannikko-Suomi Sisä-Suomi Oulun lääni Lappi Nygrén, T. 2009
20 Fig. V. Minaev Sex ratio
21 Not just age structure but also the sex ratio changed when main part of the killed moose were bulls and calfs. In Finland all calf rearing cows are protected from hunting. Hunters are also reluctant to kill cows. Drawing: Maija Wallén
22 lehmiä/sonni Development of adult sex ratio number of cows/one bull 2,4 2,0 Rannikko-Suomi Sisä-Suomi Oulun lääni Lappi 1,6 1,2 0, Nygrén, T. 2009
23 Unequal sex ratio Small choice of bulls Bulls younger than cows Fetilizations from second or third heat Deliveries later than optimal Calves too small to survive the hard winter Risk to the effective size and biodiversity of populations
24 Kaksos-% Twinning-% Eteläinen sisämaa Eteläinen rannikko Pohjoinen sisämaa Pohjoinen rannikko POHJANMAA Nygrén, T. 2009
25 kaksos-% kaksos-% Correlation between adult sex ratio and twinning -% RANNIKKO-SUOMI y = 64,33-12,07x r = -0,639 P < 0, SISÄ-SUOMI y = 62,65-10,41x r = -0,592 P < 0,0001 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 lehmiä/sonni 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 lehmiä/sonni OULUN LÄÄNI LAPPI 20 y = 63,44-19,45x r = -0,667 P < 0, y = 40,84-9,49x r = -0,190 P = 0,289 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 lehmiä/sonni 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 lehmiä/sonni Nygrén, T. 2009
26 Density development Density goals
27 Nygrén, T. 1987
28 0,4-0, ,0-4,0 1,2-1,8 2,3-3,0 2,5-3, ,5-3,0 0,5-3,0 Moose density goals from 1976 to ,0-5,0 2,0-4, Nygrén, T. 2009
29 hirviä/1000 ha Winter densities (number of moose/1000 ha) Rannikko Suomi Sisä- Suomi Oulu Lappi T. Nygrén 1996
30 Hirviä/1000 ha -1.0 Fig 16 1,1-2,0 2,1-4,0 4,1-6,0 6,1-8,0 8,1- T. Nygrén 1996
31 talvikannassa hirviä/1000 ha Moose density development black = annual estimations white = retrospective calculations) RANNIKKO-SUOMI 5 SISÄ-SUOMI vuosittain laadittu kanta-arvio takautuva laskennallinen arvio vuodelta vuosittain laadittu kanta-arvio takautuva laskennallinen arvio vuodelta Nygrén, T. 2009
32 kaadettu hirviä Licenses and kills kaatolupien määrä kaadettujen määrä Nygrén, T. 2009
33 kaadettu/1000 ha Number of kills/1000 ha 5 4 Rannikko-Suomi Sisä-Suomi Oulun lääni Lappi Nygrén, T. 2009
34 According to the latest results: Only in the northernmost Finland moose densities are higher than the density goals Moose population is more productive than ever before Productivity of the Finnish moose population is highest in the whole world The proportion of adult bulls in the population are lower than ever before
35 BUT The management and regulation of moose population is difficult difficult to predict population development difficult to estimate effects of mobility difficulties to cope with local variability The amounts of traffic accidents and forest damage are intolerable Moose population has estimated to be an economical burden to the Finnish state Hunters and the rest of the society are on opposite sides of the barricade Moose has lost a great deal of its value as a game animal The moose population has experienced changes, that might be irreversible
36 Antler types Palmated (A 1 A 1 ) Cervina (A 2 A 2 ) Intermediate (A 1 A 2 ) Figs: Kaarlo Nygrén
37 Frequencies of the palmated allele Nygrén, T. 2009
38 Change in frequencies of palmated alleles from to ,00 (difference in region III is not statistically significant) 0, ,50 0,25 0,00 Region I Region II Region III Region IV Nygrén, T. 2009
39 Summary Hunting and forestry have been the most important determinants of the moose population development in Finland. Since 1970 s the biological knowledge of moose has increased a lot but the role of biological knowledge in the decision making is minor at the moment. Both biological knowledge and political organization for decision making are utmost important for the success of the population management. It has been estimated that the moose problems in Finland are a result of a poor governance system that cannot take notice to the complex and unexpected interdependencies between interest groups (Härkönen & Hiedanpää 2007).
40 Kuva: Minaev
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