Coarse PM Methods Evaluation Study
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1 Coarse PM Methods Evaluation Study Study Design and Preliminary Results Thomas Ellestad, Robert Vanderpool, Paul Solomon, and Mary Harmon USEPA/ORD/NERL Sanjay Natarajan, Chris Noble, and Bob Murdoch Research Triangle Institute
2 Background 1997 air regulations established NAAQS for PM2.5 and PM10 as separate metrics U.S. courts have reviewed subsequent litigation and ruled that the PM10 metric is a poorly matched indicator because it includes the PM2.5 fraction EPA has since been considering the possibility of vacating the PM10 regulation and developing a separate standard for PMc
3 Study Objectives Evaluate the field performance of leading methods for monitoring the coarse fraction of PM10 (PMc = PM10 PM2.5) Evaluate samplers which are either already commercially available or in their final stages of development Include both filter-based (time-integrated) integrated) and semi-continuous measurement methods
4 PM2.5 and PM10 FRM Samplers PM10 (WINS Removed) PM2.5 (with WINS) P M 10 PMc = PM10 PM2.5 Standard low-vol PM10 inlets aspirating at 16.7 lpm (actual conditions) PM2.5 aerosol fractionation using awins equipped with DOS impaction oil Filters were conditioned at 22C and 35% RH, analyzed gravimetrically. Post- sampling filters archived at -30C for subsequent chemical analysis 3 FRM pairs from BGI, R&P, and Thermo-Andersen equipped with teflon filters (4 th FRM pair equipped with quartz filters)
5 R&P Partisol-Plus Plus 2025 Dichot Standard PM10 inlet aspirating at 16.7 lpm (actual) Aerosol fractionation by custom virtual impactor (15 lpm and 1.67 lpm) PM2.5 and PMc mass collected on 47 teflon filters for gravimetric analysis Sequential sampler with multi-day capability 4 units used in our study (3 teflon and 1 quartz)
6 R&P Coarse Particle TEOM Modified PM10 inlet aspirating at 50 lpm (actual) PM10 aerosol is fractionated by a custom virtual impactor (2 lpm coarse flow and 48 lpm fine flow) PMc fraction is heated to 50 C to remove particle bound water Coarse aerosol is collected and quantified by a standard TEOM sensor 3 units used in our study
7 Tisch SPM-613D Dichot Beta Gauge Standard PM10 inlet aspirating at 16.7 lpm (~std) Aerosol heated >25C Aerosol fractionation by custom virtual impactor PM2.5 and PMc mass collected on polyflon tape roll PM2.5 and PMc mass quantified hourly using separate beta sources and detectors 3 units used in our study
8 TSI Model 3321 Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Standard PM10 inlet aspirating at 16.7 lpm (actual) Isokinetic fraction of PM10 aerosol removed at 5 lpm and enters the APS inlet APS sizes individual particles aerodynamically using time of flight approach Single particle volume converted to mass using mean density provided by user Total aerosol mass is sum of individual particle mass APS provide only PMc; not applicable for PM2.5 or PM10 Only sampler in study which provides detailed size distribution information 2 units used in our study
9 Mobile Sampling Platform (Side View)
10 Mobile Sampling Platform (Front View)
11 Sampler Performance Issues Relative bias versus collocated FRMs Precision (2 or 3 samplers of each type) Field reliability Evaluation under a wide range of weather conditions and aerosol types
12 QA/QC Initiatives QAPP was reviewed and approved by EPA Study design and operation passed EPA s systems audit SOPs were reviewed by the sampler manufacturers Sampler manufacturers were allowed to verify the working condition of their respective samplers prior to sampling at each site Sampling and fractionation components cleaned prior to each study NIST-traceable sampler calibration equipment was used for all sampler calibrations and audits Three performance audits and three field blank tests were conducted at each site Replicate weighings were conducted at the site as well as at EPA s RTP weighing facility
13 Study Details Using 22 hour, daily sampling periods for comparisons (11 am to 9 am local time) Chemical analysis (XRF, IC, thermal optical) of archived filters will provide particle composition, which may explain observed sampler performance Full data set from all three sites will be ready by Feb Detailed results from Gary, IN will be presented at the October AAAR meeting
14 Study Sites RTP, NC (10 days of shakedown tests, Jan. 2003) Gary, IN (30 days of tests under cold, snow/rain, variable PM2.5/PM10 ratios, March-April, 2003) Phoenix, AZ (30 days of tests under hot, dusty conditions, consistently low PM2.5/PM10 ratios, May-June, 2003) Riverside, CA (30 days of tests under warm conditions, higher PM2.5/PM10 ratios than Phoenix, July-August, 2003)
15 Gary, IN
16 GARY, IN SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA March - April, PM2.5/PM10 Concentration Ratio GARY, IN FRM DATA PM2.5/PM10 Range = 0.32 to 0.83; Mean = Sample Day
17 PMc FRM MEASUREMENTS - GARY vs RTP WEIGHING Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) 60.0 GARY WEIGHING PMc Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) RTP/Gary = 1.00 RTP WEIGHING SAMPLE DAY
18 INTERMANUFACTURER PM2.5 FRM MEASUREMENTS (RTP WEIGHING) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) Max PM2.5 = 46.9 ì g/m 3 Min PM2.5 = 10.3 ì g/m 3 PM2.5 Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) Mean PM2.5 = 22.8 ì g/m 3 INTERMANUFACTURER CV = 1.5% AND R&P BGI SAMPLE DAY
19 INTERMANUFACTURER PM10 FRM MEASUREMENTS (RTP WEIGHING) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) PM10 Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) Max PM10 = 84.9 ìg/m 3 Min PM10 = 22.6 ìg/m 3 Mean PM10 = 42.6 ìg/m 3 AND R&P BGI 10.0 INTERMANUFACTURER CV = 2.4% SAMPLE DAY
20 INTERMANUFACTURER PMc FRM MEASUREMENTS (RTP WEIGHING) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) Max PMc = 58.1 ì g/m 3 Min PMc = 4.5 ì g/m 3 Mean PMc = 19.9 ì g/m 3 PMc Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) INTERMANUFACTURER CV = 5.7% AND R&P BGI SAMPLE DAY
21 DICHOT AND FRM TIMELINE (PM 2.5 ) GARY, IN (MARCH - APRIL, 2003) PM 2.5 Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) DICHOT/FRM = 0.99 PM2.5 FRM R&P DICHOTS Sample Day
22 Dichot versus FRM PM2.5 Concentrations Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) 50.0 Dichot PM2.5 Concentrations (micrograms/m3) Dichot = 0.99*FRM R Square = FRM PM2.5 Concentrations (micrograms/m3)
23 DICHOT AND FRM TIMELINE (PMc) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) PMc Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) Dichot/FRM = 0.89 FRM PMc (PM10-PM2.5) R&P DICHOTS Dichot = 0.87*FRM R square = Sample Day
24 DICHOT AND FRM TIMELINE (PM10) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) PM10 Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) Dichot = 0.95*FRM R square = Sample Day PM10 FRM R&P DICHOTS Dichot/FRM = 0.94
25 TISCH SPM-613D AND FRM TIMELINE (PM 2.5 ) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) PM2.5 Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) Tisch = 1.17*FRM R square = TISCH CV = 7.1% PM2.5 FRM TISCH SPM-613D TISCH/FRM = Sample Day
26 TISCH SPM-613D AND FRM TIMELINE (PM c ) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) PMc Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) TISCH/FRM = 0.91 TISCH = 0.89*FRM R square = Sample Day FRM PMc (PM10-PM2.5) TISCH SPM-613D TISCH CV = 10.5%
27 R&P COARSE TEOM AND FRM TIMELINE (PMc) Gary, IN (March - April, 2003) PMc Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) TEOM PMc/FRM = 0.69 PMc (PM10-PM2.5) TEOM = 0.68* FRM R square = R&P CONTINUOUS COARSE 0 TEOM PMc CV = 4.4% Sample Day
28 TSI APS vs FRM PMc Concentrations Gary, IN (March - April) 70.0 PMc Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) APS/FRM = 0.42 APS = 0.48*FRM -1.4 R square = APS CV = 16.8% APS 1 PMc APS 2 PMc Mean FRM PMc SAMPLE DAY
29
30 Phoenix versus RTP FRM Weighing May - June Mass Concentration (micrograms per cubic meter) PMc PM10 Inter-manufacturerer PM2.5 CV = 3.4% Inter-manufacturerer PMc CV = 3.3% Inter-manufacturerer PM10 CV = 3.6% PM2.5/PM10 Range = 0.10 to 0.28: Mean = 0.22 PM PM2.5 (RTP) PM10 (RTP) PMc (RTP) PM2.5 (Site) PM10 (Site) PMc (Site) Sampling Day
31 Dichot PM2.5 versus FRM PM2.5 Phoenix, AZ May - June, 2003 Dichot PM2.5 (micrograms per cubic meter) Mean Dichot/FRM = 1.09 Dichot = 1.24 * FRM R Square = FRM PM2.5 (micrograms per cubic meter)
32 DICHOT AND FRM TIMELINE (PMc) Phoenix, AZ (May - June, 2003) PMc Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) Dichot = 0.70*FRM R square = 0.98 Mean Dichot/FRM = 0.80 PMc (PM10-PM2.5) R&P DICHOTS Sample Day
33 DICHOT AND FRM TIMELINE (PM10) Phoenix, AZ (May - June, 2003) PM10 Conc. (micrograms/m 3 ) Dichot = 0.75*FRM R square = 0.98 Mean Dichot/FRM = 0.84 PM10 FRM R&P DICHOTS Sample Day
34 Tisch & FRM PM2.5 Concentrations Phoenix AZ: May - Jun, PM2.5 concentrations (ug/m3) Average Tisch CV = 5.9 % Mean Tisch/FRM = 1.70 Tisch = 2.03*FRM R square = Tisch PM2.5-1 Tisch PM2.5-2 Tisch PM2.5-3 Mean FRM-PM Sample Day
35 Tisch, & FRM PMc Concentrations Phoenix AZ: May - Jun, 2003 PMc concentrations (ug/m3) Average Tisch PMc CV = 9.5 % Mean Tisch/FRM = 1.04 Tisch = 0.92*FRM R square = Tisch PMc-1 Tisch PMc-2 Tisch PMc-3 Mean FRM-PMc Sample Day
36 TEOM, & FRM PMc Concentrations Phoenix AZ: May - Jun, 2003 PMc concentrations (ug/m3) TEOM PMc1 TEOM PMc2 TEOM PMc3 FRM-PMc Average TEOM PMc CV = 6.6 % Average TEOM/FRM Ratio = 1.05 TEOM = 0.79*FRM R square = Sample Day
37 APS, & FRM PMc Concentrations Phoenix AZ: May - Jun, PMc concentrations (ug/m3) Average APS PMc CV (Days 1-15) = 2.2 % Average APS/FRM = 0.55 APS = 0.56*FRM -0.2 R square = APS 1-PMc APS 2-PMc FRM PMc Sample Day
38 PM Size Distributions (TSI APS) Gary,IN and Phoenix,AZ Delta Mass/Delta Log Dp Gary Phoenix Log Dp
39 Summary of Results (independent of site) FRMs show strong inter-manufacturer precision (CV<4% for all three metrics) with no tendency for producing negative PMc values Filter-based dichots show strong precision (CV<4% for all metrics) Site weighing results agree closely with RTP results Precision of the semi-continuous samplers is considered to be acceptable Correlation (R 2 ) of all continuous samplers is typically strong versus the collocated FRMs
40 SUMMARY OF SITE RESULTS GARY, IN PHOENIX, AZ SITE AEROSOL PMc Mean ( ìg/m 3 ) PM2.5/PM10 Range PM2.5/PM10 Ratio DICHOTS Dichot/FRM PM Dichot/FRM PM Dichot/FRM PMc TEOM PMc TEOM PMc/FRM TISCH Tisch/FRM PM Tisch/FRM PM Tisch/FRM PMc TSI APS APS/FRM PMc
41 Future Work Complete RTP gravimetric analysis of Riverside, CA filters (>1500 filter weighings per site) Conduct chemical analysis of archived site filters; potentially use results as explainers of sampler performance Possibly conduct comprehensive field tests at an additional field site Possibly perform laboratory tests with samplers to better understand aerosol fractionation and/or particle loss issues
42 Acknowledgements Rupprecht & Patashnick, Inc. Tisch Environmental, Inc. TSI, Inc. Indiana Department of Environmental Management (Gary) Maricopa County Environmental Services Department (Phoenix) University of California Ag Ops (Riverside)
43 Disclaimer The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described here under Contract 68-D It has been subjected to Agency review and approved for publication.
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