Les Accélérateurs Laser Plasma
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1 Les Accélérateurs Laser Plasma Victor Malka Laboratoire d Optique Appliquée ENSTA ParisTech Ecole Polytechnique CNRS PALAISEAU, France victor.malka@ensta.fr
2 Accelerators : One century of exploration of the infinitively small Explored wavelength values (m) Cathodic tube J. Thomson 1931 E. Lawrence, first 80 kev Univ. of Berkeley 380 MeV Cyclotron Berkeley, Bevatron 50 GeV Synchrotron PS 28 GeV CERN Year SLAC 50 GeV LEP 90 GeV CERN Tevatron FermiLab LHC 3.5 TeV CERN Atom Nucleus Quarks
3 Industrial Market for Accelerators The development of state of the art accelerators for HEP has lead to : research in other field of science (light source, spallation neutron sources ) industrial accelerators (cancer therapy, ion implant., electron cutting&welding...) Application Total systems (2007) approx. System sold/yr Sales/yr (M$) System price (M$) Cancer Therapy Ion Implantation Electron cutting and welding Electron beam and X rays irradiators Radio-isotope production (incl. PET) Non destructive testing (incl. Security) Ion beam analysis (incl. AMS) Neutron generators (incl. sealed tubes) Total Total accelerators sales increasing more than 10% per year
4 How to excite relativistic plasma waves? The laser wake field : broad resonance condition τlaser Tp/2 => short laser pulse electron density perturbation and longitudinal wakefield F= I wave in the wake of a boat vphase epw =vg laser c Ez = 0.3 GV/m for 1% density perturbation at cm -3 T. Tajima and J. Dawson, PRL 43, 267 (1979) V. Malka et al., PRST-AB 9, (2006)
5 Quasi mono-energetic electron beam Electron distribution - Experimental data - 3D PIC Simulations Experimental parameters : E=1J, τl=30fs, λl=0.8μm, ll= W/cm 2, ne= cm -3 J. Faure et al., Nature 431, 541 (2004)
6 Bubble regime : a scientific breakthrough
7 The Bubble regime : distribution quality improvements SMLWF=>FLWF=>Bubble V. Malka et al., Science 2002,V. Malka et al. Phys. of Plasmas 12, 5 (2005) UMR 7639
8 Colliding Laser Pulses Scheme The first laser creates the accelera,ng structure A second laser beam is used to heat electrons Pump beam Injec2on beam Wakefield Ponderomotive force of beatwave: Fp ~ 2a0a1/λ0 (a0 et a1 can be weak ) Boost electrons locally and injects them INJECTION IS LOCAL and IN FIRST BUCKET Theory : E. Esarey et al., PRL 79, 2682 (1997), H. Kotaki et al., PoP 11 (2004) Experiments : J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
9 Colliding Laser Pulses Scheme The first laser creates the accelera,ng structure A second laser beam is used to heat electrons Pump beam Injec2on beam Beatwave Wakefield Injec&on phase Ponderomotive force of beatwave: Fp ~ 2a0a1/λ0 (a0 et a1 can be weak ) Boost electrons locally and injects them INJECTION IS LOCAL and IN FIRST BUCKET Theory : E. Esarey et al., PRL 79, 2682 (1997), H. Kotaki et al., PoP 11 (2004) Experiments : J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
10 Colliding Laser Pulses Scheme The first laser creates the accelera,ng structure A second laser beam is used to heat electrons Pump beam Trapped electrons Injec2on beam Beatwave Wakefield Accelera&on Injec&on Accelera&on phase phase phase Ponderomotive force of beatwave: Fp ~ 2a0a1/λ0 (a0 et a1 can be weak ) Boost electrons locally and injects them INJECTION IS LOCAL and IN FIRST BUCKET Theory : E. Esarey et al., PRL 79, 2682 (1997), H. Kotaki et al., PoP 11 (2004) Experiments : J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
11 Compactness of Laser Plasma Accelerators
12 Compactness of Laser Plasma Accelerators
13 Towards a Stable Laser Plasma Accelerators Nb: very few electrons at low energy, δe/e=5% limited by the spectrometer
14 Towards a Stable Laser Plasma Accelerators Series of 28 consecu,ve shots with : a0=1.5, a1=0.4, ne= cm-3 Nb: very few electrons at low energy, δe/e=5% limited by the spectrometer UMR 7639
15 Tunability of Laser Plasma Accelerators : electrons energy Z inj =225 μm late middle early injec+on accelerating distance J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
16 Tunability of Laser Plasma Accelerators : electrons energy Z inj =225 μm Z inj =125 μm late middle early injec+on accelerating distance J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
17 Tunability of Laser Plasma Accelerators : electrons energy Z inj =225 μm Z inj =125 μm Z inj =25 μm late middle early injec+on accelerating distance J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
18 Tunability of Laser Plasma Accelerators : electrons energy Z inj =225 μm Z inj =125 μm Z inj =25 μm late Z inj = 75 μm middle early injec+on accelerating distance J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
19 Tunability of Laser Plasma Accelerators : electrons energy Z inj =225 μm Z inj =125 μm Z inj =25 μm late Z inj = 75 μm Z inj = 175 μm middle early injec+on accelerating distance J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
20 Tunability of Laser Plasma Accelerators : electrons energy Z inj =225 μm Z inj =125 μm Z inj =25 μm late Z inj = 75 μm Z inj = 175 μm Z inj = 275 μm middle early injec+on accelerating distance J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
21 Tunability of Laser Plasma Accelerators : electrons energy Z inj =225 μm Z inj =125 μm Z inj =25 μm late Z inj = 75 μm Z inj = 175 μm Z inj = 275 μm middle Z inj = 375 μm early injec+on accelerating distance J. Faure et al., Nature 444, 737 (2006)
22 Mono energetic distribution : 1% relative energy spread C. Rechatin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, (2009)
23 1.5 fs RMS duration : Peak current of 4 ka Analytic CTR model Gaussian pulse shape Measured e-beam : Charge Energy Divergence Bunch duration Peak wavelength Peak intensity Spectral features Peak at 3 μm Coherent 1.5 fs RMS duration : Peak current of 4 ka O. Lundh et al., Nature Physics, March 2011
24 1.5 fs RMS duration : Peak current of 4 ka Analytic CTR model Gaussian pulse shape Measured e-beam : Charge Energy Divergence Bunch duration Peak wavelength Peak intensity Spectral features Peak at 3 μm Coherent 1.5 fs RMS duration : Peak current of 4 ka O. Lundh et al., Nature Physics, March 2011
25 Cancer treatment improvements : real case of prostate sagittal view irradiation at 7 angles Transversal view 250 MeV electrons X rays IMRT Difference Laser-accelerated electrons can provide a better dose sparing of critical structures (up to 19%) at a similar target coverage compared to photons. Y. Glinec, et al., Med. Phys. 33, (1) (2006) T. Fuchs, et al. Phys. Med. Biol. 54, (2009)
26 Applications for material science : γ radiography 400 μm γ source size μm γ source size 2010 Y. Glinec et al., PRL 94, (2005) A. Ben-Ismail et al., APL UMR 7639
27 Conclusions Good beam quality & Monoenergetic de/e down to 1 % Beam is very stable Energy is tunable: MeV Charge is tunable: 1 to tens of pc Energy spread is tunable: 1 to 10 % Ultra short e-bunch : 1,5 fs rms Ultra high current e-bunch : 3-4 ka Results extremely important for : Designing future accelerators Light source development for XFEL and for applications (chemistry, radiotherapy, material science) V. Malka et al., Nature Physics 4, June 2008
28 Laser Plasma Accelerator : a Wonderful Tool for Science and for Academic Activities T T T T T T.. TT. T TTT Ṭ. T T T T T T T. ELI-NP
29 Acknowledgements A. Ben Ismail, S. Corde, J. Faure, S. Fritzler, Y. Glinec, A. Lifshitz, J. Lim, O. Lundh, C. Rechatin, Kim Ta Phuoc, and C. Thaury from LOA E. Lefebvre and X. Davoine from CEA/DAM CARE/FP6-Euroleap/FP6-Accel1/ANR-PARIS/ERC contracts
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