The Civil War Chapter 13 Section 1: The Two Sides

Transcription

1 The Civil War Chapter 13 Section 1: The Two Sides The Civil War border states US8.10 Students analyze the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War It was the most devastating war in U.S. history. It dragged on for four years and often pitted brother against brother, parents against their children, and neighbor against neighbor. Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware were four states right on the border of the North and the South. These states allowed slavery and were divided about which side to support. Losing the border states would seriously damage the North. Each of the four states had strategic locations.

2 Maryland The North s advantages Jefferson Davis blockade The South s main goal The Union s early goal States Rights Robert E. Lee It was perhaps the most important of the border states. Vital railroad lines passed through Maryland. Most importantly Washington D.C. lay within this state. If Maryland seceded, the North s government would be surrounded. The North had a larger population, more industry, more abundant resources, a better banking system, possessed more ships, and had a larger and more efficient railway network. Another advantage not realized until later was that Abraham Lincoln possessed dedication and intelligence that led the North to victory. A West Point graduate and an experienced soldier who became president of the Confederacy. This is what they called the closing of Southern ports by the North to prevent supplies from reaching the South and to prevent the South from earning money by exporting cotton. Their primary aim of the war was to win recognition as an independent nation. Independence would allow Southerners to preserve their traditional way of life a way of life that included slavery. It was important to gain control of the Mississippi River to cut an important Southern route for transporting goods and supplies and to divide the Confederacy. The founding principle of the Confederacy was the belief in states rights, but it got in the way of the South s efforts. The individual states refused to give the Confederate government sufficient power. As a result, the government found it difficult to fight the war effectively. He was a Confederate general that attended the United States Military Academy at West Point.

3 Rebels Yankee Chapter 13 Section 2: Early Years of the War One of the 850,000 men who fought for the Confederacy. One of the 2.1 million men who fought for the Union. US8.10 Students analyze the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War. First Battle of Bull The first major battle of the Civil War was fought in Run northern Virginia, about five miles from a town called Manassas Junction near Bull Run a small river in the area. At first the Yankees drove the Confederates back. Then the Rebels rallied, inspired by reinforcements. The Confederates surged forward with a strange, unearthly scream that came to be known as the Rebel yell. The Union retreated. Army of the Potomac This was what they called the Union Army of the East. It was run by general, George B. McClellan. Merrimack It was a Union warship that Northern forces abandoned when Confederate forces seized the naval shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia. The Confederates rebuilt the wooden ship, covered it with thick iron plates, and renamed it the Virginia.

4 The Battle of Shiloh Richmond in 1862 General McClellan Maryland 1862 The Battle of Antietam Chapter 13 Section 3: A Call to Freedom Emancipation Proclamation The losses in the Battle of Shiloh were enormous. Together the two armies suffered more than 20,000 casualties. The Union troops failed to capture the city because McClellan gave the Confederate army time to prepare a defense even though Lincoln kept prodding him to fight. After reports that he was unable to lead the Union troops to take Richmond, the North was disheartened. It caused a slow down of volunteers when 300,000 were needed. Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered General Lee to launch an offensive hoping another victory would win aid from Great Britain and France. The bloodiest day of the Civil War was one in which the Army of the Potomac earned a crucial victory. Because of the Confederacy s defeat the British government decided not to intervene in the war as a mediator. Afterwards, Lincoln emancipated the slaves in Confederate territory. US8.10 Students analyze the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War. A proclamation issued by Abraham Lincoln, signed on January 1 st, 1863 that stated that all enslaved people in the states controlled by the Confederacy were free. Although Lincoln considered slavery immoral, he signed the proclamation because he felt it would harm the Confederate war effort. The proclamation led to the passing of the Thirteenth Amendment.

5 Thirteenth Amendment Chapter 13 Section 4: Life During the Civil War In 1865 Congress passed this amendment, to abolish slavery in the United States, which was ratified the same year by states loyal to the Union. It was this amendment that truly freed enslaved Americans. US8.10 Students analyze the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War. Confederate soldiers Many deserted (ran away) for many reasons during the war. Medical facilities were overwhelmed by the thousands of casualties in each battle. They suffered from lack of food and supplies. Many camps had uncomfortable conditions filled with a routine of drills, bad food, marches, and rain. About 1 out of every 8 Confederate soldiers ran away because of fear, hunger or sickness. women They performed many jobs that helped soldiers and the armies. Some women spied. Thousands served as nurses. Some women disguised themselves as men and became soldiers. Dorthea Dix She organized large numbers of women to serve as military nurses.

6 Copperheads draft Chapter 13 Section 5: The Way to Victory Ambrose Burnside The Battle of Gettysburg Vicksburg A group of Northern Democrats who split from the other Democrats because they did not agree with Lincoln s wartime policies. They favored negotiating for peace with the Confederacy. Republicans called the Peace Democrats Copperheads after a poisonous snake that strikes without warning. Some Republicans suspected Copperheads of aiding the Confederates. In April 1862 the Confederate Congress passed a draft law that required men between the ages of 18 and 35 to serve in the army for three years. A person could avoid the draft by hiring a substitute to serve in his place. US8.10 Students analyze the multiple causes, key events, and complex consequences of the Civil War. A Union general who clashed with Lee near the Virginia town. Devastated by his failure against Lee he resigned his command. The three-day battle began when Union cavalry surprised Rebel infantry, who were looking for shoes. It ended with Union victory. A great Union victory took place in this city. The Union seized Vicksburg and was able to secure the Mississippi River as a Union highway, and cut the South in two.

7 march to the sea John Wilkes Booth Andrew Johnson Results of the war After capturing Atlanta, Georgia, Sherman s army began a march to Savannah, Georgia. Union troops took what food they needed and tore up railroad lines and fields in an effort to destroy anything useful to the South. They cut a path of destruction sometimes 50 miles wide. This method of waging war was known as total war. He was a fanatical Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, President Lincoln s vice president who became president after Lincoln s death. The Civil War was the most devastating conflict in American history. It created bitter feelings among defeated Southerners that lasted for generations. It strengthened the federal government to where it was clearly more powerful than the states. Finally, the war freed millions of African Americans.