MOTION SAMPLE BOOKLET CLASS IX MOTION MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS FUNDAMENTAL UNIT NUMBER SYSTEM THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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1 MOTION SAMPLE BOOKLET CLASS IX MOTION MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS FUNDAMENTAL UNIT NUMBER SYSTEM THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

2 Copyright reserved with Motion Edu. Pvt. Ltd. nd Publictions All rights reserved. No prt of this work herein should be reproduced or used either grphiclly, electroniclly, mechniclly or by recording, photocopying, tping, web distributing or by storing in ny form nd retrieving without the prior written permission of the publisher. Anybody violting this is lible to be leglly prosecuted. Corporte Hed Office 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr Kot, (Rj.) Ph. No. : , IVRS No : ,,, www. motioniitjee.com, [email protected]

3 THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET CONTENTS MOTION CLASS - IX S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. THEORY... 4 SOLVED EXAMPLE... EXERCISE - I... EXERCISE -II MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. THEORY SOLVED EXAMPLE EXERCISE - I EXERCISE -II FUNDAMENTAL UNIT S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. THEORY SOLVED EXAMPLE EXERCISE - I EXERCISE -II

4 THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET CONTENTS NUMBER SYSTEM S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. THEORY SOLVED EXAMPLE EXERCISE - I EXERCISE -II... EXERCISE -III... THE FRENCH REVOLUTION S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. THEORY... 8 EXERCISE - I EXERCISE -II... 0

5 MOTION Pge # CONTENTS IN THE CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TYPES OF MOTION DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT SPEED AND VELOCITY ACCELERATION EQUATIONS OF MOTION DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION EQUATIONS OF MOTION GRAPHICAL METHOD BODY FALLING FREELY UNDER GRAVITY BODY IS PROJECTED VERTICALLY UP DISPLACEMENT- TIME GRAPH VELOCITY -TIME GRAPH ACCELERATION TIME GRAPH CIRCULAR MOTION PROJECTILE MOTION : , url : : [email protected]

6 Pge # 6 MOTION INTRODUCTION Motion is very preliminry stte of ction ssocited with living nd non-living beings. The study of the displcement, velocity nd ccelertion ssocited with moving bodies cn mke us understnd the motion of bodies. To hve n in-depth study of motion, equtionl representtion nd grphicl nlysis of vrious relted quntities in motion with time is lso done. When body does not chnge its position with time, we cn sy tht the body is t rest. While if body chnges its position with time, it is sid to be in motion. (i) An object is sid to be point object if it chnges its position by distnces which re much greter thn its size. (ii) A point or some sttionry object with respect to which body continuously chnges its position in the stte of motion is known s origin or reference point. Describing Motion : When tree, is observed by n observer A sitting on bench, the tree is t rest. This is becuse position of the tree is not chnging with respect to the observer A. Now, When the sme tree T is observed by n observer sitting in superfst trin moving with velocity v, then the tree is moving with respect to the observer becuse the position of tree is chnging with respect to the observer B. Vectors : Physicl quntities defined with both mgnitude nd direction re clled vector quntities. They should lso stisfy the lw of vector ddition. Exmples: Velocity, ccelertion, force, displcement, momentum, weight, torque, electric field, mgnetic filed, etc. Sclrs : Physicl quntities hving only mgnitude re clled sclr quntities. Exmples: Mss, time, distnce, speed, work, power, energy, electric chrge, re, volume, density, pressure, electric potentil, temperture, etc. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCALAR & VECTOR QUANTITIES : Sclr Quntities These re completely specified by their mgnitude only. These chnge by chnge of their mgnitude only These re dded or subtrcted by lws of ordinry lgebr like 4m+m=9m. Vector quntities These re completely specified by their mgnitude s well s direction. These chnge by chnge of either their mgnitude or direction or both These re dded or subtrcted by lws of vector ddition. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

7 MOTION Pge # 7 Newton's Thought Discuss whether the wlls of your clssroom re t rest or in motion. Explntion The wlls of our clssroom re t rest with respect to the ground or erth. But, they re in motion with respect to n object or n observer outside the erth. This is becuse the erth is moving bout its own xis s well s it is revolving round the sun. Thus, the stte of rest nd motion re not bsolute, they re reltive terms. TYPES OF MOTION (A) According to Directions (i) One dimensionl motion is the motion of prticle moving long stright line. (ii) Two dimensionl motion A prticle moving long curved pth in plne hs -dimensionl motion. (iii) Three dimensionl motion Prticle moving in spce hs -dimensionl motion. (B) According to stte of motion A moving body my cover equl distnces in equl intervls of time or different distnces in equl intervls of time. On the bsis of bove ssumption, the motion of body cn be clssified s uniform motion nd non-uniform motion. (i) Uniform motion: Time (in second) Distnce covered (in metre) When body covers equl distnces in equl intervls of time however smll my be time intervls, the body is sid to describe uniform motion. Exmple of uniform motion () An eroplne flying t speed of 600 km/h Time (b) A trin running t speed of 0 km/h (c) Light energy trvelling t speed of 0 8 m/s (d) A spceship moving t speed of 00 km/s (ii) Non-uniform motion: Time (in second) Distnce (in metre) Time When body covers unequl distnces in equl intervls of time, the body is sid to be moving with non-uniform motion. : , url : : [email protected]

8 Pge # 8 MOTION Exmple of non-uniform motion (C) (i) An eroplne running on runwy before tking off. (ii) A freely flling stone under the ction of grvity. (iii) An object thrown verticlly upwrd. (iv)when the brkes re pplied to moving cr. According to pth (i) Liner motion : A body hs liner motion if it moves in stright line or pth. Ex. () Motion of moving cr on stright rod. (b) Motion of bll dropped from the roof of building. (ii) Circulr (or rottionl) Motion : A body hs circulr motion if it moves round fixed point. A verticl pssing through the fixed point round which the body moves is known s xis of rottion. Ex. () Motion of n electric fn. (b) Motion of merry-go-round (c) Motion of spinning top. Object Axis of rottion (iii) Vibrtory motion : A body hs vibrtory motion if it moves to nd fro bout fixed point. Ex. () Motion of pendulum of wll clock. (b) Motion of simple pendulum. Bob DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT (i) The ctul pth length between the initil nd finl positions of the prticle gives the distnce covered by the prticle. (ii) The minimum distnce between the initil nd finl positions of body during tht time intervl is clled displcement. Anlysis (i) Distnce trvelled is sclr quntity while displcement is vector quntity. Eg. if body moves long the circumference of circle of rdius r, then the distnce trvelled is given by r, while the displcement is given by zero. (ii) When body continuously moves in the sme stright line nd in the sme direction then displcement will be equl to the distnce trvelled. But if the body chnges its direction while moving, then the displcement is smller thn the distnce trvelled. Displcement Distnce A I C II r A B Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

9 MOTION Pge # 9 DIFFERENC ES BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLAC EMENT Distnce It is defined s the c tul pth trversed by body. Displcement It is the shortest distnce between two points whic h the body moves. It is sclr quntity It is vec tor quntity It c n never be negtive or zero It c n be negtive, zero or positive. 4 Distnc e c n be equl to or greter thn displc ement Displc ement c n be equl to or less thn distnc e. Distnc e trvelled is not unique pth between two points. Displc ement is unique pth between two points. 6 7 T he distnce between two points gives full informtion of the type of pth followed by the body. Distnc e never dec reses with time. for moving body it is never zero. Displc ement between two points does not give full informtion of the type of pth followed by the body. Displc ement c n decrese with time for moving body it c nbe zero. 8 Distnc e in SI is mesured in metre Displc ement in SI is mesured in metre. A honeybee leves the hive nd trvels m before returning. Is the displcement for the trip the sme s the distnce trvelled? If not, why not. Hive Newton's Thought Honey bee Explntion No, the displcement nd the distnce re not sme. This is becuse the displcement is the chnge of position of object in motion while distnce is length of pth trvelled by it. Here, the distnce trvelled = m While, the displcement = 0, becuse the position of honey bee is not chnged. SPEED AND VELOCITY Speed : The distnce trvelled in one second is clled speed It is sclr quntity. Its SI unit is m/s. Speed lwys remins positive. Distnce Speed (m / s) Time Speed s s s t t t Where s = distnce in time intervl t. : , url : : [email protected]

10 Pge # 0 MOTION Velocity : The displcement in one second is clled velocity. It is vector quntity expressed in m/s. Velocity cn be positive, negtive or zero. Displcement Velocity (ms ) Time tken Velo city s t Where s = displcement trvelled in time intervl t. Speed. Sclr quntity. Rte of distnce covered.. Cnnot be zero for moving body. 4. Speed is velocity without direction.. Speed in SI unit is mesured in ms -. Velocity. Vector quntity.. Rte of displcement.. Cn be zero, +ve or ve. 4. Velocity is directed speed.. Velocity in SI unit is mesured in ms -. (i) Unit : In M.K.S. system = ms In C.G.S. system = Cms (ii) If distnce time grph is stright line, then speed cn be given by the slope of the line, s i.e. v = t slope = s t s t (iii) The re of velocity time grph gives distnce trvelled. (iv) Conversion from km/hr to m/sec. s t t s km hr = m/s = 8 m/s. TYPES OF SPEED () Averge nd Instntneous speed Averge speed : The rtio of distnce trvelled by body to the totl time tken, when the motion cn be with vrying speeds for vrious intervls of time. Averge Speed Totl Distnce Totl Time tken OR It is obtined by dividing the totl distnce trvelled by the totl time intervl. i.e. Averge speed s s s t t t Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

11 MOTION Pge # (i) Averge speed is sclr, while verge velocity is vector. (ii) For given time intervl verge velocity is single mny vlues depending on pth following. (iii) If fter motion body comes bck to its initil position nd finite (s s > 0) vlued, while verge speed cn hve v v = 0 [s r = 0], but v v > 0 (iv) For moving body verge speed cn never be ve or zero (unless t = 0), while verge velocity cn be i.e. v v > 0 while v v > = or < 0 (v) In generl verge speed is not equl to mgnitude of verge velocity (s s ¹ r ). However it cn be so if the motion is long stright line without chnge in direction (s s = r ) (vi) If prticle trvels distnces L, L L t speeds v, v, v etc respectively, then v v = s t = L L v L L v Ln L n v n = Li Li vi (vii) If prticle trvels t speeds v, v etc for intervls t, t etc respectively, then vt vt... vit i v v = t t... = ti (viii) If prticle moves distnce t speed v nd comes bck with speed v, then vv verge speed v v = v v ( v v = 0) (ix) If prticle moves for two equl time intervls v v = v v Instntneous speed : The speed of body t prticulr instnt of time is clled its instntneous speed. s ds Ins tn tn eous speed lim t 0 t dt Time(t) (b) Uniform nd Non uniform speed Uniform speed : If the time speed grph of n object is stright line prllel to time xis then the body is moving with uniform speed. Non-uniform speed : If the speed of body is chnging with respect to time it is moving with non-uniform speed. Its grph is not stright line. : , url : : [email protected]

12 Pge # MOTION TYPES OF VELOCITY () Averge Velocity: Totl displcement divided by totl time is clled n verge velocity. Totl displcement Averge velocity Totl time tken x x Vv t t OR The rithmetic men of initil velocity nd finl velocity for given time period, is clled verge velocity. Averge velocity V v u v Initil velocity + Finl velocity (b) where u = initil velocity, v = finl velocity Uniform & Non uniform Velocity Uniform velocity A B C D m m m s s s motion Body moving with uniform velocity When body covers equl displcement in equl intervl of time, the body is sid to be moving with uniform velocity. Non-uniform velocity/vrible velocity : A B C D m m 7m s s s motion Body moving with non-uniform velocity When body covers unequl displcement in equl intervls of time, the body is sid to be moving with vrible velocity. Instntneous velocity : The velocity of body t prticulr instnt of time is clled its instntneous velocity. Time(t) r dr Ins tntneous velocity lim t 0 t dt Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

13 MOTION Pge # Newton's Thought A prticle is thrown verticlly upwrds under grvity. Wht re the signs of displcement nd velocity in the given situtions () & (b) (P to Q): Explntion () Here, displcement nd velocity (verge & instntneous) both re positive. (b)here, displcement is positive. Instntneous velocity is negtive & verge velocity is positive. Q P () P (b) Q ACCELERATION The rte t which the velocity chnges is clled ccelertion. It is vector quntity. Its SI unit is m/s or ms. (i) Rte of chnge of velocity is clled ccelertion (ii) The chnge in velocity my be in mgnitude or in direction or both. v u i.e. t (iii) Unit of ccelertion = m/s or ms Decelertion or Retrdtion : If the chnge in velocity is ve ie. if velocity of body decreses, the ccelertion is clled decelertion or retrdtion. Uniformly ccelerted motion : When the chnge in velocity is sme in equl time intervls, the motion clled uniformly ccelerted motion, otherwise, it is non-uniformly ccelerted motion. TYPES OF ACCELERATION (i) (ii) Uniform & Non uniform ccelertion Uniform ccelertion If body trvels in stright line nd its velocity increses by equl mounts in equl intervls of time then it is sid to be in stte of uniform ccelertion e.g. motion of freely flling body. Non uniform ccelertion A body hs non-uniform ccelertion if its velocity increses by unequl mounts in equl intervls of time. Averge & Instntneous ccelertion Averge ccelertion : v v v v t t t [here it is ssumed tht ccelertion remins the sme during the time intervl Dt.] If body trvels with uniform ccelertion for time intervl t nd with uniform ccelertion for time intervl t then v (t t ) (t t ) Instntneous ccelertion : The ccelertion of body t ny instnt is clled its instntneous ccelertion. : , url : : [email protected]

14 Pge # 4 MOTION v Time(t) e.g. = lim t 0 v t = dv dt (iii) If the velocity of body decreses, then it will experience negtive ccelertion which is clled decelertion or retrdtion. Accelertion is determined by the slope of time-velocity grph. tn dv dt (i) If the time velocity grph is stright line, ccelertion remins constnts. (ii) If the slope of the stright line is positive, positive ccelertion occurs. (iii) If the slope of the stright line is negtive, negtive ccelertion or retrdtion occurs. (iv) Lrger the slope (tn ) longer will be the stright line. (v) If the time velocity grph is curve, then the ccelertion chnges continuously. EQUATIONS OF MOTION A. Uniform Motion : If x i nd x f re the initil nd finl positions respectively of -moving prticle, the motion is defined by, velocity v x f xi nd v will be constnt. t B. Non-uniform Motion : (x f x i ) vries in equl time intervls. So velocity vries. C. Averge velocity = D. Averge speed = Totl displcement Totl time tken Totl distnce trvelled Totl time tken E. Uniform ccelertion : If u nd v re the initil nd finl velocities in time 't', then ccelertion v u. It is constnt. t F. In uniform ccelertion (only), the verge velocity is given by, v v = G. For uniformly ccelerted motion, (i) v = u + t (ii) s = ut + t nd (iii) v = u + s v u. Motion under uniform ccelertion Suppose body strts with initil velocity u, moving with n ccelertion ttins velocity v fter time t trvels distnce s, then motion cn be described by following equtions. () v = u + t (b) s = ut + t (c) v = u + s Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

15 MOTION Pge # Newton's Thought A cr is trvelling long stright rod nd is decelerting. Does the cr's ccelertion necessrily hve negtive vlue? Explntion We begin with the mening of the term "decelerting," which hs nothing to do with whether the ccelertion '' is positive or negtive. The term mens only tht the ccelertion is opposite to the velocity nd indictes tht the moving object is slowing down. (i) One possibility is tht the velocity of the cr points to the right (the positive direction) nd ccelertion points opposite i.e. to the left (the negtive direction). (ii) Another possibility is tht the velocity of the cr points to the left (the negtive direction) nd ccelertion points opposite i.e. to the right (the positive direction). DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION v v v = ve; = +ve v = +ve; = ve (i) v = u + t Let body hve n initil velocity 'u' nd n uniform ccelertion ''. At ny time 't', if 'v' is the velocity, Accelertion = v = u + t Chnge in velocity Time tken v u t (ii) s = ut + t Let the displcement in time 't' be 's' with uniform ccelertion ''. The verge velocity is given by v v initilvelocity finl velocity v v = u v Displcement s u v t Applying first eq. s u u t t ; s = (u t) t s = ut + t. (iii) v = u + s Velocity t ny time, v = u + t s = u v t s = v u v u v = u + s v u t v u t : , url : : [email protected]

16 Pge # 6 MOTION (A) (B) (C) It my be remembered lwys tht these equtions re pplicble only for constnt ccelertion or Uniform Accelertion. The equtions of motion under grvity cn be obtined by replcing ccelertion by ccelertion due to grvity (g) nd cn be written s follows : When the body is coming towrds the centre of erth () v = u + gt ; (b) h = ut + gt ; (c) v = u + gh (D) When body is thrown upwrds with some initil velocity, then retrdtion produced due to ttrction of the erth. In equtions of motion, is replced by ( g) nd thus equtions become. () v = u gt ; (b) h = ut gt ; (c) v = u gh (E) Distnce covered by body in n th sec. i.e. s n = u + (n ) Newton's Thought An object moving with constnt ccelertion cn certinly slow down. But cn n object ever come to permnent hlt (stop) if its ccelertion truly remins constnt? Explin. Explntion An object moving with constnt ccelertion will slow down if the ccelertion is opposite to the velocity. However, if the ccelertion remins constnt the object will never come to permnent hlt. As time increse, the mgnitude of the velocity will get smller nd smller. At some time, the velocity will be instntneously zero. An instnt fter the velocity is zero, the mgnitude of the velocity will begin incresing in the sme direction s the ccelertion. As time increses, the velocity of the object will then increse in the sme direction s the ccelertion. In other words, if the ccelertion truly remins constnt, the object will slow down, stop for n instnt, reverse direction nd then speed up. Point of reversl u- Velocity decreses v = 0 Velocity increses Constnt ccelertion cting on object BODY FALLING FREELY UNDER GRAVITY A body relesed ner the surfce of the erth is ccelerted downwrd under the influence of force of grvity. () Time of Flight : from eqution S = ut + t S = H, u = 0, = g t = T (Let ssume) H = (0)T gt T = H g Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.) H (0,0) u=0

17 MOTION Pge # 7 (b) Finl Velocity when body reches the ground from v u = s s = H v = v f u = 0 = g v f 0 = ( g) ( H) v f = gh Assuming u = 0 for freely flling body : (i) As h = gt i.e. h t Distnce fllen in time t, t, t etc will be in the rtio of : :... i.e. squre of integers. (ii) The distnce fllen in n th sec = g(n ) so distnce fllen in I st, nd, rd sec will be in the rtio : : i.e. odd integers only. (i) (ii) It includes two types of motion BODY IS PROJECTED VERTICALLY UP Decelerted motion from A to B becuse the direction of velocity nd ccelertion is opposite. So speed decreses Accelerted motion from B to C becuse the direction of velocity nd ccelertion is sme (downwrd). So speed increses () Time of flight : upwrd motion (deccelerted motion) u downwrd motion (ccelerted motion) It is the time tken by the prticle to rech the ground. If the prticle is thrown verticlly upwrd with initil velocity u then u i = u from eqution = g (tke downwrd direction negtive) S = ut + t S net = 0 (when prticle gin reches the ground) t = T (time of flight) 0 = ut gt (b) Mximum Height : from v u + s T = u g t mximum height v = 0, s = H mx (c) Finl velocity 0 = u gh mx H mx = u g from v = u + t v = v f = g t = T = u g v f = u v f = u g i.e. the body reches the ground with the sme speed with which it ws thrown verticlly upwrds s it thrown verticlly upwrd. Tking initil position s origin nd direction of motion (i.e. verticlly up) s positive. () At the highest point v = 0 (b) = g : , url : : [email protected] u g A B C

18 Pge # 8 MOTION It is cler tht in cse of motion under grvity () Time tken to go up is equl to the time tken to fll down through the sme distnce. (b) The speed with which body is projected up is equl to the speed with which it comes bck to the point of projection. (c) The body returns to the strting point with the sme speed with which it ws thrown. DISPLACEMENT- TIME GRAPH The slope of displcement time (x t) grph gives the velocity of motion. One cn find the velocity of motion, finding the slope of x - t grph. To find the slope, (i) Select ny two points on the grph A nd B. (ii) Drw right tringle below the grph (ABT) (iii) Find the length of BT nd AT from the xis x B (iv) Tke the rtio of BT to AT The rtio hs the units of velocity. A T Slope BT AT Displcement Time tken Velocity t If x-t grph is stright line, then there my be (i) Stte of rest prllel to time xis (ii) uniform motion inclined to time xis. The slope of the stright line is mesure of velocity of motion. If the x t grph is not stright line, the motion will be non-uniform motion ccelerted motion. For exmple, body dropped from height undergoes free fll stisfying the reltion y = Displcement- time grph (exmples) x gt. () x 0 Body is t rest t x 0. t x () Body strts from origin nd is moving with speed tn wy from origin. x t () Body strts from rest from origin nd moves wy from origin with incresing speed velocity nd positive ccelertion. t Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

19 (4) MOTION x Pge # 9 Body strts from rest from x = x 0 nd moves wy from origin with incresing velocity or +ve ccelertion. x 0 t () x 0 Body strts from x = x 0 nd is moving towrd the origin with constnt velocity psses throw origin fter sme time nd continues to move wy from origin. t x (6) x 0 Body strts from rest t x = x 0 nd then moves with incresing speed towrds origin ccelertion is ve t (7) x Body strts moving wy from origin with some initil speed. Speed of body is decresing till t nd it becomes 0 momentrily of t = t nd At this instnt. Its reverses its direction nd move towrds the origin with incresing speed. O t t t (8) x t t t Body strts from origin moves wy from origin in the ve x-xis t t = t with decresing speed nd t t= t it comes t rest momentrily, Reverses its direction moves towrds the origin the incresing speed. Crosses the origin t t = t. x (9) t Body strts from origin from rest nd moves wy from origin with incresing speed. VELOCITY -TIME GRAPH The slope of velocity-time (v t) grph gives the ccelertion of motion. v B Slope of v t grph is, BT AT Chnge in velocity Time tken A T If v t grph is stright line, then there my be (i) uniform motion prllel to time xis t (ii) non-uniform motion inclined to time xis. : , url : : [email protected]

20 Pge # 0 MOTION Velocity -time grph (exmples) v () Body is lwys t rest. t v () v 0 Body is moving with constnt velocity v 0 t v () Body is t rest initilly then it strts moving with its velocity incresing t constnt rte i.e. body is moving with constnt ccelertion. t v (4) v 0 Body strts its motion with initil velocity v 0 nd continues to move with its velocity incresing t constnt rte i.e. ccelertion of the body is constnt. t () v v 0 v t0 t Body strts its motion with initil velocity v 0. Then it continues to move with its velocity decresing t constnt rte i.e. ccelertion of the body is negtive nd constnt. At t = t 0 the body comes to rest instntneously nd reverses its direction of motion nd then continues to move with decresing velocity or incresing speed. For 0 < t < t 0 motion of the body is decelerted ( speed is decresing) t > t 0 motion of the body is ccelerted ( speed is incresing) (6) t Body is t rest initilly. Then it strts moving with incresing velocity. As time increses its velocity is incresing more rpidly. i.e. the moving with incresing ccelertion. (7) v v 0 t 0 t Body strts its motion with initil velocity v 0. Its velocity is decresing with time nd t t = t 0. It becomes zero fter body reverse its direction of motion nd continues to move with decresing velocity or incresing speed. Since velocity of the body is decresing for whole motion. Therefore, its ccelertion is negtive.for 0 < t < t 0 motion of the body is decelerted (speed is decresing) t > t 0 motion of the body is ccelerted ( speed is incresing) Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

21 () MOTION ACCELERATION TIME GRAPH Pge # ccelertion of the body is zero tht mens the body is moving constnt velocity. t () t Accelertion of the body is constnt nd positive. () t Accelertion of the body is constnt nd negtive (4) t Initilly the ccelertion of the body is zero. Then its ccelertion is incresing t constnt rte. () t The body strts ccelerting(initil ccelertion zero) t t = 0. Its ccelertion is negtive for whole of its motion nd is decresing t constnt rte. (6) t Nture of Slope:- y y Initilly ccelertion of the body is zero. Its ccelertion is positive for whole of its motion. Its ccelertion is incresing for whole of its motion. Slope = 0 x COMPETITIVE WINDOW y Slope incresing x Slope = +ve y x y Slope decresing x Slope = ve y x y Slope constnt Slope incresing x Slope = x : , url : : [email protected]

22 Pge # MOTION Newton's Thought Two crs moving on stright sections of highwy. The ccelertion of the first cr A is greter thn the ccelertion of the second cr B nd both ccelertions hve the sme direction. Which one of the following is true? () The velocity of the first cr is lwys greter thn the velocity of the second cr. (b) The velocity of the second cr is lwys greter thn the velocity of the first cr. (c) In the sme time intervl, the velocity of the first cr chnges by greter mount thn the velocity of the second cr does. (d) In the sme time intervl, the velocity of the second cr chnges by greter mount thn the velocity of the first cr does. Explntion Option (c) is true becuse the ccelertion of the first cr is greter thn the ccelertion of the second cr, thus in the sme time intervl, the velocity of the first cr chnges by greter mount tht the velocity of the second cr does. Option (d) is reverse of option (c), thus it cnnot be true simultneously. It is therefore, flse sttement. Option () is flse becuse initil velocity of cr A my be less thn the velocity of cr B. After certin time intervl, velocity of A will become more thn the velocity of B. Option (b) is lso flse becuse initil velocity of cr A my be less or more thn the velocity of cr B. Even if the initil velocity of cr B is more thn velocity of cr A, fter certin time intervl it will become less thn tht of cr A. EQUATIONS OF MOTION GRAPHICAL METHOD I. Velocity-time eqution Consider the v t grph shown for body hving velocity u t t = 0 nd v t t seconds. The ccelertion '' ssocited with the motion is given by, slope BC AB v t u 0 v u t v u = t or v = u + t v(ms ) v C II. Position-time eqution : Are below the v t grph is mesure of the displcement in stright line. Displcement s = Are (OACBD) s = (BC OD) + OA OD = t t + ut ( v u = t) u A O B D (s) t s =ut + t III. Position-velocity equtions : Displcement in 't' seconds is given by s = Are of trpezium OACBD = (OA + CD) OD = (u + v) t s = (u + v) v u = v u v u = s v = u + s Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

23 MOTION Pge # CIRCULAR MOTION Motion in circulr pth is clled circulr motion. It is of two kinds uniform or non- uniform. If the speed of motion is sme in the circulr pth, the motion is clled uniform circulr motion. If the speed vries my increse or decrese, then it is non-uniform circulr motion. In circulr motion of rdius r, (i) Angulr displcement = rc length rdius x r (ii) Angulr velocity = f t i (iii) Liner velocity v = rdius ngulr velocity v = r (iv) Angulr ccelertion f t i (v) Liner ccelertion = rdius ngulr ccelertion (v) Liner ccelertion = r UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION : (i) If the rdius vector sweeps out equl ngles in equl times, then its motion is sid to be uniform circulr motion. (ii) In uniform circulr motion speed remins const. (iii) Liner velocity, being vector quntity, its direction chnges continuously. (iv)the direction of velocity is long the tngent t every point. Angulr displcement : : , url : : [email protected] O P' s r P In circulr motion, the ngle subtended t the centre by ny rc of the circulr pth of motion is clled the ngulr displcement ( ). It is mesured in rdins. One rdin is tht ngulr displcement whose re length is equl to the rdius of the circle. Angulr velocity : The ngulr displcement of ny moving object per second is clled its ngulr velocity ( ). Angulr velocity ( ) = Angulr displceme nt Time tken It is expressed in rdin per second. (i) A vector quntity (ii) Direction is perpendiculr to plne of rottion t. Note : If the prticle is revolving in the clockwise direction then the direction of ngulr velocity is perpendiculr to the plne downwrds. Wheres in cse of nticlockwise direction the direction will be upwrds. (iii) Unit is Rdin/sec. (iv) In uniform circulr motion the direction of ngulr velocity is long the xis of rottion which is constnt throughout. (v) Angulr velocity remins constnt in mgnitude s well s in direction. (vi) v = r where r = rdius of the circle.

24 Pge # 4 MOTION Angulr ccelertion : The chnge in ngulr velocity in unit time is clled the ngulr ccelertion ( ). Angulr ccelertion = Chnge in ngulr velocity Time tken (i) Accelertion in uniform circulr motion is directed towrds the centre nd the direction of velocity t ny instnt is given by the tngent t tht point. (ii) Since the ccelertion is lwys directed towrds the centre in uniform circulr motion, it is n exmple of vrible ccelertion even through the mgnitude of ccelertion is the sme. Centripetl ccelertion : (i) In uniform circulr motion the prticle experiences n ccelertion clled the centripetl ccelertion. v (ii) c r (iii) The direction of centripetl ccelertion is long the rdius towrds the centre. Centripetl force : (i) Alwys cts towrds centre. (ii) Centripetl force is required to move prticle in circle. (iii) Becuse F c is lwys perpendiculr to velocity or displcement, hence the work done by this force will lwys be zero. Note : (i) Circulr motion in horizontl plne is usully uniform circulr motion. (ii) Remember tht equtions of motion re not pplicble for circulr motion. Time period : (i) It is the time tken to complete one complete revolution. (ii) In one revolution, ngle subtended is nd if T is time period, then the ngulr velocity is given by T Frequency : or T (i) Frequency is defined s the no. of revolutions per second. i.e. n T DO YOU KNOW? If on X-xis & on Y-xis then Slope Formul Time Displcement Velocity v ds sf si vv dt time Time Velocity Accelertion dv vf vi v dt time Time Momentum Force F dp W Pv dt time Time Energy Power P dw dt v J f J i time Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

25 MOTION Pge # SOLVED PROBLEMS Ex. Sol. An object hs moved through distnce. Cn it hve zero displcement? If yes, support you nswer with n exmple. Yes, n object which hs moved through distnce cn hve zero displcement. Exmple : When person, wlking long circulr pth, returns bck to the strting point, fter completing circle, his displcement is zero. But he covers distnce r where 'r' is the rdius of circulr pth. The displcement is zero, s the shortest distnce between the initil nd finl position of the person is zero. Ex. A frmer moves long the boundry of squre field of side 0 m in 40 s. Wht will be the mgnitude of displcement of the frmer t the end of minutes 0 seconds? Sol. The perimeter squre field ABCD = 4 0m = 40 m. Time for moving round the 0 m squre field once = 40 s. Time for journey of frmer = min nd 0 s = 40 s. A D Number of times the frmer moves round the squre field = times. 0 m For going once round the squre field, the displcement = 0 For going thrice round the squre field, the displcement = 0 B C 0 m For going times the squre field, the distnce covered = 40 m = 0 m. It is obvious from the figure, tht if the frmer strts from pt A, then he will cover 0 m long AB nd then0 m long BC. Therefore displcement of frmer from the point A to point C is AC (AB) (BC) (0) (0) 4.4 m Ex. Which of the following is true for displcement? () It cnnot be zero. (b) Its mgnitude is greter thn the distnce trvelled by the object. Sol. None of the sttement () or (b) is true for displcement. Ex.4 Sol. Ex. Sol. Distinguish between speed nd velocity. (i) Speed is the rte of chnge of motion but velocity is the rte of chnge of motion in specified direction. (ii) Speed is sclr quntity, but velocity is vector quntity. Under wht condition is the mgnitude of verge velocity of n object equl to its verge speed? The mgnitude of verge velocity of n object is equl to its verge speed when the velocity of n object chnges t uniform rte, i.e., the body is in uniformly ccelerted motion. If body is moving with uniform ccelertion. Initil velocity = u, Finl velocity = v, Averge speed = Averge velocity = u v. SPEED Speed of body is the distnce trvelled by the body per unit time. or The rte of chnge of motion is clled speed. distnce trvelled Speed = time tken If body covers distnce S in time t then speed, v S t : , url : : [email protected]

26 Pge # 6 MOTION Ex.6 Wht does speedometer of n utomobile mesure? Sol. The speedometer mesures the instntneous speed of the utomobile t some prticulr time. Ex.7 Wht does the pth of n object look like when it is in uniform motion? Sol. The pth of n object will be stright line. Ex.8 During n experiment, signl from spceship reched the ground sttion in five minutes. Wht ws the distnce of the spceship from the ground sttion? The signl trvels t the speed of light, tht is 0 8 ms. Sol. Speed of signl = 0 8 ms Time in which signl reches ground = min = 60 = 00 s Distnce of spceship from the ground level = speed time = = m Ex.9 Sol. When will you sy body is in (i) Uniform ccelertion. (ii) Non uniform ccelertion? (i) A body is in uniform ccelertion when equl chnges in velocity tke plce in equl intervls of time,however smll these intervls my be. (ii) A body is sid to be possessing non-uniform ccelertion when unequl chnges in velocity tke plce in equl intervls of time, however smll these intervls my be. Ex.0 A bus decreses its speed from 80 km h to 60 km h in s. Find the ccelertion of the bus. Sol. Given t = s Initil speed of bus u = 80 km h = 80 8 Finl speed of the bus v = 60 km h = 60 8 =. ms = 6.7 ms Now ccelertion is given by the reltion v u 6.7. t. ms - Ex. A trin strting from rilwy sttion nd moving with uniform ccelertion ttins speed 40 kmh in 0 minutes. Find its ccelertion. Sol. Given t = 0 min = 0 60 = 600 s Initil speed of trin, u = 0 ms Finl speed of trin v = 40 km h = 40 8 =. ms Now ccelertion is given by the reltion v u. 0 t ms - Ex. Wht is the nture of the distnce time grphs for uniform nd non-uniform motion of n object? Sol. The distnce time-grph for uniform motion is stright line not prllel to the time xis. The distnce time-grph for non-uniform motion is not stright line. It cn be curve or zigzg line not prllel to time xis. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

27 MOTION Pge # 7 Ex. Wht cn you sy bout the motion of n object whose distnce time-grph is stright line prllel to the time xis? Sol. The object is sttionry. Ex.4 Wht cn you sy bout the motion of n object if its speed-time grph is stright line prllel to the time xis? Sol. The object hs uniform speed. Ex. Wht is the quntity which is mesured by the re occupied below the velocity-time grph? Sol. Displcement is the quntity which is mesured by the re under velocity time grph. Ex.6 A bus strting from rest moves with uniform ccelertion of 0. ms for minutes. Find () the speed cquired. (b) the distnce trvelled. Sol. Given Initil speed of bus, u = 0 ms Finl speed of bus, v =? = 0. ms, t = min = 0 s S =? (i) We know, v = u + t or v = = ms (ii) S = ut + t S = (0) = 70 m Therefore Finl speed cquired = ms Distnce trvelled = 70 m Ex.7 A trin is trvelling t speed of 90 kmh. Brkes re pplied so s to produce uniform ccelertion of 0. ms. Find how fr the trin will go before it is brought to rest. Sol. Given Initil speed of trin, u = 90 km h = 90 8 Finl speed, v = 0 ms Accelertion = 0. ms Distnce covered, S =? = ms Using the reltion v u = S, we hve v -u 0-() S+ = = 6 m (-0.) Ex.8 A trolley, while going down n inclined plne, hs n ccelertion of cms. Wht will be its velocity Sol. s fter the strt? Given Initil velocity, u = 0 Finl velocity, v =? Time, t = s Accelertion, = cms We know tht v = u + t Or v = 0 + = 6 cms Therefore, finl velocity = 6 cms. : , url : : [email protected]

28 Pge # 8 MOTION Ex.9 A rcing cr hs uniform ccelertion of 4 ms. Wht distnce will it cover in 0 s fter strt. Sol. Given Initil velocity, u = 0 Accelertion, = 4 ms Time, t = 0 s Distnce covered, S =? We know ; S = ut + t S = (0) = = 00 m Therefore, distnce covered = 00 m. Ex.0 A stone is thrown in verticlly upwrd direction with velocity of ms. If the ccelertion of the stone during its motion is 0 ms in the downwrd direction, wht will be the height ttined by the stone nd how much time will it tke to rech there? Sol. Given Initil velocity, u = ms Finl velocity, v= 0 Accelertion in the downwrd direction = 0 ms Therefore ccelertion in the upwrd direction = 0 ms Height ttined by stone, S =? Time tken to ttin height, t =? (i) (ii) Using the reltion ; v = u + t 0 = + ( 0) t or t = /0 = 0. s Using the reltion ; v u = S, we hve v -u (0) - () S = = =. m (-0) Ex. An rtificil stellite is moving in circulr oribit of rdius 40 km. Clculte its speed if it tkes 4 hours to revolve round the erth. Sol. R = 40 km. t = 4 hrs. v =? V = r t = 40 4 v =.07 km/sec. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

29 MOTION Pge # 9 Q. An thlete completes one round. of circulr trck of dimeter 00 m in 40 s. Wht will be the distnce covered nd the displcement t the end of minutes 0 s? Ans. Given Dimeter of circulr trck, r =00 m Circumference of circulr trck = s = (r) = NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS m 7 7 Time for completing one round = 40 s. Time for which the thlete rn = min nd 0 s = 40s r s = 4400 m 7 Distnce covered in s = 4400 m 7 40 (i) Therefore, distnce covered by thlete in 40s = m 7 40 (ii) As the thlete returns to the initil point in 40s, his displcement = 0 Now, Number of rounds in 40 seconds = Hence number of rounds in 40s is = For ech complete round the displcement is zero. Therefore for complete rounds, the displcement will be zero. A r B The finl displcement will be due to hlf the round (i.e. semicircle). Thus, his displcement = dimeter of circulr trck = 00 m. Q. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of stright 00 m rod in minutes 0 seconds nd then turns round nd jogs 00 m bck to point C in nother minute. Wht re Joseph s verge speeds nd velocities in jogging () from A to B nd (b) from A to C? Ans. The required figure is s shown A C B 00m 00m () Distnce covered = 00m Time tken = min nd 0s = 70 s Now verge speed from A to B is given by V v = dis tn ce cov ered 00.76ms time 70 Now verge velocity from A to B is given by V v = displcement 00.76ms time 70 : , url : : [email protected]

30 Pge # 0 MOTION (b) When Joseph turns round from B to C towrds west, then Distnce covered = = 400 m Time tken = = 0s Therefore, verge speed from A to C is V v = dis tnce cov ered ms time 0 Now displcement from A to C = 00m Therefore, verge velocity from A to C is V v = displcement 00 time ms Q. Abdul while driving to school computes the verge speed for his trip to be 0 km h. On his return trip long the sme route, there is less trffic nd the verge speed is 40 km h. Wht is the verge speed for Abdul's trip? Ans. Let one wy distnce for his trip be s. Let t be the time for his trip from home to school nd t be the time for his return trip. Then t = S S h, v 0 nd t = S S h v 40 Therefore, totl time of trip is T = t + t = S S S h Totl distnce covered = S Therefore, verge speed of Abdul V v = totldis tn ce totl time = S 40 S = 6.6 kmh Q.4 A motorbot strting from rest on lke ccelertes in stright line t constnt rte or.0 ms for 8.0 s. Hew fr does the bot trvel during this time? Ans. Given, initil velocity of bot, u = 0 Accelertion, =.0 m s Time, t = 8s Distnce covered, s =? Using the reltion s = ut + t we hve, s = = 96m. Q. The driver of cr trvelling t km h pplies the brkes nd ccelertes uniformly in the opposite direction. The cr stops in s. Another driver going t kmh in nother cr pplies his brkes slowly nd stops in 0s. On the sme grph pper, plot the speed versus time grphs for the two crs. Which of the two crs trvelled fther fter the brkes were pplied? Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

31 MOTION Pge # Ans. The speed time grph of both the crs re shown below. (i) Distnce covered by cr moving t kmh (or 8 = 4.4 ms ) = re of PQR = PO OQ = 4.4 = 6 m P L Q N O 0 time (sec.) (ii) Distnce covered by cr moving t kmh (or 8 = 0.8 ms ) = re of PLN = LO ON = = 4. m The cr moving t km h trvels more distnce on the ppliction of brkes. Q.6 Figure below shows the distnce-time grph of three objects A, Bnd C. Study the grph nd nswer the following questions: () Which of the three is trvelling the. fstest? (b) Are ll three ever t the sme point on the rod? (c) How fr hs C trvelled when B psses A? (d) How fr hs B trvelled by the time it psses C? B C A 8 P Q time (hour) Ans. () Cr B is trvelling the fstest, becuse its slope is lrgest mong the three. (b) No, they re never t the sme point becuse U the grphs of A, Bnd C do not intersect t one point. (c) When cr B psses cr A t point P, the distnce covered by cr C = 8 = 6 km. (pprox.) (d) Cr B nd C pss ech other t point Q. The distnce trvelled by B t tht point is nerly.7 km. : , url : : [email protected]

32 Pge # MOTION Q.7 A bll is gently dropped from height of 0 m. If its velocity Increses uniformly t the rte of 0 ms, with wht velocity will it strike the ground? After wht time will it strike the ground?. Ans. Given, initil velocity of bll, u = 0 Finl velocity of bll, v =? Distnce through which the bll flls, s = 0 m Accelertion = 0 ms Time of fll, t =? We know v u = s or v 0 = 0 0 = 400 or v = 0 ms Now using v = u + t we hve 0 = t or t = s Q.8 The speed-time grph for cr is shown in figure below. () Shde the re on the grph tht represents the distnce trvelled by the cr during the first 4 seconds. (b) Which prt of the grph represents uniform motion of the cr? Ans. () During first 4 seconds, cr is moving with nonuniform ccelertion. Are of shded portion represents distnce trvelled. (b) The stright line portion of the grph represents uniform motion of the cr. Q.9 Stte which of the following situtions re possible nd give n exmple for ech of these; Ans. () An object with constnt ccelertion but with zero velocity. (b) An object moving in certin direction with ccelertion in the perpendiculr direction. () A body with constnt ccelertion but with zero velocity is possible. For exmple, when body is just relesed, its initil velocity u = 0, but ccelertion g = 0 ms. (b) It is possible. When stone, tied to string, is whirled in circulr pth, the ccelertion cting on it is lwys t right ngle to the direction of motion of stone. Q.0 An rtificil stellite is moving in circulr orbit of rdius 40 km. Clculte its speed if it tkes 4 hours to revolve round the erth. Ans. Distnce covered by the stellite in 4 hours S = r = km 7 Therefore speed of stellite v = dis tn ce trvelled 67.4 time tken kms Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

33 MOTION Pge # EXERCISE I BOARD PROBLEMS Q. Distinguish between speed nd velocity. Q. Wht does the pth of n object look like when it is in uniform motion? Q. Under wht condition will the displcement nd distnce hve the sme mgnitude? Q.4 A boy hits footbll high up into the ir. He runs nd ctches the foot bll before it hits the ground. Which of the two, the boy or the footbll hs hd greter displcement? Q. Cn the speed of body be negtive? Q.6 Wht is the verge velocity of prticle when it returns to the strting point? Cn its verge speed by zero? Q.7 A cr mnufcturer dvertises tht the brkes re so perfect tht the cr stops instntneous. Comment. Q.8 Give n exmple of body which covers certin distnce, but its displcement is zero? Q.9 Cn the displcement of prticle be zero when the distnce trvelled is not zero? Q.0 Wht is the reltion between distnce nd time (i) when body is moving with uniform speed? (ii) when body is moving with vrible speed? Q. Drw velocity-time grphs for the following situtions : (i) When body is moving with uniform velocity. (ii) When body is moving with vrible velocity, but uniform ccelertion (iii) When body is moving with vrible velocity, but uniform retrdtion (iv) When body is moving with vrible velocity nd vrible ccelertion Q. Distinguish between terms distnce nd displcement. Q. Mention some uses of velocity time grphs. Q.4 A trin strting from rilwy sttion nd moving with uniform ccelertion ttins speed 40 km h in 0 minutes. Find its ccelertion. Q. A bus strting from rest moves with uniform ccelertion of 0. ms for minutes. Find () the speed cquired, (b) the distnce trvelled. Q.6 A driver of cr trvelling t kmh pplies the brkes nd ccelertes uniformly in the opposite direction. The cr stops in s. Another driving going t kmh in nother cr pplies his brkes slowly nd stops in 0s. On the sme grph pper, plot the speed versus time grphs for the two crs. Which the two crs trvelled frther fter the brkes were pplied. Q.7 A trin is trvelling t speed of 90 kmh. Brkes re pplied so s to produce uniform ccelertion of 0. ms. Find how fr the trin will go before it is brought to rest. Q.8 An thlete completes one round of circulr trck of dimeter 00m in 40s. Wht will be the distnce covered nd the displcement t the end of minutes 0 s? Q.9 An eroplne lnds t 6 kmh nd stops fter covering runwy of km. Clculte the ccelertion nd the time, in which it comes to rest. Q.0 A truck running t 90 kmh is brought to rest over distnce of m. Clculte the retrdtion nd time for which brkes re pplied. : , url : : [email protected]

34 Pge # 4 Q. A motor bike running to 90 kmh, is slowed down to 4 kmh by the ppliction of brkes, over distnce of 40m. If the brkes re pplied with the sme force, clculte (i) totl time in which bike comes to rest (ii) totl distnce trvelled by bike. Q. A person trvels distnce of m towrds est, then 4 m towrds north nd then m towrds west. MOTION Q.6 Figure below shows the distnce-time grph of three objects A, Bnd C. Study the grph nd nswer the following questions: () Which of the three is trvelling the. fstest? (b) Are ll three ever t the sme point on the rod? (c) How fr hs C trvelled when B psses A? (i) (ii) Clculte the totl distnce trvelled. Clculte the resultnt displcement. (d) How fr hs B trvelled by the time it psses C? Q. A body is moving in stright line. Its distnces from origin re shown with time in Fig. A, B, C, D nd E represent different prts of its motion. Find the following : 8 P B C A (i)displcement of the body in first seconds. (ii) Totl distnce trvelled in 7 seconds. 4 Q (iii) Displcement in 7 seconds time (hour) B C D 40 A 0 E O Time (s) Distnce-time grph Q.7 A bus strting from rest moves with unifor m cce le rtion of 0. ms for minutes. Find () the speed cquired. Q.4 The distnce between two points A nd B is 00 m. A person moves from A to B with speed of 0 m/s nd from B to A with speed of m/s. Clculte verge speed nd verge velocity. Q. A cr moves with speed of 40 km/hr for first hour, then with speed of 60 km/hr for next hlf hour nd finlly with speed of 0 km/hr for next hours. Clculte the (b) the distnce trvelled. Q.8 A trin strting from rilwy sttion nd moving with uniform ccelertion ttins speed 40 kmh in 0 minutes. Find its ccelertion. Q.9 From the top of tower of height 490 m, shell is fired horizontlly with velocity 00 m/s. At wht distnce from the bottom of the tower, the shell will hit the ground? verge speed of the cr. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

35 MOTION Q.0 The brkes pplied to cr produce negtive ccelertion of 6 m/s. If the cr tkes seconds to stop fter pplying the brkes, clculte the distnce it trvels during this time. Q. Strting from rest, Deepk pddles his bicycle to ttin velocity of 6 m/s in 0 seconds then he pplies brkes so tht the velocity of the bicycle comes down to 4 m/s in the next seconds. Clculte the cce lertion of the bicycle in both the cses. Q. A body strts moving with n initil velocity 0 m/s nd ccelertion 0 m/s. How much distnce it will cover in 4s? Also, clculte its verge speed during this time intervl. Q. A body is moving with speed of 0 m/s. When certin force is pplied, n ccelertion of 4 m/s is produced. After how much time its velocity will be 80 m/s? Pge # Q.4 A body strts from rest nd moves with constnt ccelertion. It trvels distnce s in first 0 s, nd distnce s in next 0 s. Find the reltion between s nd s. Q. A trin is moving with velocity 400 m/s. With the ppliction of brkes retrdtion of 0 m/s is produced. Clculte the following : (i) After how much time it will stop? (ii) How much distnce will it trvel before it stops? Q.6 A body is thrown verticlly upwrds with n initil velocity of 9.6 m/s. If g = 9.8 m/s. Clculte the following : (i) The mximum height ttined by the body. (ii) After how much time will it come bck to the ground? : , url : : [email protected]

36 Pge # 6 MOTION EXERCISE II OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS Q. A body goes from A to B with velocity of 0 m/s nd comes bck B to A with velocity of 0 m/s. The verge velocity of the body during the whole journey is (A) zero (C) m/s (B) 4 m/s (D) none of these Q. If n object covering distnces in direct proportion to the squre of the time lpsed, then the ccelertion is (A) incresing (C) constnt (B) decresing (D) none of these Q. Distnce trvelled by freely flling body is proportionl to :- (A) mss of the body (B) squre of the ccelertion due to grvity (C) squre of the time of fll (D) time of fll Q.4 The rte of chnge of displcement with time is :- (A) speed (C) retrdtion (B) ccelertion (D) velocity Q. Which of the following is not vector quntity? (A) Retrdtion (B) Accelertion due to grvity (C) Averge speed (D) Displcement Q.6 If the time-displcement grph of prticle is prllel to the time-xis, then velocity of the prticle is :- (A) infinity (B) unity (C) equl to ccelertion of the body (D) zero Q.7 In the velocity-time grph, AB shows tht the body hs :- v A B O t (A) uniform ccelertion (B) non-uniform retrdtion (C) uniform speed (D) initil velocity OA nd is moving with uniform retrdtion Q.8 In the given velocity-time grph, AB shows tht the body hs A v (A) uniform ccelertion (B) uniform retrdtion t (C) uniform velocity throughout its motion nd hs zero initil velocity (D) none of these Q.9 If the displcement-time grph for the two prticles A nd B re stright lines inclined t ngles of 0 nd 60 with the time xis, then rtio of the velocities v A : v B will be Y O 60 0 Time A B B X (A) : (B) : (C) : (D) : Q.0 In the given figure, velocity of the body t A is (A) zero O (C) mximum A Time B (B) unity (D) infinite Q. The velocity-time grph for body with nonuniform motion is (A) curved line (B) stright line prllel to x-xis (C) stright line prllel to y-xis (D) none of these Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

37 MOTION Q. Are under velocity-time grph gives (A) time tken by moving object (B) distnce trvelled by moving object (C) ccelertion of moving object (D) retrdtion of moving object Q. If body is thrown up with n initil velocity u nd covers mximum height of h, then h is equl to :- (A) u g (C) u g (B) u g (D) None of these Q.4 A body is thrown verticlly upwrds nd rises to height of 0m. The velocity with which the body ws thrown upwrds is (g = 9.8 m/s ) (A) 6 m/s (C) 4 m/s (B) m/s (D) m/s Q. A truck running long stright line increses its speed uniformly from 0 m/s to 60 m/s over time intervl min. The distnce trvelled during this time intervl is (A) 900 m (C) 700 m (B) 800 m (D) 600m Q.6 A cr trvels rd distnce on stright rod with velocity of 0 km/hr, next rd with velocity 0 km/hr nd the lst rd with velocity 60 km/hr. Wht is the verge velocity of the cr in the whole journey? (A) 4 km/hr (B) 6 km/hr (C) km/hr (D) 8 km/hr Q.7 A motor ship covers the distnce of 00 km between two loclities on river in 0 hrs downstrem nd in hrs upstrem. Find the flow velocity of the river ssuming tht these velocities re constnt. (A).0 km/hr (B). km/hr (C) km/hr (D). km/hr Q.8 Driver of trin trvelling t km/hr sees on sme trck, 00m infront of him, slow trin trvelling in the sme direction t km/ hr. The lest retrdtion tht must be pplied to fster trin to void collision is (A). m/s (B). m/s (C).7 m/s (D).0 m/s Pge # 7 Q.9 Distnce of the moo n from the erth is m. The time tken by rdr signl trnsmitted from the erth to rech the moon is (A). s (C).6 s (B). s (D) 0.70 s Q.0 A stone is dropped into well in which the level of wter is h, below the top of the well. If v is velocity of sound, then time T fter which the splsh is herd is equl to (A) h v (C) h g h v (B) (D) h v h g h g h v Q. A stone weighing kg flls from the top of tower 00 m high nd buries itself m deep in the snd. The time of penetrtion is :- (A) 0.09 sec (C). sec (B) 0.9 sec (D). sec Q. The velocity of body t ny instnt is 0 m/s. After sec, velocity of the prticle is 0 m/s. The velocity t seconds before is (A) 8 m/sec (C) 6 m/sec (B) 4 m/sec (D) 7 m/sec Q. A body covers 00 cm in the first sec.nd 0 cm in next 4 sec. Wht is the velocity of the body t the' end of 7th second? (A) 40 cm/sec (C) 0 cm/sec (B) 0 cm/sec (D) cm/sec Q.4 If two bodies of different msses m nd m re dropped from different heights h nd h, then rtio of the times tken by the two to drop through these distnces is :- (A) h : h (B) h /h (C) h : h (D) h : h Q. Nme the instrument used to me sure instntneous speed of vehicle: (A) Accelertor (C) Ammeter (B) Speedometer (D) Multicenter Q.6 A bll is dropped on the floor from height of 0 m. It rebounds to height of. m. If the bll is in contct with the floor for 0.0 sec, then verge ccelertion during contct is :- (A) 00 m/s (B) 400 m/s (C) 700 m/s (D) 400 m/s : , url : : [email protected]

38 Pge # 8 Q.7 A stone is thrown verticlly upwrd with n initil velocity u from the top of tower, reches the ground with velocity u. The height of the tower is :- (A) (C) u g 6u g (B) (D) 4u g 9u g Q.8 If bll is thrown up with certin velocity. It ttins height of 40 m nd comes bck to the thrower, then :- (A) totl distnce covered by it is 40 m (B) totl displcement covered by it is 80 m (C) totl displcement is zero (D) totl distnce covered by it is zero Q.9 Accelertion of body projected upwrds with certin velocity is (A) 9.8 m/s (B) 9.8 m/s (C) zero (D) insufficient dt Q.0 If body of mss 0.0 kg is moving on circulr pth of dimeter.0 m t the rte of 0 revolutions per.4 sec, then centripetl force cting on the body (n =.4) is (A) 0. Newton (C) 0.0 Newton (B).0 Newton (D) 0.0 Newton Q. The erth's rdius is 6400 km. It mkes one revolution bout its own xis in 4 hrs. The centripetl ccelertion of point on its equtor is nerly (A) 40 cm/s (B) 4 cm/s (C).4 cm/s (D) 0.4 cm/s Q. The ccelertion of point on the rim of flywheel m in dimeter, if it mkes 00 revolutions per minute is (A) 8 m/s (B) 80 m/s (C) 800 m/s (D) none of these Q. A phonogrph record on turn tble rottes t 0 rpm. The liner speed of point on the record t the needle t the beginning of the recording when it is t distnce of 4 cm from the centre is (A) cm/sec (C) 48 cm/sec (B) 44 cm/sec (D) cm/sec Q.4 The reltionship between verge speed, time nd distnce is (A) Averge speed = distnce time (B) Averge speed = totldistnce totl time (C) Time = verge speed/distnce (D) Distnce = verge speed time MOTION Q. A body moving long circulr pth hs (A) constnt speed (B) constnt velocity (C) no rdil ccelertion (D) no tngentil velocity Q.6 A rubber bll dropped from certin height is n exmple of (A) uniform ccelertion (B) uniform retrdtion (C) uniform speed (D) non-uniform speed Q.7 If the velocity of body does not chnge, its ccelertion is (A) zero (B) infinite (C) unity (D) none of these Q.8 When the distnce n object trvels is directly proportionl to the length of time, it is sid to trvel with (A) zero velocity (B) constnt speed (C) constnt ccelertion (D) uniform velocity Q.9 A body moves on three qurters of circle of rdius r. The displcement nd distnce trvelled by it re:- (A) displcement = r, distnce = r (B) displcement r, distnce = r (C) distnce r, displcement = r (D) displcement 0, distnce = r Q.40 For the motion on stright line pth with const nt ccele rtion the rtio of the mgnitude of the displcement to the distnce covered is :- (A) = (B) (C) (D) < Answers. A. C. C 4. D. C 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. D 0. A. A. B. A 4. C. C 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. B 0. C. A. B. C 4. C. B 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. B 0. A. C. C. B 4. B. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. B 40. A Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

39 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 9 INTRODUCTION All the substnces round us hve different shpe, size nd texture. Everything in universe is mde up of mtter. The ir we brethe, the food we et, the wter we drink, the pen with which we write, the book we red, re mde up of mtter. In this chpter, we shll discuss the mtter in our surroundings. IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS. Mteril : The term used to describe prticulr kind of mtter, is clled mteril e.g. wood, wter nd mrble. Type of mteril : Homogeneous Mteril Heterogeneous Mteril Which hs sme composition nd sme properties is clled. Homogeneous mteril. Which hs different composition nd diffe re nt pr operties in mteri l different prts is, clled heterogeneous mteril. For e.g.: In mrble, presence of grey nd red grins of other mterils.. Mtter : It is substnce which occupies spce nd hs mss. Air, Erth, Fire, Sky nd wter five bsic element, "The Pnch Ttv" ccording to the erlier Indin Philosophers. According to them everything i.e., living or non-living is mde up of these five elements.. Clssifiction of Mtter : Nowdys scientists hve clssified mtter in the following two wys : (i) The physicl clssifiction bsed on physicl properties of mtter nd (ii) The chemicl clssifiction bsed on chemicl composition of mtter. MATTER Physicl clssifiction Chemicl clssifiction Solid Liquid Gs Pure substnce Mixture Element Compound Metl Non metl Metlloid Solution Colloide Suspension Clssifiction of Mtter 4. Physicl Nture of Mtter : Mtter is mde up smll prticles nd there is spce between prticles of mtter. It cn be proved with the help of following experiment. Experiment: To show tht there is spce between prticles of mtter. : , url : : [email protected]

40 Pge # 40 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Add Sugr Stir wter Sugr solution Dissolution of sugr in wter. In solution prticles of sugr re present in the spces between prticles of wter Mterils Required : 00 ml beker, wter, slt, glss rod. Procedure : Tke 00 ml beker nd fill it with wter nd mrk the level of wter. Dissolve the given slt with the help of glss rod. Observe the chnge in the wter level nd record your observtions. Observtions :The slt gets dissolve in wter. The prticle of slt hve entered the spce between wter molecules, therefore, the level of wter does not chnge. Conclusion : The slt consists of lrge number of smll prticle which occupy the spce between molecules of wter.. Size of Prticles of Mtter : The prticles of mtter re extremely smll in size which cnnot be seen even with powerful microscope. Their size cn be observed with the help of following experiment. Experiment : To show tht mtter is mde up of very smll prticles. Potssium permngnte Solution wter Decrese in colour of potssium permngnte solution Mterils Required : Crystls of KMnO 4 (potssium permgnte), wter, seprte bekers. Procedure : Tke - crystls of KMnO 4 nd dissolve them in 0ml of wter in beker. Tke ml of solution from beker nd put it into 0 ml of wter in beker nd observe the colour of solution. Tke ml of solution from beker nd put it into 0 ml of wter in beker nd observe the colour of solution. Observtions : The colour of solution remins purple in ll the bekers. Conclusion : It shows tht even - crystls of KMnO 4 consists of millions of smll prticle which dissolve in wter giving purple colour to the solution. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

41 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 4 6. Spce between Prticles of Mtter : When we dissolve sugr, slt or KMnO4 in wter, prticles get evenly distributed in wter. Similrly, when we prepre te or coffee, the prticles of one type of mtter diffuse into spce between prticles of the other. This shows tht there is enough spce between prticles of mtter. 7. Continuous movement of Prticles : S w i m m i n g i s possible becuse of spce between wter molecule. Prticles of mtter re continuously moving, i.e., they possess kinetic energy which increses with increses in temperture. Experiment : To show the prticles of mtter re continuously moving. Mterils Required : Incense stick or grbti, mtch box. Procedure : Put n unlit incense stick in corner of your clss. Go close to the incense stick to smell it. Now light the incense stick. And try to get the smell from distnce. Observtions : The smell of unlit incense stick cn be observed only by going close to it wheres the smell of lighted incense stick cn be observed from distnce. Conclusion : The prticles of mtter of continuously moving but the speed of prticles is very slow. The speed of prticles increse with the increse in temperture. 8. Diffusion : The process of intermixing of prticles of two or more substnce on their own is clled diffusion. The rte of diffusion increses on heting tht is why n incense stick gives smell only when we come close to it, but on lighting the stick we get smell even fr wy from it. 9. Attrction between Prticles of Mtter : There is force of ttrction between prticles of mtter. It cn be explined with the help of following gme in the field. Mke four groups nd form humn chins s follows. The first group should hold ech other from bck nd lock rms like Bihu dncers. The second group should hold hnds to form humn chin. The third group should from chin by touching ech other with only their finger tips. The fourth group should run round nd try to brek three humn chins one by one into groups s smll s possible. Observtions nd Conclusions The third group is esily to brek becuse of lest force of ttrction. It is similr to prticles in gseous stte. The first group is most difficult to brek due to mximum force of ttrction. It represents prticles present in solid stte. The second group requires little force to brek which shows it hs force of ttrction less thn first group but more thn third group. It represents prticles in the liquid stte. Even in solids, the force of ttrction differs from one substnce to nother. There is mximum force of ttrction between prticles of iron nil, less in piece of chlk nd lest in rubber bnd. It is difficult to cut strem of wter with the help of fingers due to force of ttrction between prticle of liquids. Thus, there is force of ttrction between prticles of mtter which keeps the prticles together. The strength of forces vries in different kinds of mtter. : , url : : [email protected]

42 Pge # 4 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Extremely smll in size Attrct ech other Memory Tip Prticles of Mtter Hve spce between toms Are continuously moving 0. Clssifiction of Mtter on the bsis of Physicl Stte : Mtter cn be clssified into Solid, Liquid nd Gs.. Properties of the Solid Stte : They hve fixed shpe. They hve fixed volume. They re rigid n hve fixed boundries. They re incompressible becuse intermoleculr spce is less. They hve high density s compred to other sttes of mtter. They hve strong force of ttrction between the prticles. Arrngement of prticles in solid The prticles re closely pcked in solid, therefore, there is less intermoleculr spce between the prticles. The kinetic energy of prticles in solid is very less. They vibrte only t their men position tht is why solids hve rigid shpe. Solid diffuse into solids to very less extent, e.g., it is difficult to rub blckbord on which something is written in chlk without clening for 0- dys.. Volume : The spce occupied by substnce is clled volume. Its SI unit is cubic metre (m ). Its common unit is litre. (L = dm, L = 000 ml, ml = cm ).. Density : The mss per unit volume of substnce is clled density. Density is mximum Density = mss/volume. The SI unit of density is km/m where common in the solid stte of substnce unit is g/cm. (CGS unit) 4. Kinetic Energy : The energy possessed by prticles by virtue of its motion is clled kinetic energy.. Properties of the Liquid Stte : Liquids do not hve fixed shpe or boundries. They hve fixed volume. They cn flow, i.e., they hve fluidity. Internl structure of rubber in like tht of spring i.e. why it is stretchber They hve low compressibility but more thn solids. They hve lower density s compred to solids. The intermoleculr forces of ttrction re weker s compred to solids. The intermoleculr spce is more thn tht of solids. Arrngement of molecule in liquid The prticles in liquid stte cn move freely nd hence hve higher kinetic energy thn solids but less thn tht of gses. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

43 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 4 They shows the property of intermixing nd thus they cn diffuse. It cn be shown by the following experiment. Experiment : To compre the rte of diffusion of liquids hving different densities. Mterils Required : Two bekers filled with wter, blue ink, honey. Procedure : Tke two bekers filled with wter. Add drop of blue ink into first beker slowly nd honey in the second beker. Leve them undistributed t you home or in corner in the clss. Record you observtions. Observtions : The blue ink diffuses into wter nd wter become light blue in colour. Honey diffuses very slowly into wter, therefore, tkes lots of time to diffuse evenly. Conclusion : Liquids with higher density, diffuse slower thn liquids hving lower density. Fctor Affecting Rte of Diffusion : (i) Density : The rte of diffusion depends upon density of liquids. Higher the density, lesser will be the rte of diffusion. (ii) Temperture : The rte of diffusion depends upon temperture, i.e, the rte of diffusion increse with n increse in temperture which cn be shown experimentlly. (iii) Physicl Stte : Solids cn diffuse into liquids slowly wheres liquids cn diffuse into liquids fster nd gses cn lso diffuse into liquids. Experiment : To study the vrition of rte of diffusion with temperture of solid in liquids. Mterils Required : Copper sulphte, two bekers, cold wter nd hot wter. Procedure : Tke 0ml of cold wter in beker. Tke 0ml of hot wter in nother beker. Add crystl of copper sulphte into the beker contining 0ml of cold wter. Add crystl of copper sulphte into the beker contining 0ml of hot wter. Leve them undisturbed. Record the observtions. Observtions : The colour of solutio in first beker becomes blue slowly wheres the colour becomes blue fster in second beker. Conclusion : The rte of diffusion increses with increse in temperture becuse kinetic energy of molecules increses. 6. Diffusion of Gses in Liquids : Gses cn lso diffuse in liquids. Oxygen nd crbon dioxide get dissolved in wter which is essentil for growth of qutic plnts nd nimls. 7. Properties of Gseous Stte : Gses do not hve fixed shpe, i.e., they tke the shpe of continer. They do not hve fixed volume, therefore no definite boundries. They cn flow in ll directions, hence gses lso show fluidity. They re highly compressible. They hve lower densities s compred to liquids nd solids. They hve higher kinetic energy s compred to liquids nd solids. : , url : : [email protected]

44 Pge # 44 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS The rte of diffusion is fstest in gses. There is wek intermoleculr force of ttrction. There is lrge intermoleculr spce, therefore, gses cn be esily compressed. Gses cn be compressed more esily thn liquids which cn be shown by following experiment. Experiment : To show tht gses cn be compressed more esily thn liquids. Mteril Required : Two 0ml syringes, rubber cork, vseline. L.P.G is obtined by compresing petroleum gs into cylinder Its mjor constitul is butne C H. 4 0 Procedure : Tke two 0ml syringes nd close their nozzle by inserting them in rubber cork s shown in figure. Remove the piston from both the syringes. Allow the ir to fill the spce inside one syringe nd fill wter in the other. Insert type pistons bck into syringes. Apply some vseline on the piston fro smooth movement. Now try to compress by pushing piston in the syringe. Record your observtions. Observtions : In cse or ir, piston is esily pushed in s compred to syringe filled with wter. Conclusion : The bses cn be compressed more esily thn liquids. It is becuse there re wek intermoleculr forces of ttrction between prticles, so the distnce between the prticles in gseous stte is very lrge s compred to solids nd liquids, e.g., CNG is compressed nturl gs which is being used in vehicles. LPG is liquified petroleum gs which is used for cooking. 8. Pressure : It is defined s force exerted per unit re, e.g., gses exert pressure on the wlls of the contining. The kinetic energy of the prticles in gseous stte i mximum. The prticles re in stte of constnt rndom motion therefore, they collide with themselves s well s with the wlls of the continer nd exert pressure. 9. Chnge of stte : The stte of substnce depends upon temperture nd pressure, e.g., wter exists s solid t 0ºC, s liquid t room temperture wheres in gseous stte t 00ºC. The stte of mtter will chnge with chnge in temperture which is shown by following experiment. Ice Solid Chnge in Stte of Wter het cool Wter (liquid) Stem (gs) Experiment : To study the effect of temperture on solids nd liquids. Mterils Required : Ice, thermometer, beker. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.) het cool

45 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 4 Procedure : Tke bout 0g of ice in beker nd hng lbortory thermometer in it so tht bulb is in contct with ice. Strt heting the beker t low flme. Now down the temperture when ice strting melting. Note the temperture when ll the ice hs converted into wter. Record your observtions for conversion of solid into liquid stte. Now put glss rod in the beker nd het while constnt stirring till the wter strts boiling. Keep close look t the thermometer reding till most of the wter hs vpourised. Record your observtions for the conversion of ice into liquid wter nd then into vpour stte. Observtions nd Conclusion : When temperture of solid is incresed, the kinetic energy of prticles increses. Due to increse in kinetic energy, the prticle strts vibrting t greter speed nd overcome intermoleculr forces of ttrction. A stge is reched when intermoleculr forces become so less tht it chnges into liquid. When temperture is further incresed, stte comes when liquid chnges into vpour. 0. Melting Point : The temperture t which solid chnges into liquid completely is clled melting point. Melting point of solids gives indiction of the strength of intermoleculr forces of ttrction. Higher the melting point, more will be intermoleculr forces of ttrction.. Melting : The process in which solid chnges into liquid is clled melting. It is lso clled fusion.. Kelvin : It is SI unit of temperture. 0ºC = 7.6 K. If we wnt to chnge K into ºC, subtrct 7.6 from the temperture given in Kelvin. For converting ºC to Kelvin (K), dd 7.6 (For convenience we tke 0ºC = 7K). Ltent het of fusion : The mount of energy tht is required to chnge kg of solid into liquid t tmospheric pressure without ny chnge of temperture t its melting point is clled ltent het of fusion. 4. Boiling Point : The temperture t which liquid chnges into gs or vpour is known s boiling point. It lso indictes strength of intermoleculr force of ttrctions. Greter then intermoleculr forces of ttrctions, higher will be the boiling point. The boiling point of wter is 00ºC (7K).. Boiling : The process of converting liquid into vpour is clled boiling. It is bulk phenomenon, i.e, prticles from inside the liquid gin enough energy to chnge into vpour stte. It tkes plce only t boiling point. 6. Ltent Het of Vpouristion : The mount of energy tht is required to chnge kg of liquid into vpours t tmospheric pressure without ny chnge in temperture t its boiling point is clled ltent het of vpouristion. 7. Gs : It is stble stte s compred to vpours, e.g., O, N, H, CO, etc. 8. Vpour : It is unstble stte. On cooling, vpours chnge into liquid stte. The work 'vpour' is used to describe those gses which usully exist s liquid t room temperture. 9. Vpouristion : It is process in which liquid chnges into vpour. It is surfce phenomenon. It tkes plce t ll tempertures. It is slow process nd its rte increse with increse in temperture. 0. Voltile Liquids : Those liquids which cn chnge into vpours esily re clled voltile liquids, e.g., petrol, lcohol, cetone, ether, etc. evporte esily becuse they hve low boiling points due to wek intermoleculr forces of ttrction. Wter hs high boiling point due to strong intermoleculr forces of ttrction. : , url : : [email protected]

46 Pge # 46 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS. Sublimtion : It is process in which solid directly chnges into vpours without chnging into liquid stte, e.g., cmphor, I, NH 4 Cl, nphthlene cn sublime. It cn be shown experimentlly. Experiment : To show the process of sublimtion experimentlly. Mterils Required : Solid iodine, funnel, tripod stnds, chin dish, wire guze, burner or spirit lmp, cotton. Procedure : Tke g of iodine in chin dish. Put n inverted funnel over it whose stem is closed by cotton plug nd set the pprtus s shown in digrm. Het nd chin dish so tht vpours re formed nd record the observtions. The vpours of iodine get condensed on the wlls of the funnel. Observtions : The violet coloured vpours of iodine get condensed nd chnge into solid iodine. Conclusion : Iodine cn sublime nd cn be purified by sublimtion.. Effect of Pressure on Chnge in Stte : When we pply pressure nd compress the gs, intermoleculr force of ttrction increses nd molecules come close to ech other. It my be chnge into liquid depending upon temperture nd nture of the gs.. Liquidifiction of Gses : Gses cn be liquified t low temperture nd high pressure, e.g., H, N nd O cn be liquified t low temperture t high pressure. NH cn be liquified t room temperture. CO cn be solidified t low temperture nd high pressure. Solid CO is lso clled dry ice. Evportion Boiling (Vporistion) It tkes plce spontneously t ll temperture. It tkes plce t definite temperture i.e. t B.P. It is surfce phenomenone. It is bulk phenomenone. It lwys cuse coo ling. No colling. 4. Atmosphere (tm) : It is unit of mesuring pressure exerted by gs. The pressure of ir in tmosphere is clled tmospheric pressure.. Pscl (P) : It is unit of mesuring pressure exerted by gs. The pressure of ir in tmosphere is clled tmospheric pressure. tm =.0 0 P The tmospheric pressure t sel level is tmosphere nd is tken s norml tmospheric pressure. As we go higher, tmospheric pressure decreses. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

47 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # Evportion : It is process in which liquid chnges into vpours e.g., wter chnges into vpours if left uncovered. Wet clothes dry up becuse wter gets evported. The prticles of wter collide with ech s well s with prticles of gses in tmosphere. After some time, the prticles on the surfce gin sufficient energy so s to chnge into vpours. It is surfce phenomenon. 7. Fctor Affecting evportion : () Surfce re : Greter the surfce re, more will be the rte of evportion becuse it is surfce phenomenon. There will be more number of molecules on the surfce which will chnge into vpour esily. (b)humidity : It is mount of wter vpours present in ir. The ir round us cnnot hold more thn definite mount of wter vpours t given temperture. If the mount of wter in ir is lredy of wter is ir is lredy high, the rte of evportion decreses. Decrese in humidity leds to increse in rte of evportion. (c) Temperture : The rte of evportion increses with increse in temperture becuse more number of prticles gin enough kinetic energy to go to vpour stte. (d) Wind speed : The rte of evportion increse with increse in wind speed becuse prticles of wter vpours re tken wy decresing the mount of wter vpours in tmosphere. 8. Effect of Evportion : Evoprtion leds to cooling becuse high energy molecules leve the surfce nd verge energy of remining molecules decreses, which results in drop in temperture of the prt of liquid tht is left. Therefore, evportion cuse cooling. Evportion cuses cooling: During evportion, cooling is lwys cused. This is becuse evportion is phenomenon in which only the high energy prticles leve the liquid surfce. As result, the prticles hving low energy re left behind. Therefore, the verge moleculr energy of the remining prticles left in the liquid stte is lowered. As result, there is decrese in temperture on the prt of the liquid tht is left. Thus evportion cuses cooling. Exmple: (i) When we pour some cetone on our plm, we feel cold. This is becuse the prticles gin energy from our plm or surroundings nd leve the plm feeling cool. (ii) We sprinkle wter on the root or open ground fter sunny hot dy. This cools the roof or open ground. This is becuse the lrge ltent het of vporiztion of wter helps to cool the hot surfce. Some other exmples of evportion: (i) We should wer cotton clothes in hot summer dys to keep cool nd comfortble. This cn be explined s follows. We get lot of swet on our body in hot summer dys. Cotton is good bsorber of wter, so it bsorbs the swet from our body nd exposes it to the ir for evportion. The evportion of this swet cools our body. The synthetic clothes (mde of polyester etc) do not bsorb much of swet, so they fil to keep our body cool in summer. (ii) We see wter droplets on the outer surfce of glss contining ice-cold wter. Tke some ice-cold wter in glss. Soon we will see wter droplets on the outer surfce of the glss. The wter vpour present in ir, on coming in contct with the cold glss of wter loses energy nd gets converted to liquid stte, which we see s wter droplets. Drops of wter (out side the surfce) Ice cold wter (in glss) Droplets formed on the surfce of the glss contining ice cold wter : , url : : [email protected]

48 Pge # 48 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS (iii) Wter keeps cool in the erthen pot (mtki) during summer: When the wter oozes out of the pores of n erthen pot, during hot summer, it evportes rpidly. As the cooling is cused by evportion, therefore, the temperture of wter within the pot flls nd hence it becomes cool. (iv) Rpid cooling of hot te: If te is too hot to sip, we pour it in the sucer. In doing so, we increse the surfce re nd the rte of evportion. This, in turn, cuses cooling nd the te ttins desired temperture for sipping (v) A wet hndkerchief is plced on the fore hed of person suffering from high fever. The logic behind plcing wet cloth is tht s the wter from the wet cloth evportes, it tkes het from the skull nd the brin within it. This, in turn, lowers the temperture of brin nd protects it from ny dmge due to high temperture. (vi) We often sprinkle wter on the rod in summer. The wter evportes rpidly from the hot surfce of the rod, there by tking het wy from it. Thus, the rod becomes cool. 9. Effect of Temperture on Clothes : Cotton is good bsorber of wter, helps in bsorption of swet nd exposing it to tmosphere for esy evportion during summers. It cuses cooling of our body. 40. Plsm : It is fourth stte of mtter. It consists of super energetic nd super excited prticles which re in the form of ionised gses. The fluorescent tube, neon sign bulbs consist of plsm. Inside the neon bulb, there is neon gs wheres inside the fluorescent tube, there is helium gs or some other gs. The gs gets ionised, i.e., gets chrged when electricl energy flows through it. This chrging up cretes glowing plsm inside the tube or bulb. The plsm glows with specil colour depending upon the nture of the gs. The sun nd strs glow becuse of presence of plsm in them. The plsm is creted in strs due to very high temperture. Irving Lngmuir ssigned the term plsm in Bose-Einstein Condenste (B.E.C.) is fifth stte of mtter which is formed from mtter tht hs been cooled to ner bsolute zero ( 7ºC). When group of toms is cooled to very low temperture, the velocity decreses becuse they hve very low energies. This cuses the individul toms to overlp ech other forming single super tom with ll of its constituting toms shring single energy stte. Bose nd A.Einstein A rotting B.E.C. could be used s model blck hole, llowing light to enter but not to escpe. Condenste cn lso be used to 'free' pulses of light, to be relesed gin when condenste brek down. Reserch in this field is going on.. Mtter (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Anything which occupies spce nd hs mss is clled mtter. Food, wter, ir, clothes, tble, chir, plnts nd trees. Indin philosophers sid tht ll the mtter living or non-living, ws mde up of five bsic elements ir, erth, fire, sky nd wter On the bsis of its physicl properties nd on the bsis of its chemicl properties. On the bsis of chemicl properties the mtter is clssified s elements, compounds nd mixtures. Everything round us is mde of tiny pieces or prticles. The prticles mke up mtter re toms or molecules. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

49 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 49 Ex. Ex. Ex. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (iv Chrcteristics of prticles of mtter : The prticles of mtter re very, very smll The prticles of mtter hve spces between them The prticles of mtter re constntly moving The prticles of mtter ttrct ech other Clssifiction of mtter On the bsis of physicl sttes, ll the mtter cn be clssified into three groups.. Solids. liquids. Gses Properties of solids Solids hve fixed shpe nd fixed volume Solids cnnot be compressed much. Solids hve high densities. They re hevy Solids do not fill their continer completely. Solids do not flow. Ice, wood, col, stone, iron, brick (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Properties of liquid Liquids hve fixed volume but they hve no fixed shpe. Liquids tke the shpe of the vessel in which they re plced. Like solids, liquids cnnot be compressed much. Liquids hve moderte to high densities. They re usully less dense thn solids. Liquids do not fill their continer completely. Liquids generlly flow esily. Wter, milk, fruit juice, ink, groundnut oil, kerosene etc. Properties of gses () Gses hve neither fixed shpe nor fixed volume. Gses cquire the shpe nd volume of the vessel in which they re kept. () Gses cn be compressed esily. () Gses hve very low densities. They re very light. (4) Gses fill their continer completely. () Gses flow esily. Air, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen Comprison of chrcteristic properties of solids, liquids nd gses Property Solids Liquids Gses Shpe Definite Tke the shpe of the Tke the shpe of the continer, but do not continer by occupying necessrily occupy ll of it. whole of the spce vilble to them. Volume Definite Definite Tke the volume of the continer. Compressibility Almost nil Almost nil Very lrge 4 Fluidity or Rigidity Rigid Fluid Fluid Density Lrge Lrge Very smll 6 Diffusion Generlly do not diffuse Diffuse slowly Diffuse rpidly 7 Free surfces Any number of free surfces Only one free surfce No free surfce. : , url : : [email protected]

50 Pge # 0 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS. Chnge of stte of mtter : (i) A substnce my exist in ny of the three sttes of mtter (i.e. solid, liquid or gs) depending upon the conditions of temperture nd pressure. (ii) By chnging the conditions of temperture nd pressure, substnce cn be mde to exist s solid, liquid or gs. (iii) A solid on heting usully chnges into liquid which on further heting chnges into gs. Similrly, gs on cooling condenses into liquid which on further cooling chnges into solid. GAS Melting SOLID Freezing LIQUID The most fmilir nd common exmple is wter. It exists in ll the three sttes: () Solid : ice (b) Liquid : wter nd (c) Gs : wter vpour. Ice is solid stte nd my be melted to form wter (Liquid) which on further heting chnges into stem (gs). These chnges cn lso be reversed on cooling. Het Het Ice Wter Stem Cool Cool (Solid) (Liquid) (gs) Het Het Ice (Solid) Wter (Liquid) Chnge in three sttes of mtter Stem (Gs). Effect of temperture chnge By incresing the temperture (by heting), solid cn be converted into liquid stte; nd the liquid cn be converted into gseous stte (or vpour stte). And by decresing the temperture (by cooling), gs cn be converted into liquid stte; nd liquid cn be converted into solid stte. Thermometer Thermometer shows 0 C Thermometer shows 00 C Glss stirrer Glss stirrer Glss stirrer Ice cubes Wter Wter vpour Burner Conversion of ice to wter nd wter to wter vpour Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

51 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # (i) (ii) (iii) Solid to liquid chnge : Melting Definition : The process in which solid substnce chnges into liquid on heting, is clled melting (or fusion). Melting point : The temperture t which solid substnce melts nd chnges into liquid t tmospheric pressure, is clled melting point of the substnce. Ice is solid. In solids, the prticles re tightly pcked together. When we het solid, its prticles become more energetic nd kinetic energy of the prticles increses. Due to the increse in kinetic energy, the prticles strt vibrting more strongly with greter speed. The energy supplied by het overcomes the intermoleculr forces of ttrction between the prticles. As result, the prticles leve their men position nd brek wy from ech other. When this hppens, the solid melts nd liquid is formed. Ex. Melting point of ice = 0ºC Melting point of wx = 6ºC Melting point of iron = ºC The melting point of solid is mesure of the force of ttrction between its prticles. Higher the melting point of solid substnce, greter will be the force of ttrction between its prticles. Liquid to gs chnge : Boiling (or vporistion) (i) (ii) (iii) Definition : The process in which liquid substnce chnges into gs rpidly on heting, is clled boiling. Boiling point : The temperture t which liquid boils nd chnges rpidly into gs t tmospheric pressure, is clled boiling point of the liquid. In liquid most of the prticles re close together. When we supply het energy to the liquid, the prticles of wter strt vibrting even fster. Some of the prticles become so energetic tht they cn overcome the ttrctive forces of the prticles round them. Therefore, they become free to move nd escpe from the liquid. When this hppens, the liquid evportes i.e., strts chnging into gs. Ex. Boiling point of wter = 00ºC Remember Boiling point of lcohol = 78ºC Impurities decreses the F.P. nd increse B.P. of liquids. Boiling point of mercury = 7ºC The boiling point of liquid is mesure of the force of ttrction between its prticles. Higher the boiling point of liquid, greter will be the force of ttrction between its prticles. When liquid is heted, the het energy mkes its prticles move even fster. At the boiling point the prticles of liquid hve sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the forces of ttrction holding them together nd seprte into individul prticles. And the liquid boils to form gs. Gs to liquid chnge : Condenstion The process of chnging gs to liquid by cooling, is clled condenstion. Condenstion is the reverse of boiling. Liquid to solid chnge : Freezing The process of chnging liquid into solid by cooling, is clled freezing. Freezing mens solidifiction. Freezing is the reverse of melting. So, the freezing point of liquid is the sme s the melting point of its solid form. Ex. Melting point of ice = 0ºC Freezing poing of wter = 0ºC Remember Condenstion is opposite to evportion Remember Freezing is opposite to melting : , url : : [email protected]

52 Pge # MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS 4. Effect of chnge of pressure Piston Piston Gs Prticles Gs Prticles By pplying pressure prticles of mtter cn be brought close together (i) The three sttes of mtter differ in the intermoleculr forces nd intermoleculr distnces between the constituent prticles. (ii) (iii) (iv) Gses re compressible becuse on pplying pressure, the spce between the gseous prticles decreses. Therefore, gses cn be compressed redily. When we pply pressure nd reduce temperture the gses cn be converted into liquids i.e., gses will be liquefied. The process of conversion of gs into liquid by incresing pressure or decresing temperture is clled liquidifiction. A substnce my exist in ny of the three different sttes of mtter depending upon the conditions of temperture nd pressure. () If the melting point of substnce is bove the room temperture t the tmospheric pressure, it is sid to be solid. () If the boiling point of substnce is bove room temperture under tmospheric pressure, it is clssified s liquid. () If the boiling point of the substnce is below the room temperture t the tmospheric. Ltent het pressure, it is clled gs. (i) (ii) (iii) Definition : The het energy which hs to be supplied to chnge the stte of substnce is clled its ltent het. Ltent het does not rise the temperture but ltent het hs lwys to be supplied to chnge the stte of substnce. The word ltent mens hidden Every substnce hs some forces of ttrction between its prticles which hold them together. Now, if substnce hs to chnge its stte, then it is necessry to brek these forces of ttrction between its prticles. The ltent het does not increse the kinetic energy of the prticles of the substnce, the temperture of substnce does not rise during the chnge of stte. Ltent het is of two types (i) Ltent het of fusion : The het required to convert solid into the liquid stte is clled ltent het of fusion. In other words The ltent het of fusion of solid is the quntity of het in joules required to convert kilogrm of the solid to liquid, with out ny chnge in temperture. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

53 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # Ex.6 The ltent het of fusion of ice =.4 0 J/kg (i) Ltent het of vporistion : The het required to convert liquid into the vpour stte is clled ltent het of vporistion. Ex. (ii) The other words The ltent het of vporistion of liquid is the quntity of het in joules required to convert kilogrm of the liquid to vpour or gs, without ny chnge in temperture. Ltent het of vporistion of wter =. 0 J/kg 6. Sublimtion (i) (ii) Definition : The chnging of solid directly into vpours on heting, nd of vpours into solid on cooling, is known s sublimtion. Sublimtion cn be represented s: Solid Vpour (or Gs) Ex. (iii) The solid substnce which undergoes sublimtion is sid to sublime. the solid obtined by cooling the vpours of the solid is clled sublimte. When solid mmonium chloride is heted, it directly chnges into mmonium chloride vpour. And when hot Ammonium chloride vpour is cooled, it directly chnges into solid mmonium chloride. Ammonium chloride, Iodine, Cmphor, Nphthlene nd Anthrcene. 7. Evportion (i) Definition : The process of chnge of liquid into vpour t ny temperture below its boiling point is clled evportion. Fctors ffecting evportion : Ex. (i) Temperture : Rte of evportion increse with increse in temperture. This is becuse with the increse in temperture more number of prticles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vpour stte. Drying of clothes tke plce rpidly in summer thn in winter (ii) Surfce Are : The rte of evportion increses on incresing the surfce re of the liquid Ex. Increse in surfce re increses rte of evportion. If the sme liquid is kept in test tube nd in chin dish, then the liquid kept in the chin dish will evporte more rpidly : Becuse more of its surfce re is exposed to ir. (iii) Humidity : Humidity is the mount of wter vpour present in ir. Air round us cnnot hold more thn definite quntity of wter vpour t given temperture. If the mount of wter in ir is lredy lrge i.e., humidity is more, the rte of evportion decreses. Thus, the rte of evportion increses with decrese in humidity in the tmosphere. : , url : : [email protected]

54 Pge # 4 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Ex. Ex. Clothes do not dry esily during riny seson becuse rte of evportion less due to humidity. (iv) Wind speed : The rte of evportion lso increses with increse in speed of the wind. This is becuse with increse in speed of wind, the prticles of wter vpour move wy with wind resulting decrese in the mount of vpour in the tmosphere. Clothes dry fster on windy dy. 8. Diffusion Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex. (i) Definition : The spreding out nd mixing of substnce with nother substnce due to the motion of its prticles is clled diffusion. (ii) Diffusion is property of mtter which is bsed on the motion of its prticles. (iii) Diffusion is fstest in gses becuse the prticles in gses move very rpidly. The diffusion is slowest in solids becuse the prticles in solids do not move much. (iv) The rte of diffusion increses on incresing the temperture of the diffusing substnce. This is becuse when the temperture of substnce is incresed by heting, its prticles gin kinetic energy nd move more rpidly nd this increse in the speed of the prticles of substnce increses the rte of diffusion. Diffusion in gses Diffusion in gses is very fst. This is becuse the prticles in gses move very quickly in ll directions. When we light n incense stick (grbtti) in corner of our room, its frgrnce spreds in the whole room very quickly. The frgrnce of burning incense stick spreds ll round due to the diffusion of its smoke into the ir. When someone opens bottle of perfume in one corner of room, its smell spreds in the whole room quickly. The smell of perfume spreds due to the diffusion of perfume vpours into ir. Diffusion in liquids Diffusion in liquids is slower thn tht in gses. This is becuse the prticles in liquids move slower s compred to the prticles in gses. The spreding of purple colour of potssium permngnte into wter, on its own, is due to the diffusion of potssium permngnte prticles into wter The spreding of blue colour of copper sulphte into wter, on its own, is due to the diffusion of copper sulphte prticles into wter. The rte of diffustion in liquids is much fster thn tht in solids becuse the ptricles in liquid move much more freely, nd hve greter spces between them s compred to prticles in the solids. Diffusion in solids Diffusion in solids in very, very slow process. If we write something on blckbord nd leve it unclened for considerble period of time we will find tht it becomes quite difficult to clen the blckbord fterwrds. This is due to the fct tht some of the prticles of chlk hve diffused into the surfce of blckbord. If two metl blocks re bound together tightly nd kept undisturbed for few yers, then the prticles of one metl re found to hve diffused into the other metl. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

55 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS. Melting or Fusion : The process due to which solid chnges into liquid stte t constnt temperture, by bsorbing het energy, is known s melting or fusion.. Freezing or Solidifiction : The process due to which liquid chnges into solid stte t constnt temperture, by giving out het energy, is known s freezing or solidifiction.. Melting point : The constnt temperture t which solid chnges into liquid stte by bsorbing het energy, is clled melting point. 4. Freezing point : The constnt temperture t which liquid chnges into solid stte by giving out het energy, is clled freezing point. Note : The numericl vlue of melting point nd freezing point is the sme. For exmple, if melting point of ice is 0 C (7 K), then the freezing point of wter is 0 C (7 K). () Liquid to gs chnge (Boiling or vporiztions) : In liquid most of the prticles re close together. When we supply het energy to the liquid, the prticles of wter strt vibrting even fster. Some of the prticles become so energetic tht they cn overcome the ttrctive forces of the prticles round them. Therefore, they become free to move nd escpe from the liquid. Thus the liquid evportes i.e., strts chnging into gs. "The temperture t which liquid chnges into gs or vpour t the tmospheric pressure is clled its boiling point". "Boiling" is bulk phenomenon. Exmple For wter, the boiling point is 00 C or 7 K. The prticles in stem i.e., wter vpour t 7 K hve more energy thn wter t the sme temperture. Reson : This is becuse the prticle in stem hve bsorbed extr energy in the form of ltent het of vporiztion. (b) Ltent het of vporiztion : The ltent het of vporiztion of liquid is the quntity of het in joules required to convert kilogrm of the liquid (t its boiling point) to vpour or gs, without ny chnge in temperture. The ltent het of vporiztion of wter is. 0 joules per kilogrm(or. 0 J/kg). : , url : : [email protected]

56 Pge # 6 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS IMPORTANT POINTS Density : The mss of substnce per unit of volume. Formul mss kg density = = volume m or kgm In SI unit it is mesured in kgm Volume : All solids occupy fixed volume the shpe occupied by substnce is clled volume. The unit of volume is m (cubic meter). The common unit of volume is litre. (L) Note: m = 000 dm = 000 L L = dm L = 000 ml = 000 cm Pressure : In the gseous stte the prticle move bout rndomly t high speed. Due to their rndom movement, the prticles hit ech other nd lso the wlls of the continer. The pressure exerted by the gs is becuse of this force exerted by gs prticles per unit re on the wlls of the continer. The tmospheric pressure t se level is tm, nd is tken s the norml tmospheric pressure. F P = A P = Pressure, F = Force, A = Are It is mesured in "pscls" (P) in SI units nd other unit is tm. these two units re relted s tm =.0 0 P br = 0 P br =.0 tm. Quntity Unit Symbol Mss Kilogrm Kg Length Meter m Temperture Kelvin K Weight/force Newton N Volume Cubic meter m Density Kilogrm/Cubic meter Kg/m Pressure Pscl P Some Importnt Reltions Kg = 000g m = 00 c m m = 0 6 c m or 0 L (lit re) 0 c m = L Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

57 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 7 SOLVED PROBLEMS Ex. Sol. Wht do you observe when force is pplied nd then removed on the plunger of the syringe contining ir? Give reson for your nswer. The plunger moves downwrd on the ppliction of force to considerble length. When the force is removed, the plunger moves bckwrd nd tkes its originl position. Ex. Give resons : Sol. () A gs fills completely the vessel, in which it is kept. (b) A gs exerts pressure on the wlls of the continer. (c) A wooden tble should be clled solid. (d) We cn esily move our hnd in ir, but to do the sme through solid block of wood, we need krte expert. () The molecules of gs hve lrge intermoleculr spces nd kinetic energy, but extermely smll intermoleculr forces. Thus, the molecules of the gs spred in the entire spce of the contining vessel on ccount of high kinetic energy nd prcticlly to intermoleculr forces, hence fill entire spce of the vessel. (b) The molecules of gs hve very lrge kinetic energy. When these molecules strike ginst the wlls of contining vessel, they exert certin verge force per unit re. As the force per unit re is known s pressure, therefore, the gses exert pressure on the sides of the contining vessel. (c) Solids re rigid, incompressible nd hve definite shpe nd volume. Since the tble hs ll the bove mentioned properties, therefore, it it solid. (d) The intermoleculr forces between the molecules of gs re lmost negligible nd intermoleculr spces re very lrge. Thus, we cn esily move our hnd in ir, without ny pprecible force. The intermoleculr forces between the molecules of solid re very lrge nd intermoleculr spces re very smll. Thus, lot of force is required to seprte the molecules of solid. It is for the sme resons tht we need krte expert to brek block of wood. Ex. Sol. The mss per unit volume of substnce is clled density. (Density = Mss / Volume). Arrnge the following in the order of incresing density : ir, exhust from chimneys, honey, wter, chlk, cotton nd iron. Exhust from chimneys, ir, cotton, wter, honey nd iron. e.g.. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) CNG (compressed Nturl gs) is used s fuel in internl combustion engines. Oxygen in compressed form is supplied to hospitls for serious ptients in cylinders. LPG (Liquefied petroleum gs) which is used in home for cooking. The gses exhibit the property of diffusing very fst into other gses. Ex.4 Sol. We cn esily move our hnd in the ir but to do the sme through solid block of wood we need krte expert. In ir the interprticle ttrctive forces re negligible nd hence, it is esy to seprte the prticles in ir nd we cn esily move our hnd through it. In solid block of wood, the interprticle forces re very strong nd hence, it is not esy to seprte the prticles. Therefore it is not esy to move our hnd through solid block of wood (only krte expert cn do it). Dut to this property lrge volume of gs : , url : : [email protected]

58 Pge # 8 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS cn be compressed into smll cylinder nd trnsported esily. Ex. Sol. Arrnge the following substnces in incresing order of forces of ttrction between the prticles -wter, sugr, oxygen. Oxygen < wter < Sugr Ex.6 Sol. The diver is ble to cut through wter in swimming pool. Explntion : The diver is ble to cut through wter in the swimming pool becuse mtter is not continuous, but it is mde up of prticles which hve vcnt spces between them moreover, the ttrctive forces between molecules of wter re not very strong. The diver cn esily cut through wter by pplying force to displce wter nd occupy its plce. Ex.7 Sol. Why ice flots on wter? Solids generlly hve higher density thn the liquids but ice due to its specific structure hs lrger interprticle spces nd hence hs lower density thn liquid wter. As result ice flots on wter. Temperture nd pressure re the two fctors which decide whether given substnce would be in solid, liquid or gseous stte. Ex.8 Convert the following tempertures to the celsius scle. () 00 K (b) 7 K Sol. () (00 7) = 7 C. Temperture in C = Temperture in K 7 (b) (7 7) = 00 C. Temperture in C = Temperture in K 7 Ex.9 Convert the following temperture to the Kelvin scle. () C (b) 7 C Sol. () + 7 = 98 K (b) = 646 K Ex.0 Wht is the physicl stte of wter t () C (b) 0 C (c) 00 C Sol. () C Wter is in liquid stte. (b) 0 C Wter is in solid stte. (c) 00 C Wter is in gseous stte. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

59 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 9 NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q. Convert the following temperture to the Celsius scle- (i) 9 K (ii) 40 K Ans. (i) 9 7 = 0 C (ii) = 97 C Q. Convert the following temperture to the kelvin scle. (i) C (ii) 7 C Ans. (i) + 7 = 98K (ii) = 646K Q. Arrnge the following substnces in the incresing order of forces of ttrction between the prticles wter, sugr nd oxygen. Ans. Oxygen, wter nd sugr. Q. Wht is the physicl stte of wter t () C (b) 0 C (c) 00 C? Ans. () At C, wter is in liquid stte. (b) At 0 C, wter is in solid stte, provided het is removed from it. (c) At 00 C, wter is in gseous stte, provided het is supplied to it. Q.6 Give two resons to justify () Wter t room temperture is liquid. (b) An iron lmirh is solid t room temperture. Sol. () (i) Intermoleculr forces re less. (ii) Intermoleculr spces nd kinetic energy is more. Thus, the molecule of wter cn interchnge their spces nd hence wter is in liquid stte t room temperture. (b) (i) Intermoleculr forces re very lrge. (ii) Intermoleculr spces, s well s, kinetic energy re very smll. Q.7 Ice is t 7 K more effective in cooling, thn wter t the sme temperture, why? Sol. One kilogrm of ice t 7 K, needs, 6000 J of het energy in order to form wter t 7 K. As the ice cn extrct out lrge mount of het energy on melting to form wter t the sme temperture, therefore, it is more effective in cooling. Q.8 Wht produces more severe burns, boiling wter or stem? Sol. Stem will produce more severe burns thn boiling wter. It is becuse, g of stem t 7 K (00 C) contins 60 J of het energy more in the form of ltent het of vporiztion s compred to wter t 7 K(00 ). Thus stem produces more severe burns. Q.9 Nphthlene blls dispper with time without leving ny solid why? Sol. Nphthlene is voltile solid nd hs tendency to sublime, therefore, it chnges into vpours completely which dispper into the ir nd no solid is left. Q.0 We cn get the smell of perfume sitting severl metere wy. Ans. This is becuse perfumes contin voltile solvent which crries plesent smelling vpour. They diffuse quite fst nd cn rech to people sitting severl metere wy. : , url : : [email protected]

60 Pge # 60 EXERCISE I BOARD PROBLEMS MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Q. Give resons for the following observtion: The smell of hot sizzling food reches you severl metres wy, but to get the smell from cold food you hve to go close. Q. Give resons : () A gs fills completely the vessel in which it is kept. (b) A gs exerts pressure on the wlls of the continer. (c) A wooden tble should be clled solid. (d) We cn esily move our hnd in ir but to do the sme through solid block of wood we need krte expert. Q. Why does desert cooler cool better on hot dry dy? Q.4 Convert the following tempertures to the Celsius scle. Q. Wht produce more sever burns boiling wter or stem? Q.6 Define mtter. Q.7 Wht is plsm? Q.8 Wht is Bose-Einstein condenste [BEC]? Q.9 Why do we see wter droplets on the outer surfce of glss continer of ice cold wter? Q.0 Define specific het of substnce. Q. Define ltent het of substnce. Q. Why gses re compressible but not liquids? Q. Give two fctors which determine the rte of diffusion of liquid in nother liquid. Q.4 Arrnge the solids, liquids nd gses in order of : (A) incresing intermoleculr spce (b) lncresing intermoleculr force Q. Which phenomenon occurs during the following chnges : () Formtion of clouds (b) Drying of wet clothes (c) Ws melts in the sun (d) Size of nphthlene blled decreses Q.6 Why does wet khus-khus screen hung t the door keep the room cool? Q.7 Wht is men by evportion? How is this process different from boiling? Q.9 Why cnnot you smell its perfume t short distnce when incense stick is not lighted? Q.0 Why is the smell of the perfume of incense stick filled the whole room in few minutes, when lighted? Q. A rubber bnd is solid, but it cn chnge its shpe. Why? Q. When slt or sugr re poured into different kinds of vessels, why do they tke the shpe of vessel? Q. Sponge is solid, yet we re ble to compress it. Why? Q.4 Arrnge the following substnces in the incresing order of forces of ttrction between the prticles wter, sugr nd oxygen. Q. Wht is the physicl stte of wter t : () C (b) 0 C (c) 00 C Q.6 Give two reson to justify. () Wter t room temperture is liquid. (b) An iron lmirh is solid t room temperture. Q.7 Stte your observtion immeditely fter dding the blue ink drop. Q.8 Stte your observtion immeditely fter dding the honey drop. Q.9 How much time does it tke for the colour of ink to spred evenly? Q.0 How does the diffusion of honey vries with the diffusion of ink nd why? Q. Wht hppens round ech crystl of solid on introducing in wter? Q. Wht hppens s the time psses, nd why? Q. Does the r te of diffusion chnge with temperture? If so, why? Q.8 Why cn you smell the perfume of incense stick Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

61 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 6 EXERCISE II OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS Q. When slt is dissolved in wter :- (A) Boiling point increses (B) Boiling point does not chnge (C)Boiling point decreses (D) None of the bove Q. Mixture of butne, ethne nd propne is clled:- (A) Col gs (C) Petroleum gs (B) Oil gs (D) Producer gs Q. In the kinetic theory of gses, it is ssumed tht moleculr collisions re :- (A) Inelstic (B) Short in durtion (C) One-dimensionl (D) Not ble to exert mutul forces Q.4 Triple point of wter is :- (A) 7.6 K (C) 7.6 K (B) 7.6 F (D) 7.6 F Q. Bsed on the sttements given here choose the correct nswer. () Sme sugr cn be dded to full glss of wter without cusing overflow. () A liquid is continuous even-though spce is present between the molecules. (A) () nd () re true nd () explins () (B) () nd () re true but () does not explin () (C) Only () is true (D) Only () is true Q.6 Vnderwl's forces re lso known s :- (A) Intermoleculr forces (B) Intrmoleculr forces (C) Atomic forces (D) Moleculr forces Q.7 Bsed on the sttements given here choose the correct nswer. () If we increse the temperture of gs inside continer, its pressure lso increses. () Upon heting, the rte of collisions of the gs molecules increse nd increses the impct of force onthe wlls of the continer. (A) () nd () re true nd () explins () (B) () nd () re true but () does not explin() (C) Only () is true (D) Only () is true Q.8 Mtch the following nd choose the correct nswer :- (i) Solid () Super energetic prticles (ii) Liquid (b) No shpe nor fixed volume t given pressure (iii) Gs (c) Hs definite shpe (iv) Plsm (d) Define shpe with less moleculr forces thn tht in solids (A) (i), (ii) b, (iii) c, (iv) d (B) (i) c, (ii) d, (iii) b, (iv) (C) (i) c, (ii) d, (iii), (iv) b (D) (i), (ii) d, (iii) b, (iv) c Q.9 The process for the chnge of solid directly into its vpour is clled (A) Evportion (B) Ebullition (C) Condenstion (D) Sublimtion Q.0 When wter prticles condenses on ir on dust, it forms :- (A) mist (B) fog (C) frost (D) Vpour Q. Which is more effective in cooling? (A) Wter t 0 C (B) Wter t 00 C (C) Ice t 0 C (D) All of these Q. The te mper ture t which Ce lsius nd Fhrenheit scles show the sme reding is:- (A) 40 K (B) 00 F (C) 40 C (D) 00 C Q. Ltent het of fusion for ice is :- (A) 80 gm cl (B) 80 cl / gm (C) 9 J cl (D) None of these : , url : : [email protected]

62 Pge # 6 Q.4 Bsed on the sttements given here choose the correct nswer. () In polr regions qutic life is sfe in wter under frozen ice. () Wter hs high ltent het of fusion nd the upper portion of ice does not llow the he t of the wterto e sc pe to the surroundings. (A) () nd () re true nd () explins () (B) () nd () re true but () does not explin () (C) Only () is true (D) Only () is true Q. Bsed on the sttements given here choose the correct nswer. () Boiling point of liquid increses with increse in temperture. () The volume of liquids increses on boiling nd the vporistion curve shows the vrition of the boilingpoint of liquid with pressure nd expnds the equilibrium stte between liquid nd vpour phse. (A) () nd () re true nd () explins () (B) () nd () re true but () does not explin() (C) Only () is true (D) Only () is true Q.6 In n experiment of conversion of ice into wter nd wter into vpour, observtions were recorded nd grph plotted for temperture ginst time s shown below. From the grph it cn be concluded tht :- Temp 00 C 0 C Melting Vporistion Boiling Time (A) Ice tkes time to het up to 0 C (B) During melting nd boiling temperture does not rise (C) Process of boiling tkes longer time thn the process of melting (D) All the bove Q.7 The SI unit of temperture is :- (A) C (B) F (C) K (D) All of the bove MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Q.8 Study the grph given below nd select the correct sttement :- Ice Wter Mximum density Temp. in C (A) When wter is cooled to 4 C it contrcts (B) At 0 C wter freezes (C) The volume of ice is more thn tht of wter (D) All of these Q.9 The solid stte of CO is clled :- (A) Ter gs (C) Dry ice (B) Cooking gs (D) Lughing gs Q.0 Corresponding temperture in the Kelvin scle for 04 C F is :- (A) K (B) 0 (C) 08 K (D) 77 K Q. When the vpour pressure of liquid is equl to its tmospheric pressure, then it :- (A) Freezes (B) Evportes (C) Boils (D) Does not undergo ny chnge Q. When ice is converted into wter :- (A) Het is bsorbed (B) Het is relesed (C) Temperture increses (D) Temperture decreses Q. Which of the following hs the strongest interprticle force t the room temperture? (A) Nitrogen (B) Mercury (C) Iron (D) Chlk Q.4 Wht is volume of gses? (A) Definite (B) Almost Nil (C) Lrge (D) Tke the volume of continer Q. The chnge of stte from solid to liquid known s (A) Fusion (B) Boiling (C) Melting (D) None of these Q.6 Dry ice is (A) Wter in solid stte (B) Wter in gseous stte (C) CO in liquid stte (D) CO in solid stte Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

63 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS Pge # 6 Q.7 The boiling point of wter on kelvin scle is (A) 7 K (B) 7 K (C) 7 K (D) 00 K Q.8 The process of chnge of liquid into vpour t ny temperture is clled (A) Diffusion (B) Evportion (C) Cooling (D) Heting Q.9 Which fctor ffecting Evportion (A) Temperture (B) Surfce re (C) Both (A) & (B) (D) None of these Q.0 On incresing the temperture of the liquid the rte of evportion is (A) Increse (B) Decreses (C) No chnge (D) None of these Q. Fluids re (A) Liquids nd gses Q.7 Nme the process by which drop of ink spreds in beker of wter (A) Diffusion (B) Vporiztion (C) Condenstion (D) Sublimtion Q.8 The temperture t which solid chnges into liquid t tmospheric pressure is clled (A) Melting point (B) Boiling point (C) Diffusion (D) Evportion Q.9 Convert the temperture of 7 C to the kelvin scle? (A) 646 K (B) 46 K (C) 00 K (D) 00 K Q.40 Convert the temperture of 70 K to the celsius scle (A) C (B) 4 C (C) C (D) C Q.4 Plsm is the... stte of mtter (B) Solids nd gses (C) Liquids nd solids (D) Only solids Q. Which substnce undergo sublimtion process (A) First (C) Third Answers (B) Second (D) Fourth (A) Nphthlene (B) CO (C) Ice (D) N Q. Condenstion process is (A) Chnge of stte from gs to liquid (B) Chnge of stte from liquid to gs (C) Chnge of stte from gs to solid (D) Chnge of stte from solid to liquid Q.4 The temperture t which liquid strts boiling t tmospheric pressure known s. C. C. B 4. C. A 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. D 0. A. C. C. B 4. A. A 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. C 0. A (A) Melting point (C) Ltent het (B) Boiling point (D) Condenstion. C. A. C 4. D Q. The melting point of ice is (A) 0 C (B) 4 C (C) C (D) None of these Q.6 The physicl stte of mtter which cn be esily compressed (A) Liquid (B) Gs. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. C 0. A. A. A. A 4. B. A 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. A 40. A (C) Solid (D) None of these 4. D : , url : : [email protected]

64 Pge # 64 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

65 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 6 CYTOLOGY The cell nd its structures re studied under brnch of biology clled cytology. Definition :- The structurl & functionl unit of living beings is clled cell. DISCOVERY OF CELL. Robert Hooke (66) : An English mn nd first curtor of Royl society of London. Observed thin trnsverse section of brk of tree under self designed microscope. He noticed honey - comb like comprtments. He coined the term cell. He wrote book - Microgrphi. He ctully observed ded cells.. Antony Vn Leeuwenhoek (674) ws first to observe living cells like bcteri [from trtr of teeth] erythrocytes [fish], sperms nd protozons [eg. Vorticell] Cork section shown in Robert Hooke's Microscope. N. Grew (68) : Proposed cell concept which sttes tht cell is unit of structure of orgnisms. 4. Cell is clled structurl & functionl unit of life becuse (i) All the living orgnisms re composed of one or more cells. (ii) All the cells hve similr bsic structure. (iii) Similr cell orgnelles of different cells perform similr functions.. Knoll nd Rusk (9) of Germny designed the electron microscope which ws employed to study the ultrstructrue (fine structure) of cell nd vrious cell orgnelles in 940s. MICROSCOPE It is instrument which is used to study those objects tht cnnot be seen with the nked eye or with the help of hnd lens. A microscope hs more thn one lens. The st compound microscope ws built by F. Jnssen nd Zchris Jnssen (90). Structure of Microscope: The microscope used in schools is clled compound microscope, compound microscope hs following prts:. Bse: It is the bsl, metllic, horse-shoe shped structure. It bers the whole weight of microscope.. Hndle: It is the curved prt to hold the microscope. It is lso clled s rm.. Stge: It is strong metllic, rectngulr, horizontl plte fixed to the hndle. 4. Stge Clips: Two clips re ttched to stge used for holding the slide in position.. Condenser: Below the stge is present condenser for concentrting the light rys. 6. Body tube: It is wide, hollow tube ttched to the upper prt of the rm. To this tube lenses re ttched. 7. Adjustment Screw: () Corse djustment: It is bigger sized screw used to move the body tube up nd down. (b) Fine djustment: It is smller sized screw for fine focussing. 8. Reflecting Mirror: It is ment for reflecting the light rys, so tht light psses through the object which is to be seen. : , url : :[email protected]

66 Pge # 66 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Oculr eye piece Corse djustment Fine djustment ARM Stge clip Stge Inclintion joint Body tube Revolving nose piece High power objective Low power objective Cover slip Slide Condenser Mirror Bse Prts of n ordinry compound microscope CELL THEORY (i) (ii) (iii) Two biologists, "Schleiden nd Schwnn' gve the "Cell theory" which ws lter on expnded by "Rudolf Virchow". Cell theory sttes tht- All plnts nd nimls re composed of cells. Cells is the bsic unit of life. All cells rise from pre-existing cells. Ciruses re the exceptions of cell theory. CELL SIZE & SHAPE (A) (B) Size of cell Norml size in humn 0 µm to 0 µm in dimetre. (i) Lrgest cell In nimls Ostrich egg [ cm is dimetre] In plnts Acetbulri [6-0 cm] (ii) Longest cell In nimls Nerve cell [upto mt] In plnts Hemp fibre. (iii) Smllest cell PPLO Pleuro Pneumoni Like Orgnism [Mycoplsm 0. to 0. µm.] Shpe of cell Shpe of cell minly depends upon the specific function it performs. (i) Elongted Nerve cell (ii) Discoidl/sucer RBC (iii) Spindl Muscle cell (iv) Sphericl Eggs. (v) Brnched Pigment cell of the skin.(vi) Slipper shped Prmecium (vii) Cuboidl Germ cells of gonds. (viii) Polygonl Liver cells. TYPES OF CELL (A) On the bsis of type of orgniztion, cells re of two types: (i) Prokryotic cells: these re primitive nd incomplete cells. they hve less developed nucleus without nucler membrne nd nucleolus e.g. Bcteri. (ii) Eukryotic cells: these re well developed cells. They hve dvnced nucleus with nucler membrne. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

67 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 67 (B) On the bsis differentition: (i) Undifferentited: These re unspecilized cells which by mitotic divisions give rise to new cells for the formtion nd mintennce of tissues. (ii) Differentited: These re specilized cells formed from the unspecilized cells by chnge in structure nd function during develoment nd growth of n orgnism. (iii) Dedifferentited: These re specilized cells reverted to more generlized (embryonic), ctively dividing stte. Dedifferentition often occurs for regenertion. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC CELLS Feture Prokryotic cell Eukryotic cell Cell size Averge dimeter 0.- m Dimeter vries between. m-40 m Protoplsm Reltively rigid, resistnt to desicction (drying) nd cn withstnd wide chnges in pressure nd temperture More fluid nd sensitive to drying nd to chnges in temperture nd pressure. Nucleus Orgnelles Ribosomes Cell division Respirtion Photosynthesis Exmples Lcks true nucleus; circulr DNA lies nked in the cytoplsm; no chromosomes, nucleolus or nucler membrne; nucleoplsm undifferentited from cytoplsm Membrne-bound orgnelles like Golgi bodies, plstids, mitochondri nd endoplsmic reticulum (ER) re bsent. Smller nd rndomly scttered in the cytoplsm Divides by simple fission; spindle is not formed; no mitosis nd meiosis Respirtory enzymes re locted on the plsm membrne No orgnized chloroplst; photosynthesis tkes plce on photosynthetic membrnes which lie freely in the cytoplsm. Bcteri nd cynobcteri (blue-green lge) True nucleus bound by nucler membrne contins liner DNA ssocited with proteins nd RNA (forming chromosomes); nucleolus nd nucler membrne present; nucleoplsm distinct Membrne-bound orgnelles present. Bigger, cn be free or ttched to the ER Divides by mitosis or by meiosis Mitochondri re the set of erobic respirtion Orgnized chloroplsts (contining stcked membrnes clled grn) tke prt in photosynthesis All other orgnisms. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELL & ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL. Plnt cells re usully lrger thn niml cells Animl cells re generlly smll in size.. The plsm membrne of plnt cell is Cell wll is bsent. surrounded by rigid cell wll mde up of cellulose.. Plstids (leucoplsts, chloroplsts, chromoplsts) Plstids re bsent. re p resent in plnt cells. 4. Vcuoles re present in bundnce. They re Vcuoles re less in number nd smller in size. lrger in size.. Plnt cells hve mny simpler units of Golgi complex, clled dictyo s ome s. Animl cells hve single highly elborte Golgi complex. 6. Centrioles hve not been found in plnt cells Animl cells possess centrioles. (except in few lower plnts. 7. Cytokinesis tkes plce by cell-plte formtion. Cytokinesis tkes plce by constriction during cell division. 8. Plnt cells usully hve regulr shpe. Animl cells re usully irregulr in shpe. : , url : :[email protected]

68 Pge # 68 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Types of membrnes :- (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Impermeble membrne :- If the membrne does not llow pssge of substnces (solvent nd solute) through it. Permeble membrne :- If the membrne llows free pssge of solute nd solvent through it. Semipermeble membrne :- If the membrne llows pssge to solvents but prevents the pssing of solutes. Bcteril cell Selectively permeble membrne :- If the membrne llows the pssge of solvent nd few selected solutes. Advntge of Semipermebility Plsm membrne :- Semipermebility ensures tht. The useful molecules enter the cell,. The metbolic intermedites remin within the cell nd. The secretions nd wstes leve the cell. Thus, semipermebility of cell membrnes enbles the cell to mintin homeostsis, i.e., constnt Centrl vcuole Cytoplsm internl environment inspite of the chnges outside it. The substnces generlly drwn in the cell include : (i) (ii) (i) Rw mterils for metbolism, viz. food stuffs, wter, slts nd oxygen; nd Regultory substnces, e.g., vitmins nd hormones. The substnces generlly turned out of the cells include : Plnt cell Endoplsmic reticulum Cell wl membrne Tonoplst Ribosome Nucleolus Nucleus Mitochondrion Plstids The products of metbolism, nmely, nitrogenous wstes nd crbon dioxide; nd (ii) Secretions. COMPONENTS OF A CELL Following mechnisms re involved in the entry or exit of vrious mterils cross p.m. There is n occurrence of division of lbour within cell s they ll got certin specific components (A). Physicl processes. (B) Biologicl processes. clled "Cell orgnelles" ech of them performs specific function. A. Physicl Processes :- These processes re slow nd do not expend energy. These occur down the The three bsic components of ll the cells re concentrtion grdient nd do not use crrier proteins. Physicl processes include. (i) Diffusion, (ii) (i) PM (Plsm Membrne) (ii) Nucleus (iii) Cytoplsm Osmosis. B. Biologicl processes :- These processes Cell re rpid nd often use energy in the form of ATP. These cn occur down s well s ginst the concentrtion grdient nd often use crrier proteins. Biologicl processes include:-. Medited Cell membrne trnsport Protoplsm (i) Fcilitted trnsport / diffusion. Endocytosis (Pinocytosis nd Phgocytosis) Cytoplsm. Exocytosis. (ii) Active trnsport. Diffusion :- The process by which substnce uniformly spreds into nother substnce by rndom movement of its prticles from region of higher concentrtion to region of its lower concentrtion Hyloplsm due to their kinetic energy is clled diffusion. Trophoplsm It is fster in gseous phse thn in liquid phse or solid phse. Animl cell Nucleus Significnce of diffusion :- Cell orgnelles Metplsm (i) Diffusion helps in the distribution of vrious (Living) substnces throughout (Non-living) the cytoplsm of the cell without much dely. Mitochondri Vcuole (ii) It helps in the exchnge of respirtory Endoplsmic gses (oxygen Reticulum nd crbon dioxide) Strch grnules between the body cells nd their environment. Golgibody Store food mterils (iii) Vrious mterils such s gses, liquids Plstidnd solids dissolve in the Wstes medium, i.e., ir or liquid by diffusion. Lysosome (iv) Loss of wter in vpours form from Ribosome the eril prts of the plnts (trnspirtion) occurs through diffusion. (v) Flowers of plnts spred rom through diffusion. It ttrcts insects nd other nimls for pollintion. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

69 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 69 : , url : :[email protected]

70 Pge # 70 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT CELL MEMBRANE OR PLASMA MEMBRANE Ech cell (prokryotic s well s eukryotic) is surrounded by covering clled plsm membrne or plsmlemm or cell membrne. Most cell orgnelles in eukryotic cells (e.g., Mitochondri, Plstids, Golgi pprtus, Lysosomes, Endoplsmic reticulum, Peroxisomes, Vcuoles etc). re enclosed by subcellulr unit membrnes. These membrnes, thus, comprtmentlise the cell. Moleculr Structure of Plsm membrne. Plsm membrne is living, ultr-thin, elstic, selectively permeble membrne. Chemiclly, it is composed of phospholipids, proteins, oligoscchrides nd cholesterol. Trilmilr or -lyered structure :- J.D. Robertoson noted trilmilr or -lyered structure for ll membrnes he studied. Bsed on his findings, he proposed the 'unit membrne hypothesis' in 99. Fluid Mosic Model :- In 97, S.J. Singer nd G. Nicolson proposed fluid mosic model to explin the structure nd functions of plsm membrne. According to this model, the plsm membrne is mde up of phospholipid bilyer nd two types of protein molecules 'floting bout' in the fluid phospholipid bilyer. The two types of proteins re (i) Intrinsic proteins which re embeded in the phospholipid mtrix incompletely or completely, nd (ii) Extrinsic proteins which occur superficilly either on the outer surfce or on the inner surfce of the phospholipid lyer. In other words, the membrne is viscous fluid with phospholipids nd protein molecules rrnged s mosic. Oligoscchride molecules re present on the exposed surfce of the plsm membrne. They re ssocited with proteins s well s lipid molecules forming glycoproteins nd glycolipids respectively. Cholesterol molecules re inserted between the phospholipid molecules of plsm membrne of niml cells to stbilize the membrne. Presence of lipids nd proteins provides flexibility to the plsm membrne. Proteins present in the membrne serve s :- Fluid mosic structure of the plsm membrne (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Enzymes ctlysing chemicl rections within the membrne. Trnsport proteins (permeses) for movement of wter soluble ions. Pumps for ctive trnsport of mterils nd Receptor proteins (e.g., glycoproteins on the cell surfce) to recognize nd bind specific molecules such s hormones. Fluid mosic model is lso described s " number of protein icebergs floting in the se of lipids'. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

71 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 7 Osmosis :- The diffusion of wter or solvent through semipermeble membrne from solution of lower concentrtion of solutes to solution of higher concentrtion of solutes to which the membrne is reltively impermeble, is clled osmosis. Osmosis is of two types :. Endomosis. Exomosis Endosmosis : It is the entry of wter molecules into the cells through semipermeble plsm membrne when surrounded by hypotonic solution. Exosmosis : It is the exit of wter molecules from the cells through semipermeble plsm membrne when surrounded by hypertonic solution. Experiment : Demonstrtion of osmosis in the lbortory. Requirements : Funnel fitted with semipermeble membrne, beker, sugr solution, wter. Procedure : Tke sugr solution in funnel fitted with semipermeble membrne (fish bldder or egg membrne) upto mrk 'A' nd plce it in n inverted position in beker filled with clen wter s shown in figure. After some time, observe the level of sugr solution in the funnel. Result :- You would find tht the sugr solution hs risen from level 'A' to new level 'B'. Explntion nd conclusion : Sugr solution in the funnel nd wter in the beker re seprted by semipermeble membrne. The fitted membrne is permeble to smll wter molecules but is reltively impermeble to lrge sugr molecules dissolved in wter. Due to difference in the concentrtion of solute on the two sides of semipermeble membrne, wter molecules hve moved from the solution hving lower concentrtion of solutes (e.g., wter in this experiment) to the solution hving higher concentrtion of solutes [e.g. sugr solution] due to osmosis hs risen to new level 'B'. Types of solutions :. Isotonic solution. Hypotonic solution, nd. Hypertonic solution.. Isotonic solution :- Isotonic solution is one in which the concentrtion of wter nd solutes is the sme s in the cytoplsm of the red blood cells. 0.9% slt solution nd % glucose solution re isotonic for red blood cells.. Hypotonic solution :- Hypotonic solution is one in which the concentrtion of solutes is less nd concentrtion of wter is more s compred to inside the red blood cells. 0.66% slt solution nd 0.% glucose solution re hypotonic for red blood cells.. Hypertonic solution :- Hypertonic solution is one in which the concentrtion of solutes is more nd the concentrtion of wter is less s compred to in the cytoplsm of the red blood cell..% slt solution nd 0% glucose solution re hypertonic for red blood cells. : , url : :[email protected]

72 Pge # 7 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Other exmples of osmosis :-. Fresh wter unicellulr orgnisms (e.g., Amoeb, Prmecium) continuously gin wter in their bodies due to osmosis. These orgnisms hve mechnisms (e.g., contrctile vcuoles) to throw out excess of wter from their bodies.. Most plnt cells hve the tendency to gin wter due to osmosis.. Absorption of wter by the plnt roots from the soil through root hirs is lso n exmple of osmosis. 4. Certin plnt movements (e.g., seismonstic movements in 'touch-me-not' plnt) occur due to loss or gin of wter.. Stomt re present in the leves. They open nd close t different times of the dy due to osmotic movements of wter. 6. In plnts, cells, tissues nd soft orgns (leves, young shoots, flowers) mintin turgidity or stretched form due to osmotic bsorption of wter. D IFFERENCES B ETWEEN D IFFUS ION AND OS MOS IS S.No. D iffus io n S.No. Os mo s is 4 Diffusion cn occur both in ir nd liquid (w ter) medium It involve s move me nt of mole cule s (Solids, liquids or g ses) from the region of their highe r conce ntr tion to the region of their lowe r concentrtion. It cn occur without or through semip erme ble membr ne. It equlizes the concentrtion of diffusble mole cule s throughout the medium. It is de p e nde nt up on the kine tic energy of the molecule s of diffusing substnce only. Medited trnsport : Type of trnsport of mterils cross the plsm membrne with the help of crrier proteins is clled medited trnsport. Types of medited trnsport Medited trnsport is of following two types : (i) Fcilitted trnsport (ii) Active trnsport Osmosis occurs only in liquid medium Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.) 4 It involve s move ment of solve nt molecules only from the region of their highe r conce ntr tion to the region of the ir lower conce ntr tion. It lwys t kes p lce through semip er me ble me mbrne. It does not equ lize the conce ntr tion of solve nt mole cule s in the medium involve d. Though it is the diffusion of solve nt molecules only, yet it is influe nced by the p re se nce of solutes in the system. Scheme showing entry of glucose into erythrocytes (i) Fcilitted trnsport :- In this cse, trnsport proteins (e.g. permeses) ssist molecules to diffuse through the membrne down the concentrtion grdient, i.e., from the region of higher concentrtion to the region of lower concentrtion cross the membrne. It is, therefore, lso termed s fcilitted diffusion. No cellulr energy is used in such trnsport. A crrier protein combines with specific substnce (e.g., glucose) to be trnsported nd moves it down the concentrtion grdient from one side of membrne to nother through chnnel formed by it. In liver nd red blood cells, fcilitted trnsport moves glucose cross the cell membrne by specific crrier protein molecule in both directions, depending upon whether glucose concentrtion is higher inside or outside the membrne. (ii) Active trnsport :- In this cse, crrier proteins move substnces ginst the concentrtion grdient, i.e., from lower concentrtion to higher concentrtion. This "uphill" trnsport involves work nd lwys requires energy provided by ATP (denosine triphosphte).

73 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 7 Mechnism of ctive trnsport of mterils is described below : (i) The crrier protein hs binding site for ATP in ddition to the binding site for the substrte. As the ATP molecule binds to the crrier protein, it is hydrolyzed to ADP. (ii) The energy so set free brings the substrte binding site of the crrier protein to the surfce of the membrne. The substrte present in the medium joins the crrier protein t substrte binding site to form crrier-substrte complex. (iii) The substrte bond crrier protein undergoes conformtionl chnge nd crries the substrte through chnnel in it to the cytoplsmic side of the membrne. (iv) Now, the form of binding site chnges nd the substrte is relesed. The crrier protein regins its originl form nd is redy to trnsport nother molecule of substrte. There re mny ctive trnsport systems in the cell. Among these, sodium-potssium exchnge pump is prominent. It mintins sodium nd potssium grdients between cells nd the surrounding extrcellulr fluid. Importnce of ctive trnsport :- The N + K + exchnge pump plys following roles : (i) It helps in mintining positive chrge on the outside of the membrne nd negtive chrge on the inside (resting potentil), (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) S. No. It helps in nerve impulse conduction, It helps in muscle contrction, It helps in urine formtion in kidney tubules, It helps in slt excretion in mrine birds, nd It helps in controlling wter contents of the cell. D IFFERENCES B ETWEEN ACTIVE TRANS P ORT AND DIFFUS ION Ac tive Tr ns po rt S. No D iffus ion It is rp id process. It is slow proce ss. It cn move mterils through biomembrne It c n move mterils cross biomembrne ginst the concentrtion gr die nt. down the conce ntr tion grdient. It t kes plce in one direction only. It t kes pl ce in both directions. 4 It ne eds crrier p roteins to occur. 4 It occurs without crrie r p rote ins. It uses ene rgy of ATP. It doe s not use energy. 6 It brings bout se lective up tke of m te ri ls. 6 It llows ll tr nsmissible mole cule s to p ss through me mbrnes 7 It le ds to ccumultion of m te ri ls in the cells. 7 It doe s not ccumul te mterils in the ce lls. Bulk Trnsport :- Animl cells cn lso ctively tke in nd turn out mterils in msses much lrger thn in the hither to described processes by utilizing energy. Such mterils include mcromolecules, lipid droplets nd solid prticles. Items of this size cnnot cross the phospholipid bilyer by diffusion or with the help of trnsport proteins. Specil processes re involved in the trnsport of such lrge quntities of mterils. These include endocytosis (phgocytosis) nd exocytosis. Endocytosis :- The term endocytosis refers to invgintion of smll region of plsm membrne, nd ultimtely forming n intrcellulr membrne-bound vesicle. Endocytosis is not shown by plnt cells becuse of their rigid cell wll nd internl turgor pressure. Depending upon the intke of fluid droplet or solid prticles, endocytosis is of two types : (i) Pinocytosis (ii) Phgocytosis : , url : :[email protected]

74 Pge # 74 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT (i) Pinocytosis :- The non-specific intke of tiny droplet of extrcellulr fluid by cell through the cell membrne which cnnot otherwise pss through it. It is lso, therefore, termed s cell drinking. It ws first observed in Amoeb. In this process, smll region of plsm membrne invgintes nd the fluid droplet psses into the pocket so formed. This pocket is clled cveol. The pocket deepens nd finlly nips off s fluid-filled vcuole clled pinosome or pinocytotic vesicle. (ii) Phgocytosis :- Phgocytosis is the intke of solid prticles by cell through cell membrne. It is lso clled cell eting. Phgocytosis is the mjor feeding method in mny unicellulr orgnisms (e.g., Amoeb) nd simple metzo (e.g., sponges). An re of the plsm membrne, coted initilly with ctin-myosin, comes in contct with the food prticle(s). The contct induces the cell membrne to put out tiny protoplsmic processes, the pseudopodi, round the food prticle(s). The pseudopodi meet on the other side of the food prticle(s) nd fuse. In this wy, n internl vcuole, clled phgosome, contining food prticle(s) in droplet of wter is cquired. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MITROCHONDRION S. No. D IFFERENCES B ETWEEN P IN OCYTOS IS AND P HAGOCYTOS IS P ino c yto s is S. No P h g o c yto s is It is the int ke of e xtrcellulr fluid drop le ts. It is the int ke of e xtrcellul r p rticle s Ce ll m embr ne inv gin te s to tke up the Cell me mbr ne grows round the p rticle s m teri l. p se udop odi. Microfil me nts p l y no role in e ndocytosis. Microfil m ents p ly n imp ort nt role in p h gocytosis. 4 It is nutritive p roce ss. 4 It is nutritive nd de fe nsive p roce ss. Pinocytotic ve sicle s re only 0. µm wide. Ph gocytotic ve sicles re to µm or m ore wide. Exocytosis :- Exocytosis is the process tht involves fusion of membrne of the exocytotic vesicle with the plsm membrne to extrude its contents to the surrounding medium. This process is lso clled cellulr vomiting or ephgy nd the vesicles tht turn out the mterils re termed exocytotic vesicles. Exocytosis process is responsile for : (i) removl of undigested food left in the food vcuoles in the cells. (ii) secretion of substnces such s hormones, enzymes, nd (iii) replcement of internlized membrne by the fusion of exocytotic vesicles with the cell membrne. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

75 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 7 Functions of plsm membrne. It gives definite shpe to the cell.. It provides protection to the internl contents of the cell.. It regultes entry nd exit of substnces in nd out of the cell. 4. It cn internlize solid nd liquid mterils by infolding or extending round them. This is process of ctive intke of mterils.. In niml cells, it is involved in dhesion, recognition nd in the formtion of vesicles, cili, flgell, microvilli, etc. Plsm membrne cts s mechnicl brrier to protoplsm so fter rupturing or brekdown of plsm membrne, the protoplsmic contents will be dispersed in the surrounding medium. CELL WALL (i) (ii) (iii) Discovered by Robert Hooke The outermost covering of the plnt cell is clled cell wll. It is bsent in niml cell. It is rigid, thick, porous nd non-living structure. It become impermeble due to deposition of cell wll mterils. Middle lmell : Common lyer between two plnt cells is clled middle lmell. It consists C & Mg pecttes (Plnt cement). Fruits becomes soft nd juicy due to dissolve of middle lmell. Primry wll : Outermost lyer (i) Cell wll Secondry wll : Rigid, thick (bsent in meristem cells) Tertiry wll : Present only in trcheids of gymnosperm. (ii) (iii) (iv) Cellulose is min constituent of cell wll but ddition to cellulose Hemicellulose, cutin, pectin, Lignin, Suberin re lso presents in cell wll Cellulose microfibrils nd mcrofibrils rrnged in lyers to form skeleton of cell wll. In between these lyers other substnces like pectin, hemicellulose my be present. These form mtrix of cell wll. Network of cellulose fibre forms skeleton of cell wll. -00 cellulose chin = micelle. 0 micelle = Microfibril 0 micro fibril = mcrofibril in cell wll. (v) Composition: (i) Cellulose + Hemicellulose-in plnts (ii) (iii) Functions of cell wll : Chitin in fungi. It determines the shpe of the plnt cell. Peptidoglycn in bcteri nd mycoplsm.. It prevents desicction of cell. [desicction mens drying up of cells]. It protects the plsm membrne nd internl structures of the cell. 4. It helps in the trnsport of vrious substnces in nd out of the cell.. It does not llow too much of wter to come in. In this wy it prevents the cytoplsm from becoming too dilute. : , url : :[email protected]

76 Pge # 76 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT CYTOPLASM Cytoplsm ws discovered by Kolliker in 86. It is the site of both biosynthetic nd ctbolic pthwys. It cn be divided into two prts: (i) Cytosol: Aqueous soluble prt contins vrious fibrous proteins forming cytoskeleton. (ii) Cytoplsmic Inclusion: In the cell cytoplsm, there re present numerous living nd non-living structures, collectively clled cytoplsmic inclusions. (iii) Cytoplsmic Inclusion: In the cell cytoplsm, there re present numerous living nd non-living structures, collectively clled cytoplsmic inclusions. () The living cytoplsmic inclusions re clled cell orgnelles or protoplsmic inclusions or orgnolds nd (b) the non-living structures re clled Deutoplsmic or ergstic bodies. Role of Cytoplsm: (i) Prticiptes in intrcellulr distribution of nutrients, metbolites nd enzymes. (ii) Helps in exchnge of mterils between cell orgnelle. (iii) cts s site of chemicl rections like glycolysis (step of respirtion), synthesis of ftty cids. CELL ORGANELLES These re living sub-cellulr structures of the cytoplsm nd re lso clled protoplsmic bodies or orgnoids. These include- Single membrnous: Endoplsmic reticulum, Golgi pprtus, Lysosomes, peroxisomes, Glyoxysomes etc. Double membrnous: Plstid nd Mitochondri. Non-membrnous: Ribosomes etc. Introduction : NUCLEUS (i) The nucleus is the most importnt component of the cell nd controls ll functionl ctivities of the cell. Historicl Account : (i) Robert Brown (8) discovered dense, sphericl body in the cells of n orchid nd nmed it s Nucleus. Ultrstructure : Nucler membrne/nucler envelope/kryothec Nucler sp/ Nucleoplsm/kryolymph. Nucleolus. Chromtin threds. () Nucler envelope : Nucleus is surrounded by two membrnes, tht seprtes nucleoplsm from cytoplsm. The nucler membrne hs minute pores. These re clled nucleo-pores. (b) Nucleoplsm : The prt of protoplsm which is enclosed by nucler membrne is clled nucleoplsm. It contins chromtin threds nd nucleolus. (c) Nucleolus : Discovered by Fontin. Usully one nucleolus is present in ech nucleus but sometimes more thn one nucleoli re present. It is store house of RNA. (d) Chromtion threds : A drkly stined network of long nd fine threds clled chromtin threds. Chromtin threds re intermingled with one nother forming network clled chromtion reticulum. Whenever the cell is bout to divide the chromtin mteril gets orgnized into chromosomes. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

77 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 77 Ribosomes Euchromtin Nucler pore perinucler spce Heterochromtin Perinucleolr chromtin Intrnucleolr chromtin Functions of Nucleus : Endoplsmic reticulum Nucleolus ELECTRON MICROSCOPICS STRUCTURE OF NUCLEUS (i) The nucleus control ll metbolic ctivities of the cell. (ii) It regultes the cell cycle. Nucler envelope Inner membrne Outer membrne (iii) It brings bout growth of the cell by directing the synthesis of structurl proteins. (iv) It tkes prt in the formtion of ribosomes. (v) It contins genetic informtion nd is concerned with the trnsmission of hereditry trits from one genertion to nother. Chromtin threds re mde up of Do you know? (i) DNA (ii) Protein [Histone protein] Gene: The segment of DNA nd ct s unit of heredity ATP: Adenosine triphosphte. It is lso known s energy currency. It provides energy to perform bio-synthesis & mechnicl work. Homologous chromosomes: All chromosomes re found in pir nd the chromosomes of pir re clled homologous chromosomes. Non-homologous chromosomes: Chromosomes of different pir. The nucleus of prokryotes is lso known nucleoid. Nucleus is lso clled director of cell s it controls most of the cellulr ctivities. Nucleus is bsent in sieve tubes of vsculr plnts & mture RBC's of mmmls. Mmmlin RBC lso lcks Golgibodies, mitochondri, ER, lysosomes. Introduction : ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (i) In the cytoplsm some closed or open, brnched cvities re present which re bounded by membrnes to form network of membrnous system clled Endoplsmic Reticulum. Historicl Account : (i) K.R.Porter (948) reported this net-like system under electron microscope. Ultrstructrure : (i) A system of membrnes ttched to the nucleus nd present in the cytoplsm is clled E.R. (ii) The Endoplsmic Reticulum (ER) is divided into two prts It is the netowork of membrnes present in the cytoplsm. : , url : :[email protected]

78 Pge # 78 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT (A) (B) (C) It ws discovered by Porter, Clude nd Fulln. These re present in ll cells except prokryotes nd mmmlin erythrocytes. They re mde up of three components: Cisternte: These re long, flttened, prllely rrnged, unbrnched tubules. These form successive lyers of nucleus. These re found in cells which re ctive in protein synthesis nd re 40-0 m in dimeter. Vesicles: These re rounded or sphericl, They re found in syntheticlly ctive cells. Tubules: These re smll, smooth wlled nd hve tubulr spces. These re found in non secretory s well s steroid synthesizing cells. () Rough Endoplsmic Reticulum (RER) (b) Smooth Endoplsmic Reticulum (SER) (i) RER possesses rough wll becuse ribosomes remin ttched on the surfce. RER is present in cells which re involved in protein synthesis. (ii) SER minly present in cells which re involved in lipoproteins nd glycogen synthesis. It perfoms detoxifiction. Nucleus Lumen Outer membrne Inner membrne Endoplsmic reticulum Cell membrne Endoplsmic reticulum s seen in section Cisterne Vesicles Tubules Prts of Endoplsmic reticulum Ribosomes Lumen Lumen (A) (B) (A) : Rough endoplsmic reticulum (B) : Smooth endoplsmic reticulum Functions of Endoplsmic Reticulum : (i) It forms supporting skeleton frmework of the cell. (ii) Certins enzymes present in smooth E.R. synthesis fts (lipids), steroids nd cholesterol. (iii) Rough E.R. is concerned with protein synthesis. (iv) Smooth E.R. is involved in the process of detoxifiction. PLASTID Plnts nd some protists hve severl types of double membrne bound orgnelles clled plstids, which hrvest solr energy, mnufcture nutrient molecules nd store mterils. Plstid term ws coined by E. Heckel. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

79 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 79 Plstids generlly contin pigments nd my synthesize & ccumulte vrious substnces. Depending upon the type of pigment present in them they re of following three types. S.NO. LEUCOPLAST CHROMOPLAST CHLOROPLAST Non Pigmented White in colour Generlly found in underground prts Importnt for food storge. E.g. Aleuroplst (Protein), Elioplst (Oil), Amyloplst (Strch) Coloured pigments All colours except green Pheoplst - Brown Rhodoplst - Red Found in flowers, Fruits, Leves etc. Green pigment chlorophyll is found in them. Found in eril prts of plnt which re green in colour Chloroplst: It is double membrnous discoidl structure, found only in plnt cells. Chloroplst ws discovered by A.V. Leeuwenhoek nd nmed by Schimper. Besides being discoidl or rhombic in plnt cells they occur in vrible shpes like in lge they cn be 'U' shped, spirl, coiled, ribbon shped etc. In ech thylkoid Quntsomes re present which re clled s Photosynthetic units. Ech quntsome possesses 0 chlorophyll molecules. Ech chloroplst consists of two prts. (i) Grn: It constitutes the lmellr system. These re found lyered on top of ech other, these stcks re clled s Grn. Ech grnum of the chloroplst is formed by superimposed closed comprtments clled Thylkoids. Functions: Grn re the sites of light rection of photosynthesis s they contin phtosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. (ii) Strom: It is grnulr trnsprent substnce lso clled s mtrix. Grn re embedded in it. Besides grn they lso contin lipid droplets, strch grins, ribosomes etc. Function: This is the site of drk rection of photosynthesis. INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CHLOROPLAST : , url : :[email protected]

80 Pge # 80 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT MITOCHONDRIA MITOCHONDRIA It ws first seen by Kolliker in insect cells nd nmed by Bend. It is rod shped structure found in cytoplsm of ll eukryotic cell except mmmlin RBC's. These re lso bsent in prokryotes. Mximum mitochondri re found in metboliclly ctive cells. It is lso clled s "Power House of the Cell" or the "Storge Bttery". It is double membrnous structure where outer membrne hs specific proteins while inner me:nbrne is folded inside to form chmbers clled Cnste."Criste" re the infoldings of inner mitochondril membrne tht possess enzymes for respirtory cycles like Kreb Cycle. ATP synthesizing units re clled Oxysomes or F 0 F Prticles. Spce between inner nd outer mitochondril membrnes is clled s perimitochondril spce. The fluid present in mitochondri is clled s mtrix. () Functions: (i) Its min function is to produce nd store the energy in the form of ATP. (ii) It is the site of Kreb's cycle of respirtion, s it contins enzymes for Kreb cycle. (iii) Oxysome contins enzymes for ATP production. GOLGI COMPLEX Discovered by Cmillo Golgi (898) in nerve cells of owl. Other nmes: (i) Lipochondrion, (iii) Bker's body, - In fungus (v) Dictyosomes In plnts (ii) Idiosome, Position: It is locted ner the nucleus. (iv) Dlton complex The cytoplsm surrounding Golgi body hve fewer or no other orgnelles. It is clled Golgi ground substnce or zone of exclusion. Golgi bodies re pleomorphic structures, becue component of golgi body re differ in structure & shpe in different cells. Structure: It is formed of four types of contents. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

81 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 8 (i) Cisterne These re long flttened nd unbrnched sccules. 4 to 8 sccules re rrnged in stck. (ii) Tubules These re brnched nd irregulr tube like structures ssocited with cisterne. (iii) Vcuoles Lrge sphericl structures ssocited to tubules. (iv) Vesicles Spheril structures rise by budding from tubules. Vesicles re filled with secretory mterils. Golgibody is single membrne bound cell orgnelle. Function: (i) It involved in cell-secretion nd cts s storge, modifiction nd condenstion or pckging membrne. (ii) It forms the Acrosome of sperm [Acrosome :- A bg like structure filled with lytic enzymes which dissolve egg membrne t the time of fertiliztion] (iii) It forms the lysosomes nd secretory vesicles. (iv) It is the site for formtion of glycolipids nd glycoproteins. (v) Synthesis of cell wll mteril (Polyscchride synthesis) (vi) Cell plte formtion (phrgmoplst) during cell formtion. (vii) Vitelline membrne of egg is secreted by Golgi body. LYSOSOME First observed nd the term coined by Christin De Duve (9) Lysosomes re sphericl bg like structures [ µm] which is covered by single unit membrne.with the exception of mmmlin RBC they re reported from ll cells. Lysosomes re filled bout 0 different types of digestive enzymes termed s cid hydrolses. Lysosomes re highly polymorphic cell orgnelle. Becuse, during functioning, lysosomes hve different morphologicl nd physiologicl sttes. Types of Lysosomes Primry lysosomes or storge grnules These lysosomes store enzyme Acid Hydrolses in their inctive form. These re newly formed lysosome. Digestive vcuoles or Heterophgosomes These lysosome forms by the fusion of primry lysosomes nd phgosomes. These re lso clled secondry lysosomes. Residul bodies Lysosomes contining undigested mteril re clled residul bodies. These my be eliminted by exocytosis. These re lso clled s Telolysosomes. (Tertiry lysosomes) Autophgic lysosomes or cytolysosomes or utophgosomes Lysosomes which digest cell orgnelles re known s Autophgosomes. : , url : :[email protected]

82 Pge # 8 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Functions : (i) Heterophgy : It involve in digestion of foreign mterils received in cell. (ii) Autophgy : Digestion of old or ded cell orgnelles. (iii) Cellulr digestion (Autolysis) : Sometimes ll lysosomes of cell burst to dissolve the cell completely. Tht's why lysosomes lso known s suicidl bgs. RIBOSOME-ENGINE OF CELL Chemiclly ribosome is mde of proteins nd RNA. First reported by Clude nd nmed by G.P lde. They re smll grnulr structures visible only under electro microscope. They re the only orgnelles which re present in ll types of cells. They help in protein synthesis nd re known s 'protein fctories'. Ribosome Ech ribosomes consists of two unequl subunits, lrger dome shped nd smll ovoid. The size of ribosome is determined by sedimenttion coefficient in the centrifuge. The cytoplsmic ribosomes of eukryotes re 80S nd in prokryotes nd cell orgnelles like mitochondri nd chloroplst it is 70S type. The two sub units of 80S ribosomes re 60S nd 40S while 70S type ribosomes hve 0S nd 0S subunits. Ribosomes (On the bsis of their sedimenttion coefficient) Prokryotic ribosomes. Eukryotic ribosomes 70s 80s Lrger subunit 0s Smller subunit 0s Lrger subunit 60s Smller subunit 40s Mgnesium ion [Mg ++ ] is essentil for binding of both the sub units of ribosome. Functions : Site of protein synthesis, so these re lso clled protein fctories. Peroxisomes/Uricosomes. Discovered by Rhodin & Tolbert. Peroxisome term ws first used by De Duve. It contins per-oxide forming enzymes. Functions : (i) In nimls peroxisomes re concerned with -oxidtion of ftty cids & peroxide metbolism. (ii) In plnts peroxisomes re concerned with -oxidtion of ftty cids, peroxide metbolism nd photorespirtion. COMPETITION WINDOW Scttered Golgibodies in the cytoplsm of plnt cells re lso clled Dictyosomes. Lysosome found in four forms tht's why it is lso clled polymorphic cell orgnelle. Chloroplsts re centres of photosynthesis to prepre the orgnic food so re clled kitchens of the cells. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

83 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 8 VACUOLES Vcuoles of niml cells rise from Golgi-complex. Tonoplst: Plsm membrne tht covers the vcuole is clled tonoplst. Vcuoles re of three types :-. Food vcuole The vcuole which contin food mteril.. Sp vcuole The vcuole which is filled by liquid mteril [sp]. Contrtile vcuole The vcuole tht concern with osmoregultion e.g. Amoeb Functions : (i) Storge of food, wter nd other substences. (ii) They help in the elimintion of excess wter from the cell (osmoregultion), nd mintins internl pressure of the cell Centrosome : Discovered by Benden. Boveri nmed it s centrosome. Centrosome is generlly found in niml cells. Only few type of plnt cells show its presence. It is situted ner the nucleus of the cell nd shped like str. Ech centrosome hs two centrioles. The two centrioles re plced perpendiculr to ech other. Cytoplsm which surrounds centrioles clled s "Centrosphere". Centrioles nd centrosphere collectively clled centrosome or microcentrum or diplosome. Function : (i) In niml cells centrioles ply importnt role in initition of cell division by rrnging spindle fibres between two poles of cell. (ii) The loction of centrioles during cell division decides the plne of division. (iii) It form the bsl grnule of cili nd flgell in micro-orgnisms, zoo-spores & motile gmetes. (iv)form til of sperm. Cytoskeleton (Cili nd flgell) : (i) In mny eukryotic s well s prokryotic cells of both plnts nd nimls cytoskeleton hs been reported in recent yers. (ii) The elements of this cytoskeleton re proteins. (iii) The cytoskeleton consists of following two elements within cell. () Microtubules (b) Microfilments (iv)cili nd flgell of eukryotic cells re microscopic, contrctile & filmentous process of cytoplsm. (v) Cili is shorter thn flgell nd re numerous. Microtubules & Microfilments : (A) Microtubules : Introduction : (i) These re cylindricl structures formed by the polymeriztion of two-prt subunits of globulr protein tubulin into helicl stcks. Historicl Account : The term microtubule ws coined by Slutterbck in 96. Ultrstructure : (i) Microtubles rdite from ech end of the cell. Which helps in the movement of chromosomes. (ii) These re found in mny plnt nd niml cells. : , url : :[email protected]

84 Pge # 84 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Function : (i) Microtubules help in the structure nd movement of cilli nd flgell. (ii) It lso ply role in cell division. (B) Microfilments : Ultrstructure : (i) These re long nd heliclly intertwined polymers. Microfilments re mde up of protein ctin. Function : (i) These filments help in cell movement nd in formtion of cell furrow nd cell plte. CELL DIVISION (i) Cell multipliction is needed for the growth, development nd repir of the body. Cell multiplies by dividing itself gin nd gin this process clled cell division. (ii) Cell divisions re two types () Mitosis (b) Meiosis Stges of Mitosis : MITOSIS Interphse, prophse, metphse, nphse nd telophse re roughly the five stges or phses of mitosis. () Interphse : (i) The period between one cell division nd the next is clled interphse in which the cell is sid to be in the resting stge. (ii) Interphse, however, includes three phses, i.e. G-phse, S-phse nd G-phse. G- phse is resting phse or pre-dna synthesis phse. (iii) During S-phse, DNA synthesis tkes plce. G-phse is gin resting phse nd it my be described s post-dna synthesis phse. (iv)the min mitosis division tkes plce during M-phse which involves prophse, metphse, nphse nd telophse. (b) Prophse : (i) Prophse is ctully the first nd the longest phse in the mitosis cell division. (ii) Chromosomes become visible in the nucleus s short, thick nd heliclly-coiled threds. (iii) Ech chromosome splits into two chromtids joined t the centromere. (iv)nucler membrne dissolves wy. (v) Nucleolus lso dissolves wy nd finlly disppers. (c) Metphse : (i) It is the second stge in the mitotic cell division. (ii) Nucler membrne nd nucleolus disintegrte nd they re lost completely. (iii) Spindle tubules strt ppering, nd these tubules get ttched to chromosomes t the centromeres. (iv) Chromosomes move ctively, become shorter nd thicker nd rrnge themselves in the centre or on the equtor of the spindle. (v) Seprtion of the two chromtids from ech chromosomes lso begins t the end of metphse. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

85 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 8 (d) Anphse : (i) It is the third stge of mitosis. (ii) Chromtids seprte from ech other t centromeres. (iii) Seprted sister chromtids, ech with centromere, re clled dughter chromosomes. They move to the ends of opposite poles of the spindle. (iv)dughter chromosomeres pper in V, U or J-shped during their movement towrds the poles. (v) During the lte nphse stge, the cell strts constricting in the middle region. (e) Telophse : (i) Telophse is the lst stge of mitotic cell division. (ii) Chromtids or dughter chromosomes re now t the end of the spindle. (iii) Nucler membrnes nd nucleoli reform round ech group of chromosomes nd thus two new nuclei re reorgnized t ech pole. (iv)chromosomes begin to lose their compct structure. (v) Spindle Xpprtus disppers grdully. (A) INTERPHASE (F) TELOPHASE (B) EARLYPROPHASE (E) ANAPHASE (C) LATE PROPHASE (D) METAPHASE VARIOUS STAGES OF MITROSIS Kryokinesis : Division of nucleus is clled kryokinesis nd, the process of the division of cytoplsm is clled cytokinesis. (i) In niml cells, circulr constriction ppers t the equtor, the constriction deepens nd eventully divides the cell into two. (ii) In plnt, there is no constriction. A cell plte or new cell wll forms cross the cell resulting in the seprtion of two dughter cells. : , url : :[email protected]

86 Pge # 86 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Significnce of Mitosis : (i) Mitosis occurs during the growth nd development of multicellulr plnts nd nimls. (ii) Mitosis ensures tht the two dughter cells inherit the sme number of chromosomes. (iii) It helps the cell in mintining proper size. (iv)in unicellulr orgnisms mitosis helps in sexul reproduction during which two or more individuls rise from the mother cell. (v) If mitosis becomes uncontrolled it my cuse tumour or cncerous growth. MEIOSIS (i) Meiosis is lso clled reduction division becuse the chromosomes in this division re reduced from the diploid to the hploid number. (ii) Meiosis occurs in ll orgnisms which reproduce sexully. (iii) Meiosis produces hploid sex cells from diploid cells. (iv) Meiosis involves two cell division, viz., meiosis I nd meiosis II. (v) In meiosis I, the replicted homologous chromosomes pir with ech other on the spindle, cross over nd then seprte to either end of the spindle. (vi) On the other hnd, in meiosis II, the chromtids of ech chromosome move towrds the centromere, nd these chromtids seprte t ech end of the second spindle. (vii)as result of this process, diploid cell divides to form four hploid cells. First Meiosis Division : First meiosis division is ctully the reduction division. It consists of prophse I, metphse I, nphse I nd telophse I. () Prophse I : (i) Prophse I is the longest phse of meiosis nd includes five sub-phses. (i) Leptotene : (i) This is the first stge in the first meiosis prophse. (ii) In this stge, the chromosomes pper s seprte thin nd fine thred-like structures. (ii) Zygotene : (i) Homologous chromosomes come together, or rrnge themselves side by side in pirs to form bivlents. (ii) This piring of homologous chromosomes during zygotene in the first meiosis prophse is clled synpsis. (iii) Pchytene : (i) The bivlents or chromosomes become shorter nd thicker. (ii) They replicte or split into chromtids but remin linked t the centromeres. (iii) Ech bivlent thus now consists of four chromtids. (iv) Crossing over between non-sister chromtids of homologous pir tkes plce. (iv) Diplotene : (i) The centromeres of pired chromosomes or bivlents move wy from ech other nd crossing over cn lso be seen. (ii) The points in bivlent where the two chromosomes pper to be joined nd crossed over re clled chismt. (iii) Chismt formtion nd crossing over re the distinguishing fetures of diplotene. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

87 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 87 (v) Dikinesis : (i) This is the lst stge of first meiosis prophse. (ii) The chromosomes become shortest nd thickest. (iii) Terminlistion of chismt. (iv)nucler membrne strts disintegrting. Nucleolus lso disintegrtes. Dikinesis followed by metphse I. (b) Metphse I : (i) Nucler membrne disppers completely t the beginning of metphse I. (ii) Pirs of homologous chromosomes re lined up t the centre. (iii) Spindle pprtus strts ppering. Few spindle fibres get ttched with the centromeres of chromosomes. (iv)metphse I chnge into nphse I. (C) PACHYTENE (B) ZYGOTENE (D) DIPLO MEIOSIS I (A) LEPTOENE (E) DIAKINESIS MEIOSIS II (J) SPERMATIDS (I) ANAPHASE II (F) METAPHASE I (H) PROPHASE II (G) ANAPHASE I (c) Anphse I : DIFFERENTSTAGES OF MEIOSIS (i) Prtners of homologous chromosomes seprte completely nd move to opposites poles of spindle during nphse I, which in turn chnges into telophse I. (d) Telophse I : (i) The seprted prtners of homologous chromosomes collect t the poles of the spindle nd nucler membrnes form round them. Two dughter hploid nuclei re thus formed. The chromosomes lengthen s they uncoil. Nucleoli strt reppering. : , url : :[email protected]

88 Pge # 88 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Second Meiosis Division : Like mitosis, the second meiosis divisions lso consists of four phses, i.e. prophse II, metphse II, nphse II nd telophse II. Prophse II : (i) In both the hploid nuclei, ech chromosome splits up into two chromtids with single functionl centromere. The nucler membrne nd nucleolus disintegrte prtilly or completely. Metphse II : (i) The chromtids rrnge themselves t metphse plte or spindle. Anphse II : (i) During nphse II, the centromere splits. The two chromtids belonging to ech chromosomes my now be clled chromosomes nd pss to the two opposite poles of spindle. Telophse II : (i) The hploid set of chromosomes t two different poles of spindle uncoil nd form chromtin mteril. Nucler membrne forms round ech hploid set of chromosomes. Nucleolus lso reppers. Significnce of Meiosis : (i) Meiosis results in the formtion of hploid gmetes (sperm nd ovum) (ii) The phenomenon of crossing over provides new combintions of chromosomes nd, hence new combintions of genes nd lso of chrcters in offspring. (iii)the four chromtids of homologous pir of chromosomes re pssed on to four different dughter cells. This is clled the segregtion of chromosomes. This cuses genetic vritions in dughter cells. (iv)filure of meiosis leds to the formtion of diploid gmetes which on fusion form polyploids. Specil Note : DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS CELL DIVISION :: Besides mitosis nd meiosis, there is lso third type of division. It is clled mitosis. It is direct division of the nucleus by constriction. S.No. Mitosis Meios is It occurs in ll somtic cells. In the resultnt dughter cells, the number of chromosomes remins the sme (i.e. diploid) hence clled equtionl division. It occurs in reproductive cells (germ cells or sex cells) In resultnt dughter cells the number of chromosomes reduces to hlf (i.e. hploid) hence, clled reductionl division. 4 By mitosis two dughter cells re produced. During mitosis no crossing over tkes plce. Dughter cells hve identicl chromosomes which re lso identicl to tht of prent cell (i.e., remins constnt) By meiosis, four dughter cells re produced. During meios is cros sing over tke plce. Chromosomes of the dughter cells re with combined components (genes) of both prents (i.e. genetic vribility occurs) Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

89 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 89 SOLVED PROBLEMS Q. Plsm membrne is mde up of which two components? Sol. The two components re lipids nd proteins. Q. Cell wll is mde up of which components? Sol. Cell wll is mde up of cellulose. Q. Give n exmple of unicellulr orgnism. Sol. Amoeb, Bcteri, Prmedium. Q.4 Wht is the intrcellulr source of digestive enzyme? Sol. Lysosome. Q. Wht is the function of mitochondri? Sol. Mitochondri re sites of cellulr respirtion in which energy, i.e., pckets of ATP re formed. Q.6 Nme two structures found in niml cells but not in plnt cells. Sol. Lysosomes nd Centrioles. Q.7 Give the nme of colourless plstids. Sol. Leucoplst. Q.8 Wht is plsmolysis? Sol. The shrinkge of protoplsm wy from cell wll due to loss of wter by osmosis when the cell is kept in hypoertonic medium. Q.9 Wht is the function of the cell wll? Sol. The cell wll lies outside the plsm membrne nd is responsible for providing structurl strength to the plnts. Q.0 There would be no plnt life in chloroplsts did not exist. Justify. Sol. Chloroplst contins the pigment chlorophyll which is responsible for food preprtion by photosynthesis in plnts. Hence, if there were no chloroplsts then there would not hve been ny plnt life. Q. Why the Golgi pprtus is clled the secretry orgnelle of the cell? Sol. This is becuse it pckges mteril synthesised in the ER nd disptches it to intrcellulr (plsm membrne nd lysosomes) nd extrcellulr (cell surfce) trgets. Q. Differentite between smooth nd rough endoplsmic reticulum. Sol. Differences between Smooth nd Rough Endoplsmic Reticulum re Rough endoplsmic reticulum. They hve ribosomes ttched on their surfce.. RER mnufctures proteins nd trnsport them to vrious plces. Smooth endoplsmic reticulum. They don t hve ribosomes ttched on their surfces.. SER helps in mnufcturing lipids nd trnsport them to vrious plces. : , url : :[email protected]

90 Pge # 90 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Q. Wht is Cytosol nd Cytoskeletone? Sol. Cytosol is the semi-fluid prt of the cell cytoplsm which is embedded with orgnelles. Cytoskeletone is network of fibres present in the cell which provides supporting frmework for the orgnelles. Q.4 Wht is membrne biogenesis? How plsm membrne is formed during this process? Sol. The process of plsm membrne formtion is clled membrne biogenesis. Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi pprtus Secretory vesicles Secretory vesicles Q. Why re peroxisomes mostly found in kidney nd liver cells? Sol. Peroxisomes contin vrious oxidtive enzymes which detoxify the toxic mteril. Since the blood crries vrious toxic substnces to kidney nd liver, lrge number of peroxisomes re present in them to oxidise the toxid mteril. Q.6 Wht is the difference between plnt cell nd niml cell? Sol. Plnt cell Animl Cell. Plnt cell hs rigid cell wll.. Cell wll is bsent. It cn t chnge its shpe.. An niml cell cn often chnge its shpe.. Plstics re present.. Plstics re usully bsent. 4. A mture plnt cell contins lrge centrl vcuole. 4. Generlly bsent but my possess mny smll vcuoles.. Nucleus lies on one side in the peripherl. Nucleus usully lies in the centre. cytoplsm. 6. Nucleus is usully ellipticl. 6. Nucleus is usully round. 7. Plnt cells do not burst if plced in hypotonic solution due to the presence of 7. Animl cell usully burst, if plced in hypotonic solution. cell wll. 8. Centrioles re usully bsent except in 8. Centrioles re found in niml cell. lower plnts. 9. The cell cn t tke prt in phgocytosis 9. It cn ingest mteril through phgocytosis. Q.7 Wht is the ctive trnsport? Differentite between ctive nd pssive trnsport. Sol. The process in which the molecules re moved uphill ginst the concentrtion grdient. Active trnsport lwys involves the expenditure of energy becuse the mterils re pumped ginst the concentrtion grdient. Active trnsport Pssive trnsport. It involves movement of molecules ginst the concentrtion grdient.. It involves movement of molecules long the concentrtion grdient.. It requires energy in the form of ATP. No energy is required molecule.. It is rpid movement.. It is slow movement. 4. Movement of lrge molecules occurs by ctive trnsport. 4. Smll molecules or wter molecules only re trnsported pssively. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

91 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 9 EXERCISE I BOARD PROBLEMS Q. Who discovered cells nd how? Q. Why the cell is clled the structurl nd functionl unit of life? Q. How substnces like crbon dioxide nd wter move in nd out of the cell? Q.4 Why is the plsm membrne clled selectively permeble membrnes? Q. Fill in the gps in the following difference between prokryotic nd eukryotic cells. Q.6 Cn you mne the two orgnelles we hve studied tht contin their own genetic mteril? Q.7 If the orgnistion of cell is destroyed due to some physicl or chemicl influence, wht will hppen? Q.8 Why re lysosomes known s suicidl bgs? Q.9 Where re protein systhesised inside the cell? Q.0 Plsms membrne is mde up of which two components? Q. Wht is hypotonic solution? Q. Wht is hypertonic solution? Q. Wht is isotonic solution? Q.4 Cell wll is mde up of which component? Q. Give n exmple of unicellulr orgnism. Q.6 Give n exmple of multicellur orgnism. Q.7 Wht is ctive trnsport? Q.8 Wht is the intrcellulr source of digestive enzyme? Q.9 Wht is endocytosis? Q.0 Wht is the function of mitochondri? Q. Wht does ATP stnd for? Q. Which cell orgnelle is responsible for the relese of energy s ATP? Q. Where re genes locted? Q.4 Nme two structures found in plnt cells but not in niml cells. Q. Nme two structures found in niml cells but not in plnt cells. Q.6 Give the nme of colourless plstids. Q.7 Wht is membrne biogenesis? Q.8 Which orgnelle is involved in the formtion of lysosomes? Q.9 Which orgnelle is responsible for the storge, modifiction nd pckging of produce in vesiscles? Q.0 Wht is the outermost lyer found in niml cells? Q. Wht is the outermost lyer found in the plnt cell? Q. Which orgnelle helps in photosynthesis? Q. Which orgnelle is the storge sc of solid nd liquid mterils? Q.4 Which orgnelle serves s chnnel for trnsport of mterils between cytoplsm nd nucleus? Q. Wht is microscope? Q.6 Why light microscope is clled compound microscope? Q.7 Wht re cell orgnelles? Q.8 Which orgnelle digests unwnted orgnic substnces? Q.9 Which orgnelle helps in protein synthesis? Q.40 Which orgnelle is ssocited with ribosome formtions? : , url : :[email protected]

92 Pge # 9 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT EXERCISE II Q. Double membrne is bsent in (A) Mitochondrion (B) Chloroplst (C) Nucleus (D) Lysosome Q. Animl cell is limited by OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS Q.0 The energy currency of cell is (A) ADP (B) AMP (C) ATP (D) CTP Q. Which orgnelle releses oxygen? (A) Plsm membrne (A) Ribosome (B) Golgi pprtus (B) Shell membrne (C) Mitochondri (D) Chloroplst. (C) Cell wll Q. The term "protoplsm" to the living substnce present inside the cell, ws given by (D) Bsement membrne (A) Robert Hooke (B) Robert Brown Q. The rdint energy of sunlight is converted (C) J.E. Purkinje (D) W.Flemming to chemicl energy nd stored s Q. Ribosomes re the centre for (A) AMP (B) ADP (A) Respirtion (B) Photosynthesis (C) ATP (D) APP (C) Protein synthesis (D) Ft synthesis. Q.4 Root hir bsorbs wter from soil through Q.4 Lysosomes re the reservoirs of (A) Osmosis (B) Active trnsport (A) Ft (C) Diffusion (D) Endocytosis (B) RNA Q. The brrier between the protoplsm nd outer environment in plnt cell is (C) Secretory glycoproteins (D) Hydrolytic enzymes. (A) Cell membrne (B) Nucler membrne (C) Cell wll (D) Tonoplst Q. The membrne surrounding the vcuole of plnt cell is clled Q.6 An niml cell differs from plnt cell in respect of (A) Tonoplst (B) Plsm membrne (C) Nucler membrne (D) Cell wll (A) ER (B) Cell wll Q.6 Centriole is ssocited with (C) Ribosomes (D) Cell membrne. (A) DNA synthesis (B) Reproduction Q.7 If the nucleus is cell's "control centre" nd (C) Spindle formtion (D) Respirtion chloroplsts its "solr collectors". Which of the Q.7 The cell orgnelle ssocited with cell secretion following might be clled the cell's combintion is "food processor" nd "grbge disposer"? (A) Lysosome (B) Ribosome (A) Plstids (B) Mitochondri (C) Golgi pprtus (D) Nucleolus (C) Golgi pprtus (D) Nucleolus Q.8 Which of the following is n inclusion? Q.8 The longest cell in humn body is (A) Mitochondrion (B) Lysosome (A) Neuron (B) Muscle fibre (C) Epithelil cell (D) Bone cell (C) Golgi complex (D) Strch grin Q.9 Identify humn cells which lck nucleus Q.9 Which of the following would not be considered prt of cell's cytoplsm? (A) WBC (B) RBC (A) Ribosome (B) Nucleus (C) Pltelets (D) Nerve cells (C) Mitochondrion (D) Microtubule Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

93 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 9 Q.0 Which of the following is clled the brin of the cell? (A) Nucleus (B) Mitochondri (C) Ribosomes (D) Plsm membrne Q. Which one is not prt of nucleus? (A) Chromtin (B) Nucleolus (C) Centrosome (D) Nucleoplsm Q. The co mmon fe ture mongst nucleus, chloroplst nd mitochondrion is (A) DNA (B) Lmelle (C) Criste (D) All of these Q. Nucleus is sepr te d from surro unding cytoplsm by nucler envelope which is (A) Single nd porous (B) Double nd porous (C) Single nd nonporous (D) Double nd nonporous Q.4 Nucleoplsm is continuous with cytoplsm through (A) Centriole (B) Golgi pprtus (C) Nucler pores (D) Endoplsmic reticulum Q. Nucleolus ws discovered by (A) Fontn (B) Schleiden (C) Altmnn (D) Robert Brown Q.6 The function of the nucleolus in the cell is (A) Secretory (B) Synthesis of DNA (C) Synthesis of RNA nd ribosomes (D) None of these Q.7 Which of the following phenomen is commonly referred s 'cell drinking'? (A) Exocytosis (B) Pinocytosis (C) Endocytosis (D) Phgocytosis Q.8 The cell orgnelle tking prt in photorespirtion is (A) Glyoxysome (B) Dictyosome (C) Peroxisome (D) Endoplsmic reticulum Q.9 Endoplsmic reticulum sometime contins (A) Ribosomes (B) Lysosomes (C) Golgi bodies (D) None of these Q.0 Ribosomes re composed of (A) subunit (B) subunits (C) subunits (D) 4 subunits Q. In chloroplsts, chlorophyll is present in the (A) Strom (B) thylkoids (C) Outer membrne (D) Inner membrne Q. The sedimenttion coefficient of complete ribosome in bcteril cell is (A) 70S (B) 80S (C) 78S (D) 60S Q. Which one of the following is common in plnt nd niml? (A) Mitochondri (B) chloroplst (C) Centriole (D) Cell wll Q.4 Which of the following is nonliving cell inclusion? (A) Vcuoles (B) Ribosomes (C) Centrosomes (D) Golgi complex Q. Cell vcuole contins (A) Wter (B) Metbolic gses (C) Cytoplsm (D) Wter nd dissolved substnces Q.6 A mture plnt cell hs (A) Protoplsm nd vcuole (B) Vcuole nd cell wll (C) Cell wll nd protoplsm (D) Protoplsm, cell wll nd vcuole : , url : :[email protected]

94 Pge # 94 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Q.7 Centriole tkes prt in (A) Cell plte formtion (B) Spindle formtion (C) Nucleolus formtion (D) Strt of cell division Q.8 Which of the following is clled 'n orgnelle within n orgnelle'? Q.4 Different lyers of cell wll re :- (A) Middle lmell nd primry wll (B) Primry wll nd secondry wll (C) Middle lmell, primry wll nd secondry wll (D) Wll lyers exclude middle lmell Q.46 The first wll lyer of cell is :- (A) Plstid (C) Lysosome (B) Ribosome (D) Microsome (A) Tertiry wll, if present (B) Secondry wll Q.9 Cell orgnelle common in Protist nd Moner is (A) Vcuole (B) Ribosome (C) Lysosome (D) Chloroplst Q.40 Which o f the fo llow ing orgnelles lck membrnes? (A) Ribosome (B) Mitochondri (C) Golgi complex (D) Nucleus Q.4 Besides cellulose microfibrils, the other two cell wll networks re :- (A) Protein nd hemicellulose (B) Hemicellulose nd protein (C) Pectin nd glycoprotein (D) Pectin nd hemicellulose Q.4 Middle lmell occurs :- (A) Inner to primry wll (B) Inner to secondry wll (C) Outer to secondry wll (D) Outer to primry wll Q.4 Hydrophilic chemicl of cell wll is :- (A) Pectin (B) Suberin (C) Ft (D) Lignin (C) Primry wll (D) Middle lmell, if present Q.47 Plnt cells re distinguishble from niml cell in contining :- (A) Mitochondri (B) Ribosomes (C) E.R. (D) Cell wll Q.48 Ripe fruits soften due to :- (A) Degenertion of cell wlls (B) Prtil solubilistion of pectic compounds (C) Metbolism of tnnins (D) Exosmosis Q.49 Ribosomes contin lrge quntities of :- (A) hemoglobin (B) ftty cid (C) ribonucleic cid (D) deoxyribonucleic cid Q.0 Glycoclyx is :- (A) Glycoproteins nd glycolipids (B) Oligoscchride prt of glycolipids nd glycoproteins (C) Lipid nd protein prts of glycolipids (D) Mucopolyscchrides ttched to cell wll Q. Which o f the fo llow ing orgnelles lck membrnes? Q.44 Structurl element of cell wll is :- (A) Mtrix (A) Ribosome (C) Golgi body (B) Lysosome (D) Nucleus (B) Microfibrils Q. Protein synthesis occurs on :- (C) Microtubules (D) Arbinoglctns (A) ribosome (C) lysosome (B) nucleus (D) centrosome Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

95 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 9 Q. The term protoplsm ws coined by :- (A) Huxley (B) Purkinje (C) Dujrdin (D) Schultze Q.4 A unit of protoplsm hving nucleus nd covered by plsmlemm is clled :- (A) Ectoplst (B) Cell (C) Cytoplst (D) All the bove Q. The term cytoplsm ws coined by :- (A) Schs (B) Strsburger (C) Hnstein (D) Flemming Q.6 Which of the following is correct for prokryotic ribosome :- (A) it dissocites into 0S nd 0S (B) it dissocites into 40S nd 40S (C) it dissocites into 60S nd 0S (D) it dissocites into 70S nd 0S Q.7 Golgi pprtus tkes prt in synthesis of :- (A) Glycolipids (B) Glycoproteins (C) Hormones (D) All the bove Q.8 In cell DNA is found in :- (A) nucleus, mitochondri nd plstid (B) nucleus, mitochondri nd Golgi body (C) mitochondri, Golgi body nd plstid (D) nucleus, Golgi body nd plstid Q.9 C rtilge mtrix is dige ste d during its osteogenesis through :- (A) Intrcellulr utophgic ctivity (B) Extrcellulr lysosoml ctivity (C) Intrcellulr heterophgic ctivity (D) Both B nd C Q.60 Which one is lysosoml ctivity :- (A) Rebsorption of tdpole til (B) Mobilistion of stored substnces (C) Removl of obstructions (D) All the bove Q.6 When re lysosomes extr-ctive :- (A) Seed mturtion (B) Seed germintion (C) Flowering (D) Fruiting Q.6 In niml cell, mitochondrion is :- (A) Lrgest orgnelle (B) Second lrgest orgnelle (C) Third lrgest orgnlle (D) None of the bove. Q.6 Outer mitochondril membrne resembles bcteril membrne nd outer chloroplst membrne in hving :- (A) Selective permebility (B) Single ion chnnels (C) Porin (D) All the bove Q.64 Chromoplsts re formed from chloroplsts during :- (A) Ripening of Tomto (B) Ripening of Chilli (C) Development crrot (D) Both A nd B Q.6 Experiments on Acetbulri by Hmmerling proved the role of :- (A) nucleus in heredity (B) nucleoplsmic rtio (C) chromosomes in heredity (D) cytoplsm in controlling differentition Q.66 The plstids with irregulr shpe re :- (A) Leucoplsts (B) Chloroplsts (C) Chromoplsts (D) Amyloplsts Q.67 Peroxisomes nd glyoxisomes re :- (A) Energy trnsforming orgnelles (B) Membrne-less orgnelles (C) Mcrobodies (D) Microbodies : , url : :[email protected]

96 Pge # 96 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Q.68 Structure of nucler envelope fcilittes :- (A) spindle orgniztion (B) seprtion of dughter chromosomes (C) synpsis of homologous chromosomes (D) nucleocytoplsmic exchnge of mterils Q.69 Microfilments were discovered by :- (A) Slutterbck (B) Pleviz et l (C) Altmn (D) Ledbetter nd Porter Q.70 Microfilments re required for :- (A) Movement of flgell nd cili (B) Cell polrity (C) Sol-gel chnges (D) All the bove Q.7 Cell polrity is determined by :- (A) Intermedite filments (B) Microtubules (C) Protofilments (D) Centrioles Q.7 Who coined the term 'Nucleolus'? (A) Brown (B) Hooke (C) Fontn (D) Bowmn Q.7 Which of the following phenomen is commonly referred s 'cell drinking'? Q.76 A flgellum bets :- (A) Ind epe ndently, undulto ry nd symmetriclly (B)Independently, undultory nd symmetriclly (C) Coordinted, pendulr nd symmetric (D) Coordinted, pendulr nd symmetric Q.77 Food vcuole is formed from :- (A) Absorbed nd digested food (B) Phgosome + Lysosome (C) Feeding cnls + Lysosome (D) Feeding cnls + Phgosome Q.78 Chromtin mteril which remins condensed during interphse is clled :- (A) Heterochromtin (B) Euchromtin (C) Chromonemt (D) Megchromtin Q.79 Nucleolus ws discovered by :- (A) Robert Brown (B) Leeuwenhoek (C) Robert Hooke (D) Fontn Q.80 Nucleolus is formed from :- (A) Nucleus (B) nucler sp (C) St chromosome (D) Gint chromosome (A) Exocytosis (B) Pinocytosis Q.8 Components of nucleus re :- (C) Endocytosis (D) Phgocytosis Q.74 The two centrioles of pir occur :- (A) Prllel to ech other (B) At right ngles to ech other (C) At n ngle other thn 90 (D) End to end Q.7 Cell orgnelle hving crtwheel constitution is :- (A) Centriole nd bsl body (B) Microtubule (C) Microfilment (D) Bsl plte (A) Kr yothe c, nucleolus, chro mtin, nucleoplsm nd nucler mtrix (B) Nucler envelope, nucleolus nd chromtin (C) Nucle r enve lope, nucleo plsm nd chromtin (D) All the bove Q.8 Which one of the following pirs is not correctly mtched? (A) Nucleus - Genetic informtion (B) Cell membrne - Permebility (C) Golgi complex - Secretion (D) Microtubulr orgnelles - Glycolysis Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

97 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT Pge # 97 Q.8 Clcium is deposited in plnt cells s :- (A) Clcium crbonte (B) Clcium oxlte (C) Clcium sulphte (D) All the bove Q.90 Active trnsport cross biomembrne involves:- (i) Production of ATP (ii) Requirement of energy (iii) Production of toxin (iv) Relese of energy Q.84 Wht is the ltest nd most cceptble model of cell membrnes :- (A) light microscope (C) both of these (B) electron microscope (D) none of these (A) Lmellr model (B) Fluid mosic model (C) Micellr model (D) Unit membrne concept Q.8 Cell membrne is composed of :- (A) Phospholipid (B) Nucleoprotein (C) Polyscchrides (D) Lipoprotein Q.86 In membrne phospholipid, there re :- (A) One polr hed nd two nonpolr tils (B) Two polr heds nd one nonpolr til (C) One nonpolr hed nd two polr tils (D) Two nonpolr heds nd one polr til Q.87 Extrinsic proteins of cell membrne re :- (A) Prese nt superficilly nd re esily seprble (B) Present superficilly but re not seprble (C) Attched to intrinsic proteins but re esily seprble (D) Attched to intrinsic proteins nd re not esily seprble Q.88 Min function of plsm membrne is to :- (A) Control cell movements (B) Control cell ctivities (C) Mintin cell shpe nd size (D) Regulte exchnge of mterils Q.89 The process of tking in liquid mteril by infolding of membrne is known s :- (A) Phgocytosis (B) Osmosis Answers. D. A. C 4. A. C 6. B 7. A 8. A 9. B 0. C. D. C. C 4. D. A 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. B 0. A. C. A. B 4. C. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. A 0. C. B. A. A 4. A. D 6. D 7. D 8. B 9. B 40. A 4. C 4. D 4. A 44. B 4. B 46. C 47. D 48. B 49. C 0. B. A. A. B 4. C. B 6. A 7. D 8. A 9. B 60. D 6. B 6. A 6. A 64. D 6. A 66. C 67. D 68. D 69. B 70. D 7. B 7. D 7. B 74. B 7. A 76. B 77. B 78. A 79. D 80. C 8. A 8. D 8. D 84. B 8. D 86. A 87. A 88. D (C) Active trnsport (D) Pinocytosis 89. D 90. B : , url : :[email protected]

98 Pge # 98 NUMBER SYSTEMS NUMBER SYSTEMS BASIC CONCEPTS AND IMPORTANT RESULTS. Nturl Numbers (N) : Counting numbers re known s nturl numbers. Thus,,, 4, etc. re nturl numbers. The first nd the lest nturl number is (one) Consecutive nturl nos. differ by (one).. Whole numbers (w) : All nturl numbers together with '0' form whole numbers. Thus 0,,,, 4, etc. one re whole nos. The first nd the lest whole number is zero. Consecutive whole number differe by one.. Integers (I or Z) : All nturl nos. 0 nd negtive of nturl nos. form integers for exmple. 4,,,, 0,,,, 4, etc. O is neither negtive nor positive number. It is neutrl no. 4. Prime numbers (P) : A nturl number, which is greter thn nd divisible by one nd by itself only, is clled prime number. For eg :,,, 7,, The smllest prime number is Except ; ll other prime nos. re odd.. Composite number (C) : A nturl number, which is greter thn nd is not prime, is clled composite number. Thus 4, 6, 8, 9, 0,, 4, The smllest composite number is 4. A composite number cn be even or odd. It hs tlest three distinct fctor. 6. Co-prime numbers : If two numbers do not hve ny fctor (other thn ) common; the numbers re sid to be co-prime Thus (i) 6 nd re coprime, no ny common fctor other thn. (ii) nd re co-prime, no ny common fctor other thn. It is not necessry tht ny of the two co-prime numbers hs to be prime lso. All consecutive nos. re coprime. 7. Terminting decimls : The deciml expnsion ends fter finite number of steps of division. Such deciml expnsions re clled terminting decimls For exmple : = 0.4, = 4. nd so on Non-terminting decimls : The deciml expnsions never come to n end. Such deciml expnsions re clled non-terminting 6 For exmple = = 0.88, = Rtionl Numbers (Q) : The numbers of the form q p, where p nd q re integers nd q 0, re known s rtionl numbers. or A number is rtionl if nd only if its deciml representtion is terminting or non-terminting but recurring Ex.,,,.7,.666, 4.,, 7 9 Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

99 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # Irrtionl numbers : A number which cnnot be put in the form q p, where p nd q re integers nd q 0, is clled n irrtionl number or A number whose deciml expression is non-terminting nd non recurring is clled n irrtionl number. Eg :,, 7, +,,, 4, 7. Non-terminting : Repeting (or Recurring) decimls : A deciml in which digit or group of digits repets continully or periodiclly is clled repeting or recurring or periodic deciml. Ex : = 0.8 = 0. 8 ; = = Put br ( _ ) bove those digit/digits which re repeted.. Rel Numbers (R) : Rtionl numbers nd irrtionl numbers tken together form rel numbers.. Pure recrring deciml : It is deciml representtion in which ll the digits fter the deciml point re repeted Eg:., 0., 0., 4. Mixed recurring deciml : It is deciml representtion in which there re one or more digits present before the repeting digits. Eg : 0.,.,.,. Negtive of n irrtionl number is n irrtionl number. 6. The sum or difference of rtionl number nd n irrtionl number is n irrtionl number. 7. The product of non-zero rtionl number nd n irrtionl number is n irrtionl number. 8. The sum, difference, product nd quotient of two irrtionl numbers need not be n irrtionl number. 9. There re n infinite number of rtionl (irrtionl) numbers between two rtionl (or irrtionl) numbers. 0. If is rtionl number nd n is positive integer such tht the n th root of is n irrtionl number, then /n is clled surd eg. 7,, etc. If n is surd, or rdicl then 'n' is known s ordern or index of surd nd '' is known s rdicnd.. A surd which hs unity only s rtionl fctor is clled pure surd. Eg.,, 7,,. A surd which hs rtionl fctor other thn unity is clled mixed surd. Eg.,, 4. Surds hving sme irrtionl fctors re clled similr or like surds. : , url : : [email protected]

100 Pge # 00 NUMBER SYSTEMS. Only similr surds cn be dded or subtrcted by dding or subtrcting their rtionl prts. 6. Surds of sme order cn be multiplied or divided. 7. If the surds to be multiplied or to be divided re not of the sme order, we first reduce them to the sme order nd then multiply or divide. 8. The two irrtionl numbers whose product is rtionl number, re clled rtionlising fctor of ech other. For eg : x y is clled rtionlising fctor x + y. Similrly is R.F. of 6 Similrly is R.F. of 9. The surds which differ only in sign (+ or ) between the terms connecting them, re clled conjugte surds eg. nd or + nd re conjugte surds (binomil). Sum nd product of two cojugte binomil fctors re lwys rtionl numbers. 0. Lws of exponents for Rel numbers : m (i) m n = m + n (ii) ( m ) n = mn (iii) n = m n ; m > n (iv) m b m = ( b) m (v) m = m or m = m, if 0 (vi) ( b) m = m b m m (vii) m b b m (viii) (ix) () p = where p is ny rtionl no. (x) If nd p = q then p = q where p & q re rtionl nos (xi), n nd n (xii) ( ) m = m, if m is even nd ( ) m = m, if m is odd.. Lws of rdicls : º = where is ny rtionl no. (i) n n (ii) n n n n b b (iii) n n b (iv) m n mn n m (v) p p n m p n m (vi) p n m p n m (vii) p ( ) n m p nm. Indentities relted to squre roots : (i) b b nd b b (ii) b b nd b b (iii) b b b b (iv) b b b b (v) b b b (vi) b b b (vii) b b b (viii) b c d c d bc bd Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

101 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # 0 SOLVED PROBLEMS Ex. Is zero rtionl number? Cn you write it in the form p, where p nd q re integers nd q 0? q Sol. Yes, zero is rtionl number. We cn write zero in the form p q whose p nd q re integers nd q 0. so, 0 cn be written s etc Ex. Find six rtionl numbers between nd 4. Sol. Hint : first rtionl number between nd 4 = 4 7 Ex. Find five rtionl numbers between nd 4. Sol. Hint : Let = 4, b, n d = b 4 n = 0 so, Rtionl number re + d, + d, + d... Ex.4 Stte whether the following sttements re true or flse? Give resons for you nswers. (i) Every nturl number is whole number. (ii) Every integer is whole number. (iii) Every rtionl number is whole number. Sol. (i) True, the collection of whole number contin ll nturl number. (ii) Flse, is not whole number (iii) Flse, is rtionl number but not whole number. Ex. Stte whether the following sttements re true or flse? Justify your nswers. (i) Every irrtionl number is rel number. (ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m, where m is nturl number. (iii) Every rel number is n irrtionl number. Sol. (i) True, since collection of rel number consist of rtionl nd irrtionl. (ii) Flse, becuse no negtive number cn be the squre root of ny nturl number. (iii) Flse, is rel but not irrtionl. Ex.6 Are the squre roots of ll positive integers irrtionl? If not, give n exmple of the squre root of number tht is rtionl number. Sol. No, 4 is rtionl number. : , url : : [email protected]

102 Pge # 0 NUMBER SYSTEMS Ex.7 Write the following in deciml form nd sy wht kind of deciml expnsion ech hs : Sol. (i) 6 00 (i) 6 00 (ii) (iii) (ii) 0.6(Ter min ting) (iii) 4 (iv) (Non ter min ting Re peting) = 4. (terminting deciml) (iv) = = (Non Terminting repeting) (v) (vi) (v) (Non Terminting repeting) (vi) = 0.8 terminting Ex.8 Clssify the following numbers s rtionl or irrtionl : (i) (ii) ( ) (iii) Sol. (i) is rtionl number nd is n irrtionl number is n irrtionl number. (ii) ( ) ( ) = is rtionl number. (iv) (v) (Rest Try Yourself) Ex.9 Simplify ech of the following expressions (i) ( )( ) (ii) ( )( ) (iii) (iv) Sol. (i) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) = 6 6 (ii) ( )( ) () ( ) = 9 = 6 (Rest Try Yourself) Ex.0 Recll, p is defined s the rtio of the circumference (sy c) of circle to its dimeter (sy d). Tht c is,. This seems to contrdict the fct tht d contrdiction? is irrtionl. How will you resolve this Sol.. c d 7 which is pproximte vlue of Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

103 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # 0 Ex. Rtionlise the denomintors of the following (i) 7 (ii) 7 6 (iii) (iv) 7 Sol. (i) (ii) = = = = (Rest Try Yourself) Ex. Find : (i) (64) / (ii) / (iii) / Sol.. (i) (64) / = / (8 ) = (8 ) = 8 = 8 (ii) / = ( ) / = ( ) = = (Rest Try Yourself) Ex. Find : (i) 9 / (ii) / (iii) 6 /4 (iv) / Sol.. (i) 9 9 = () = 7 (ii) = = 4 (Rest Try Yourself) Ex.4 Simplify : (i) /. / (ii) 7 (iii) / / 4 (iv) 7 /. 8 / Sol. (i) 0. (ii) ( ) (Rest Try Yourself) Ex. Insert 4 rtionl numbers between nd. Sol. As numbers to be inserted re more thn, we would follow method II., (Method I, < b < b) Here the numbers given re nd both of which hve the sme denomintor. We multiply numertor nd denomintor of ech number by (4 + ) = to get nd 0 or nd. Any integers between 0 nd re,,, 4,. Required rtionl numbers between the two given numbers re 4,,,,. : , url : : [email protected]

104 Pge # 04 NUMBER SYSTEMS Ex.6 Convert 7 6 Sol in the deciml form Ex.7 Convert 0.78 into the form q p. Sol. The given number is = Let, x = () Here fter deciml there is only one digit nmely 7, which is not recurring. We multiply both sides of eqution () by 0 to get 0 x = 7.88 () Now fter deciml digits re recurring (8). We multiply both sides of eqution () by 000 to get, 0000 x = 78.8 () Subtrcting eqution () from eqution (), we get 90 x = x = = which is the required form of the number. Ex.8 Write irrtionl number between 4.7 nd Sol. Keeping in mind tht deciml representtion of n irrtionl number is neither terminting nor recurring, we cn write ny three numbers between 4.7 nd 4.76 whose deciml representtion is neither terminting nor recurring e.g., , , Ex.9 Locte, 6, 7 on number line. Sol. We know tht = +. So on rel number line X'OX, tke point A so tht OA = units. At A, drw ry AY perpendiculr to rel number line. Now with A s centre nd unit s rdius drw n rc intersecting ry AY t B. Join OB. With O s centre nd OB s rdius drw n rc intersecting number line t P. P is the point on number line representing i.e., OP =. Y Y Y B B B A x' 0 P P P x 6 7 Fig. Representing, 6, 7 on number line. Now t P drw ry P Y perpendiculr to number line nd with P s centre nd unit s rdius drw n rc intersecting P Y t B. Join OB. With O s centre nd OB s rdius drw n rc intersecting the number line t P. P is the point representing the loction of 6. Agin t P drw ry P Y perpendiculr to number line nd cut n rc t B on it with rc rdius unit nd centre s P. Join OB. With O s centre nd OB s rdius drw nother rc intersecting the number line t P. P is the point corresponding to 7. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

105 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # 0 Ex.0 With the help of exmples show tht the quotient of two irrtionl numbers cn be rtionl or irrtionl. Sol. Consider two irrtionl numbers = nd b = then their quotient b which is rtionl, while if we tke two numbers s c = 6 nd d = 8 both of which re irrtionl then their quotient c d which is n irrtionl number. Ex. Locte 4.68 on number line by the method of successive mgnifiction. Sol. Lie between 4, , O x' 0 4 x () x' x (b) x' x (c) x' x (d) Visuliztion of 4.68 on number line. x x ( ) Ex. If = x 0. Find the vlue of x, given tht x 0. x Sol. x ( ) x x x 0 x x x = x 0 x x x x = x 0 x x x 0 x 0 x 0 = x x x x 0 0 x x 0 = x 0 ( ) x 0 = ( ) x 0 x = x 0 x = x 0 x = x 0 x = 8 x = 4. : , url : : [email protected]

106 Pge # 06 NUMBER SYSTEMS Ex. If x = y = 0 z, then prove tht Sol. Let x = y = 0 z = K. = K /x, = K /y, 0 = K /z x y. z Now we know tht = 0 x y. z x y z K K K K K z x y Ex.4 If x = +, find the vlue of x. x ( ) Sol. x = + x ( ) ( ) ( ) x 4 = 4 =. x Ex. If x = +, find the vlue of x +. x ( ) Sol. x = + x ( ) ( ) x 4 Also x x x x x x x x = 4 = 6 = 4. Ex.6 If x = nd y =, find the vlue of x + 4xy + y. Sol. ( ) ( ) ( ) x ( ) y ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x + y = Also, xy = = Hence x + 4xy + y = (x + y ) + 4xy (x y) xy xy Ex.7 If x =, find the vlue of x + 4x nd x x x + 7. Sol. x = ( ) () 4 x + = (x + ) =( ) x + 4x + 4 = x + 4x = 0 Also x x x + 7 = (x + 4x ) (x 6) + (Here we observe tht if (x x x + 7) is divided by x + 4x, quotient is x 6 nd reminder =. So we cn use dividend = divisor quotient + reminder, to get the bove reltionship.) x x x + 7 = 0 (x 6) + =. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

107 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # 07 EXERCISE I UNSOLVED PROBLEMS Q. Find rtionl number between nd. Q. Find 4 rtionl numbers between 4 nd. Q. Express the following decimls in the form p q (i) 0. (ii) 0. Q. Find three rtionl number between 6, 7 Q.4 Express 7 in the deciml form by long division 8 method. Q. Convert into deciml form by long division 6 method. Q.6 Find the deciml representtion of 8. Q.7 Express Q.8 Represent nd Q.9 Represent 4 7 Q.0 Represent 9 s deciml frction. on number line. on the number line. on number line. Q. Express ech of the following numbers in the form p q. (i) 0. (ii) 0.67 (iii).687 Q. Express ech of the following decimls in the form p q. (i) 0.6 (ii) 0. (iii) 0.8 Q. Convert the following deciml numbers in form p q (i). (ii).4 Q.6 Insert rtionl nd n irrtionl number between nd. Q.7 Find two irrtionl numbers between nd.. Q.8 Find two irrtionl numbers lying between nd. Q.9 Find two irrtionl numbers between 0. nd 0.. Q.0 Find two rtionl numbe rs between 0... nd 0... Q. Find rtionl number nd lso n irrtionl number between the numbers nd b given below : = , b = Q. Find one irrtionl number between the number nd b given below : = 0... = 0. nd b = 0.0 Q. Exmine, whether the following numbers re rtionl or irrtionl : (i) + (ii) + - Q.4 Stte giving resons, whether ech one of the following number is rtionl or irrtionl (i) - (ii) + 6 (iii) (iv) 7 - (v) 7 (vi) + Q. Represent.8 geometriclly on the number line. Q.4 If 7 = 0.487, write the deciml expression of 4,,, nd long division. without ctully doing the Q.6 Evlute ech of the following :- (i) (ii) ( ) (iii) (iv) - (v) : , url : : [email protected]

108 Pge # 08 Q.7 Evlute the following :- NUMBER SYSTEMS Q.4 If x = x 00, find the vlue of x. (i) - (6) (ii) 69 - (iii) 8-4 Q. Simplify :- (i) +0 (ii) (iii) + 7 (iv) (iv) - 64 (v) -7 - Q.6 Simplify : (vi) Q.7 Simplify :- (i) Q.8 Simplify the following :- (i) b b (ii) 4 (ii) (iii) b. b c c Q.9 If x = b, b y = c nd c z =, prove tht xyz =. Q.0 If x = b y = c z nd b = c, prove tht y = xz x+ z. Q. Assuming tht x is positive rel number nd, b, c re rtionl numbers, show tht : (i) (ii) Q. If (iii) (iv) b c b c x x x x x x c b = /b b /bc c /c x x x x x x b c = +b+b b b +bc+c c c +c+ x x x b c x x x +b b b+c c c+ x x x b c x x x = n n/ n 9 ( ) (7) m =, 7 prove tht m n =. = Q. Assuming tht x is positive rel number nd, b, c re rtionl numbers, show tht: (i) (ii) +b c b b+c c c+ b x x x x x x b c = +b -b b +c -bc c + -c b c x x x.. =x -b -c - x x x ( +b +c ) Q.8 Simplify by combining similr terms :- (i) (ii) Q.9 Given tht =.7, find correct to plc es of dec imls, the vlue of Q.40 Multiply : (i) by (ii), 0 nd Q.4 Multiply : 4 by Q.4 Multiply : 4 by Q.4 Simplify ech of the following expressions :- (i) (+ )(+ ) (ii) (+ )(- ) (iii) ( + ) (iv) ( - )( + ) Q.44 Multiply : 7 by Q.4 Divide :- 4 by 00 Q.46 Simplify :- -b + +b -b +b +b - - b Q.47 Simplify nd express the result in its simple form :- (i). 4 (. ) (ii) 9. 4 (.. ) Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

109 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # 09 Q.48 Find the rtionlizing fctors of following : (i) 0 (ii) 6 (iii) 4 (iv) 6 (v) 4 6 (vi) 40 Q.49 Find the rtionlising fctor of : ( ) Q.0 Find the simplest rtionlising fctor of : + + Q. Rtionlise the denomintor in ech of the following : (i) 7 (ii) 9 Q. Find the vlue to three plces of decimls; of e ch of the fo llowing. It is given tht =.44, =.7 nd =.6 nd + (i) Q. Rtionlise : 0 =.6 (pprox). (ii) - (iii) 0 - (i) (ii) Q.4 Simplify ech of the following by rtionlising the denomintor : (i) (ii) Q. Simplify the following : Q.6 If + = +b -, where nd b re rtionls. Find the vlues of nd b Q.7 If x =, find the vlue of + x x x + Q.8 If x =, find x + x Q.9 If x =, find the vlue of x - x ` ,,, ,,, ; ,,,,, = = A' P' O P A / 0 +/ 9. 0 /7 /7 /7 4/7 /7 6/7 7/7 0. 0/ 9/ 8/ 7/ 6/ / 4/ / / / (i) (ii) (iii) (i). (i) (i) 9 90 (ii) 99 (ii) 0 99 ANSWER KEY (iii) 6 7 = 7 = ; 7 = 7 = ; 4 7 = 4 7 = ; 7 = 7 = (ii) Rtionl number =., Irr. no. = b 6 Q.60 If + - x = nd y = - +, find x + y. Q.6 If x = + +, prove tht x 4 4x 4x + 6x 8 = 0 Q.6 Express the following surd with rtionl denomintor : nd & , nd , (i) irrtionl. (ii) rtionl. : , url : : [email protected]

110 Pge # 0 4. (i) is the squre root of nonperfect squre nturl number. is irrtionl nd negtive of n irrtionl number is irrtionl. is irrtionl. (ii) We know tht the sum of rtionl number nd n irrtionl number is lwys n irrtionl number ( 6 ) is irrtionl [ is rtionl nd 6 is irrtionl] (iii) We know tht the product of nonzero rtionl number nd n irrtionl number is lwys irrtionl. is irrtionl. [ is rtionl nd is irrtionl] (iv) 7 = [( ) + 7 ] being the sum of rtionl number nd n irrtionl number, is irrtionl (v) = = which is irrtionl, being the product of non-zero rtionl number nd n irrtionl number. (vi) = ( ) = ( + 6 ) which is irrtionl, being the sum of rtionl number nd n irrtionl number. D 8. (i) b 4 6 (ii) 6 NUMBER SYSTEMS (iii) 4.. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) 9 (ii) (i). (ii) (i) 7 (ii) (i) (ii) 6 (iii)7 + 0 (iv) b 47. (i) 6 9 (ii) (i) 0 (ii) (iii) 4 (iv) (v) 4 8 (vi) 49. ( 0 )(8 0) 0. ( )( ). (i) 77 (ii). (i).079 (ii) 0.4 (iii)0.64. (i) 7 6 (ii) ( ) (i) (ii) 6 9. A O.8 units 6. (i) 800 (ii) 64 (iii) 4 79 B C unit (iv) 8 P (v) 6 l = 7, b = (i) 97 (ii) 6 (iii) (7) (vi) 7 (iv) (v ) 9 () Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

111 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # EXERCISE II Q. Express the following in the form of p/q. (i). (ii). 7 Q. Write two irrtionl numbers between 0. nd 0.. Q. Write three irrtionl numbers between n d Q.4 Write three irrtionl numbers between nd Q. Find two irrtionl numbers between 0. nd 0.. Q.6 Find two irrtionl numbers lying between 0. nd 0.. Q.7 Given rtionl pproximtion of correct to two plces of decimls. Q.8 Express s surd of fifth order. Q.9 Express s surd of order. Q.0 Express 4 49 s surd of order. Q. In the following express the result in the simplest form : 08 4 b Q. Express s pure surd : 4 Q. Simplify : Q. Determine nd b if = 94 + b 7 4 Q. If =.6 nd 6 =.449, find the vlue of + Q. If x = 7+ 4, find the vlue of x + x Q.4 If p =, determine p + p Q. Find the simplest rtionlising fctor of + + Q.6 Express 4, 6 4, nd 4 8 s surds of order. Q.7 Simplify : Q.8 Simplify nd express the results in simplest x y x x y y form : x y y x x y Q.9 Simplify by rtionlising the denomintor : Q.4 Simplify : ( )( ) Q. Simplify : 6 m n m n m n Q.6 Simplify : 4 ( 4 ) ( ) Q.0 Find x if x = Q.7 If =.7, find the vlue of. Q.8 Which of the following is (i) rtionl (ii) irrtionl number (A) ( ) (B) ( 4) Q.9 Which of the following numbers re (i) rtionl (ii) irrtionl (A) ( ) (B) ( ) ( ) Q. Express with rtionl denomintor : Q. Express with rtionl denomintor : 0 4 Q. Find x if x = 6 Q.0 Given tht =.7, find the vlue of Q.4 Evlute : 6 Q. If =, find the vlue of. : , url : : [email protected]

112 Pge # Q.6 If x =, find the vlue of 4x + x 8x + 7. Q.7 If x = 6, find x + x Q.8 If x = Q.9 If x = nd y = vlue of x + y + xy. of x y. nd y =, find the, find the vlue Q.4 0 Give n =.44, =.7 nd =.6, find correct to three plces of decimls the vlue of 4 + Q.4 Determine rtionl numbers p nd q if = p 7 q Q.4 Tking =.44, =.7, =.6 nd following : Q.4 Simplify : Q.44 Simplify : Q.4 Show tht 6 6 =.449, find the vlue of the Q.46 Determine rtionl numbers nd b if = + b NUMBER SYSTEMS Q.47 x = +, find the vlue of x x Q.48 Simplify Q.49 If x = nd y = vlue of x + 4xy y, find the 7. (i) (ii) , , , , , nd nd b m n () irrtionl (b) rtionl 9. () irrtionl (b) rtionl =, b = ( ) ( ) 6. 7, 6, 6, 9 y x p = 0, q = = 4, b = ANSWER KEY 6 0 Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

113 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # EXERCISE III MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Q. If x, y, z be rtionl numbers such tht x > y nd z < y then (A) z > x (B) z < x (C)y < z (D) y < x Q. For ny two rtionl numbers x nd y, which of the following properties re correct? (i) x < y (ii) x = y (iii) x > y (A) Only (i) nd (ii) re correct (B) Only (ii) nd (iii) re correct (C) Only (ii) is correct (D) All (i), (ii) nd (iii) re correct Q. The number is (A) rtionl (B) irrtionl (C) both (D) cn t sy Q.4 The rtionl number between nd is (A) (C) (B) (D) Q. If A : The quotient of two integers is lwys rtionl number nd R : 0 is not rtionl, then which of the following sttements is true? (A) A is true nd R is the correct explntion of A (B) A is flse nd R is the correct explntion of A (C) A is true nd R is flse (D) Both A nd R re flse Q.6 The two irrtionl numbers between nd re 4 (A), 6 4 (B), (C) 6, (D) none Q.7 The number ( x y)( x y ) where x, y > 0 is (A) rtionl (B) irrtionl (C) both (D) none Q.8 The sum of rtionl nd irrtionl number is lwys (A) rtionl (B) irrtionl (C) both (D) cn t sy 4 Q.9 The product of rtionl nd irrtionl number is lwys (A) rtionl (B) irrtionl (C) both (D) cn t sy Q.0 The number ( 6 )(6 ) is (A) rtionl (B) irrtionl (C) cn t sy (D) none Q. Which of the following numbers hs the terminl deciml representtion? (A) 7 (C) (B) (D) 7 Q. The scending order of the following surds 9 6 9,, 4 is 6 (A) 9 4,, 6 (B) 4,, (C),, 4 9 (D), 4, 6 Q. Which of the following is pure surd? (A) 4 (B) (C) (D) Q.4 The gretest mong 4,, is (A) 4 (B) 4 (C) 4 (D) none of these Q. The greter mong 7 nd 6 is (A) 7 (B) 6 (C) both re equl (D) cn t sy Q.6 Which of the following is rtionl number (A) (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9 Q.7 Representtion of. 6 in rtionl (A) 6 (C) 0 (B) (D) 0 : , url : : [email protected]

114 Pge # 4 NUMBER SYSTEMS Q.8 The vlue of b if ƒ(x) = x + 4 x + b nd ƒ(6) = 7 is (A) (B) (C) (D) 0 Q.9 The vlue of nd b if ƒ(x) = x + b nd ƒ() = 8, ƒ() = is (A) =, b = (B) =, b = (C) =, b = (D) =, b = Q.0 The distnce between nd is (A) 6 (B) 0 (C) cn t sy (D) none Q. The given rtionl numbers re, 4, If these numbers re rrnged in the scending order or descending order, then the middle number is (A) (C) 4 (B) 7 8 (D) None Q. The vlue of x in x = is (A) 4, 0 (B) 4, 0 (C) 4, 0 (D) 4, 0 Q. Solution of x is (A) x, x (B) x, x (C) x, x (D) x, x Q.4 The number ( ) is (A) rtionl number (B) irrtionl number (C) cn t sy (D) none Q. The verge of the middle two rtionl numbers if 4, 7, 86 (A) 90 4 (C) 4, re rrnged in scending order is (B) (D) Q.6 Wht is the percentge of lest number in the gretest number if, 9,, 7 re rrnged in scending or desending order? (A) % (B) 0% 9 (C) 0% (D) % Q.7 The irrtionl number between nd is (A) (B) (C) (D). 8 Q.8 The vlue of if ƒ(x) = + x nd ƒ x (A) (B) (C) (D) 0 Q.9 7 cn be expressed deciml from s 4 (A).7 (B). 7 (C).7 (D).7 Q.0 The equivlent rtionl form of 7. 6 is (A) 44 (C) (B) 88 (D) none Q. The vlue of x if x + = 8 (A) (B) 0 0 (C), (D), 96 Q. is 6 (A) terminting deciml (B) nonterminting deciml (C) cnnot be determined (D) none of these Q..00 cn be expressed in the rtionl form s 00 (A) (C) (B) 000 (D) 00 0 Q.4 Rtionl number between nd is (A) (B) (C). (D).8 Q. Which of the following is not rtionl number? (A) (B) 4 (C) 9 (D) 6 Q.6 Set of nturl numbers is subset of (A) set of even number (B) set of odd numbers (C) set of composite numbers (D) set of rel numbers Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

115 NUMBER SYSTEMS Q.7 Which of the following sttement is flse? (A) Every frction is rtionl number (B) Every rtionl number is frction (C) Every integer is rtionl number (D) All the bove Q.44 The rtionlising fctor of is (A) (B) (C) (D) Q.4 The rtionlising fctor of b c 4 is Pge # Q.8 A rtionl number cn be expressed s terminting deciml if the denomintor hs fctors (A) or (B), or (C) or (D) none of these Q.9 Express 0.7 s rtionl number. 7 (A) 99 (C) 4 7 (B) 90 (D) None (A) 4 b c (B) b c (C) b c (D) b c Q.46 The rtionlising fctor of 08 is (A) (B) (C) 7 (D) Q.47 The rtionl denomintor of the surd 9 (A) (B) (C) (D) 4 is Q.40 b c d where d, c, b re consecutive nturl numbers. Then which of the following is true? (A) b c d (B) c d b (C) c b d (D) None of these Q.4 The smller mong the following surds is,, (A) (C), 4 (B) (D) 4 Q.48 Given tht =.44, =.7, =.6. Then the vlue of 0 plces is (A).44 (B) 0.6 (C).079 (D).6 up to three deciml Q.49 is. 0 (A) positive rtionl number (B) negtive rtionl number (C) either positive or negtive rtionl number (D) neither positive nor negtive rtionl number Q.0 A rtionl number equivlent to is (A) (B) 4 Q.4 The product of, is (C) (D) none of these (A) ( 4) (B) (4) (C) ( 4) (D) (4) Q.4 Divide 6 by. (A) (C) 4 (B) (D) Q. is 9 (A) positive rtionl number (B) negtive rtionl number (C) either positive or negtive rtionl number (D) neither positive nor negtive rtionl number Q. The rtionl number 7 0 (A) hs positive numertor (B) hs negtive numertor (C) hs either positive numertor or negtive numertor (D) hs neither positive numertor nor negtive numertor : , url : : [email protected]

116 Pge # 6 NUMBER SYSTEMS Q. Which of the following rtionl numbers is in the stndrd form? (A) (C) (B) 7 6 (D) None Q.4 Which of the following sttement is true? (A) (C) 8 8 (B) (D) 8 4 Q. If 4, then x is x (A) 40 (B) 40 (C) ± 40 (D) none Q.6 If x x 7 then x is (A) rtionl number (B) not rtionl number (C) n integer (D) nturl number Q.7 A rtionl number (A) lies to the left side of 0 on the number line (B) lies to the right side of 0 on the number line (C) it is not possible to represent on the number line (D) cnnot be determined on which side the number lies Q.8 Which of the following sttement is true? (A) 8 lies to the left of 0 on the number line (B) 7 lies to the right t 0 on the number line (C) The rtionl numbers nd 7 opposite sides of 0 on the number line (D) All the bove Q.9 Out of the rtionl numbers which is greter? (A) (C) 7 (B) (D) None re on,,, 7 Q.60 Out of the rtionl numbers which is smller? (A) 7 (C) (B) (D) None 7,, Q.6 If both nd b re rtionl numbers then nd b from the following 9 9 (A) =, b = (C) =, b = 8 Q.6 The vlue of 9 9 (B) =, b = 0 (D) =, b = is (A) (B) (C) 4 (D) 8 Q.6 If x = then the vlue of x + nd x is x x (A) 4, 8 (B) 4, 8 (C) 4, 8 (D) 4, 8 Q.64 The vlue of b re (A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 4 Q.6 If x = + 8 then x + = x Q.66 If x = (A) 6 (B) 98 (C) 9 (D) 6 then the vlue of 4x + x 8x + 7 is (A) 0 (B) 8 (C) 6 (D) 4 Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

117 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # 7 b Q.67 If x =, y = b x + xy + y is 4( b) (A) ( b) (B) b then the vlue of b 4( b) ( b) Q.74 If N= then N equls to (A) (B) (C) (D) None of these (C) ( ( b) b) (D) ( ( b) b) Q.7 If t = 4 then t equl to Q.68 The smllest positive number from the numbers below is (A) 0 (B) (A)( )( ) (B) ( )( ) 4 4 (C) ( )( ) (D) ( )( ) Q.69 (C) 8 (D) equls (A) (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) ( ) Q.76 If x = then x + is x (A) (B) 0 (C) (D) 4 Q.77 The biggest surd mong ;, is (A) (B) Q.70 The vlue of (C) (D) None Q.78 The vlue of the surd 4 7 is (A) (C) 4 (B) (D) 4 (A) (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8 Q.79 The product of 4 nd is Q.7 Which of the following is closest to 6 6? (A) 0. (B) 0. (C) 0.4 (D) 0. Q.7 The vlue of 8 8 is (A) (B) (C) 4 (D) none Q.80 The vlue of b b b b b b (A) 6 (B) ( ) (C) 7 (D) (A) b (C) b b (B) (D) None Q.7 The frction (A) (C) 6 is equl to (B) (D) 4 Q.8 If p : Every frction is rtionl number nd q : Every rtionl number is frction, then which of the following is correct? (A) p is true nd q is flse (B) p is flse nd q is true (C) Both p nd q re true (D) Both p nd q re flse : , url : : [email protected]

118 Pge # 8 Q.8 Which of the following is rtionl number(s)? (A) 9 (B) 4 7 NUMBER SYSTEMS Q cn be expressed in the rtionl form s 8 (A) 000 (B) (C) 7 (D) All the three 8 (C) 9900 (D) Q.8 If p : All integers re rtionl numbers nd q : Every rtionl number is n integer, then which of the following sttement is correct? (A) p is true nd q is flse (B) p is flse nd q is true (C) Both p nd q re true (D) Both p nd q re flse Q.84 If A : if the denomintor of rtionl number hs s prime fctor, then tht rtionl number cn be expressed s terminting 8 deciml nd R : is terminting deciml, 64 then which of the following sttements is correct? (A) A is flse nd R is true (B) A is true nd R is flse (C) A is true nd R is n exmple of A (D) A is flse nd R is n exmple supporting A Q.8 If x nd y re two rtionl numbers, then which of the following sttements is wrong? (A) x + y x + y (B) x y = x y (C) x y (D) None of these x y Q.86 Which of the following sttements is true? Q.89.6 cn be expressed in the rtionl form s (A) (C) 00 Q (B) (D) (A) 0. 4 (B) 0. 4 (C) 0.4 (D) 0.4 Q.9 Which of the following sttement(s) is true (A) x y = x y, where x nd y re rtionl numbers (B) Infinite number of rtionl numbers lie between ny two rtionl numbers (C) x = x if x < 0 where x is rtionl number (D) All the bove Q.9 Express 0.8 s rtionl number 8 (A) 000 (B) (C) (D) All 990 Q.9 Which of the following sttement is true? (A) (C) (B) (D) (A) (B) Q.94 A rtionl number between 4 nd is (C) (D) Q.87 The difference between the gretest nd lest number of (A) 9 0 (C) 9, 9, 9 9 is (B) (D) (A) 4 7 (C) 48 (B) 0.9 (D) ll the bove Q.9 If A : Every whole number is nturl number nd R : 0 is not nturl number, then which of the following sttement is true? (A) A is flse nd R is the correct explntion of A (B)A is true nd R is the correct explntion of A (C) A is true nd R is flse (D) Both A nd R re true Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

119 NUMBER SYSTEMS Q.96 Q (A) 9 49 (C) 76 4 (A) (B) (D) 7 6 (B) (C) ( 6) (D) none 7 Q.98 Addition of rtionl numbers does not stisfy which of the following property? Q.99 (A) Commuttive (B) Associtive (C) Closure 7 This property is 7 (D) None (A) closure (B) commuttive (C) ssocitive (D) identity Q.00 Which of the following sttement is correct? (A) 0 is clled the dditive identity for rtionl numbers. (B) is clled the multiplictive identity for rtionl numbers. (C) The dditive inverse of 0 is zero itself. (D) All the bove Q.0 The sum of two rtionl numbers is. If one 7 of the numbers is, then the other number is (A) 8 (C) 6 (B) (D) Q.0 Wht number should be dded to 6 so s to get? (A) 7 (C) 8 (B) (D) Pge # 9 Q.0 Which of the following lterntives is wrong? Given tht (i) difference of two rtionl numbers is rtionl number (ii) subtrction is commuttive on rtionl numbers (ii) ddition is not commuttive on rtionl numbers (A) (ii) nd (iii) (B) (i) only (C) (i) nd (iii) (D) All the bove Q.04 Which of the following sttements is true (A) The reciprocls nd re themselves (B) 0 hs no reciprocl (C) The product of two rtionl numbers is rtionl number (D) All the bove Q.0 Which is the property of multipliction (A) Associtive property (B) commuttive property (C) distributive property (D) none of these Q.06 The product of rtionl number nd its reciprocl is (A) 0 (B) (C) (D) none 4 Q.07 The product of two rtionl numbers is If one of the numbers is 4, the other number is 6 (A) 48 7 (C) 49 (B) (D) Q.08 By wht rtionl number should 9 8 be multiplied to obtin 6? (A) (C) (B) 07 4 (D) None Q.09 How mny pieces of equl size cn but cut from rope of 0 meters long, ech mesuring meters? 4 (A) 8 (B) 0 (C) 6 (D) : , url : : [email protected]

120 Pge # 0 Q.0 If A : Rtionl number re lwys closed under division nd R : Division by zero is not defined, then which of the following sttement is correct? Q. is (A) A is true nd R is the correct explntion of A (B) A is flse nd R is the correct explntion of A (C) A is true nd R is flse (D) None of these (A) rtionl (B) irrtionl (C) imginry (D) n integer Q. The set of ll irrtionl numbers is closed for (A) ddition (B) multipliction (C) division Q. The dditive inverse of b is (A) b (C) b (D) none of these (B) (D) Q.4 Multiplictive inverse of 0 is (A) 0 (C) does not exist b (B) 0 b (D) none of these Q. Express 0. 7 s rtionl number. 7 (A) 90 (C) 4 Q.6 An irrtionl number is (B) (D) None (A) terminting nd nonepreting deciml (B) nonterminting nd non repeting deciml (C) terinting nd repeting deciml (D) nonterminting nd repeting deciml Q.7 Which of the following sttement is true? (A) Every point on the number line represents rtionl number (B) Irrtionl number cnnot be represent on the number line (C) is rtionl number 7 (D) None of these NUMBER SYSTEMS Q.9 Which step in the following problem is wrong? = b = = b Step- = = b Step- = b = b b Step- = ( + b) ( b) = b ( b) Step-4 : + b = b( b) b + b = b + = = (A) Step-4 (B) Step- (C) Step- (D) Step- Q.0 If m is n irrtionl number then m is. (A) rtionl number (B) (C) whole number Q. The vlue of is (A).44 (B).6 (C).7 n irrtionl number (D) nturl number (D) none Q. The gretest mong the following is I.. 78 II. III. IV. 7 8 (A) I (B) IV (C) II (D) III Q. A frction b cn be expressed s terminting deciml, if b hs no prime fctors other thn (A), (B), (C), (D),, Q.4 The sum of rtionl nd n irrtionl number is (A) n irrtionl number (B) rtionl number (C) n integer (D) whole number Q. The product of two irrtionls is (A) rtionl number (B) n irrtionl number (C) either A or B (D) neither A nor B Q.8 The set of rel numbers does not hve the property of (A) multiplictive inverse (B) dditive inverse (C) multiplictive identity (D) none of these Q.6 The vlue of.4 4. is (A) (C) 990 (B) (D) Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

121 NUMBER SYSTEMS Pge # Q.7 The vlue of 40 (A) (C) 8 4 is 4 (B) (D) Q.8 The sum of the dditive inverse nd multiplictive inverse of is (A) (C) (B) (D) Q.9 If 6 =.449 then the vlue of (A). (B) 0.86 (C) 0.6 (D).449 Q.0 The vlue of is (A) 0 (B) (C) cn t be determined (D) none is close to Q. Arrnge the following numbers in descending order. (A) 4 4,,, (B) ANSWER KEY. B. D. B 4. C. B 6. C 7. A 8. B 9. B 0. A. C. A. C 4. A. B 6. D 7. A 8. A 9. D 0. A. C. B. C 4. B. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. D 0. A. D. A. B 4. C. A 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 40. B 4. B 4. C 4. D 44. B 4. A 46. A 47. C 48. B 49. D 0. C. A. D. D 4. B. A 6. B 7. A 8. D 9. C 60. C 6. A 6. D 6. C 64. C 6. B 66. A 67. B 68. D 69. A 70. D 7. B 7. D 7. D 74. A 7. C 76. B 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. D 8. A 8. D 8. B 84. C 8. C 86. A 87. C 88. D 89. C 90. A 9. D 9. C 9. A 94. D 9. A 96. B 97. C 98. D 99. C 00. D 0 A 0. B 0. A 04. D 0. C 06. B 07. D 08. B (C) A 0. B.. D. A 4. C. B 6. B 4 (D) C 8. D 9. A 0. B. C. D. C 4. A. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. A 0. B. B : , url : : [email protected]

122 Pge # THE FRENCH REVOLUTION THE FRENCH REVOLUTION On the morning of 4 July 789, the city of Pris ws in stte of lrm. The king hd commnded troops to move into the city. Rumours spred tht he would soon order the rmy to open fire upon the citizens. Some 7,000 men nd women gthered in front of the town hll nd decided to form peoples militi. Finlly, group of severl hundred people mrched towrds the estern prt of the city nd stormed the fortress-prison, the Bstille, where they hoped to find horded mmunition. In the rmed fight tht followed, the commnder of the Bstille ws killed nd the prisoners relesed though there were only seven of them. Yet the Bstille ws hted by ll, becuse it stood for the despotic power of the king. The dys tht followed sw more rioting both in Pris nd the countryside. Most people were protesting ginst the high price of bred. Much lter, when historins looked bck upon this time, they sw it s the beginning of chin of events tht ultimtely led to the execution of the king in Frnce, though most people t the time did not nticipte his outcome. How nd why did this hppen? Storming of the Bstille FRENCH SOCIETY DURING THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY In 774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon fmily of kings scended the throne of Frnce. He ws 0 yers old nd mrried to the Austrin princess Mrie Antoinette. Upon his ccession the new king found n empty tresury. Long yers of wr hd drined the finncil reousrces of Frnce. Added to this ws the cost of mintining n extrvgnt court t the immense plce of Versilles. Under Louis XVI, Frnce helped the thirteen Americn colonies to gin their independence from the common enemy, Britin. The wr dded more thn billion livres to debt tht hd lredy risen to more thn billion livres. To meet its regulr expenses, such s the cost of mintining n rmy, the court, running government offices or universities, the stte ws forced to increse txes. Yet even this mesure would not hve sufficed. French society in the eighteenth century ws divided into three esttes, nd only members of the third estte pid txes. The society of esttes ws prt of the feudl system tht dted bck to the middle ges. The term Old Regime is usully used to describe the society nd institutions of Frnce before 789. A Society of Esttes Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

123 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Pge # Figure shows how the system of esttes in French society ws orgnised. Pesnts mde up bout 90 per cent of the popultion. However, only smll number of them owned the lnd they cultivted. About 60 per cent of the lnd ws owned by nobles, the Church nd other richer members of the third estte. The members of the first two esttes tht is, the clergy nd the nobility, enjoyed certin privileges by birth. Pesnts were obliged to render services to the lord-to work in his house nd fieldsto serve in the rmy or to prticipte in building rods. The Church too extrcted its shre of txes clled tithes from the pesnts, nd finlly, ll members of the third estte hd to py txes to the stte. These included direct tx, clled tille, nd number of indirect txes which were levied on rticles of everydy consumption like slt or tobcco. The burden of finncing ctivities of the stte through txes ws borne by the third estte lone. This poor fellow brings everything grin, fruits money, sld. The ft lord sits there, redy to ccept it ll. He does not even cre to grce him with look. The noblemn is the spider, the pesnt the fly. The more the devil hs, the more he wnts. The Spider nd the Fly. The Struggle to Survive: The popultion of Frnce rose from bout million in 7 to 8 million in 789. This led to rpid increse in the demnd for foodgrins. Production of grins could not keep pce with the demnd. So the price of bred which ws the stple diet of the mjority rose rpidly. So the gp between the poor nd the rich widened. Things becme worse whenever drought or hil reduced the hrvest. This led to subsistence crisis, something tht occurred frequently in Frnce during the Old Regime.. A Growing Middle Clss Envisges n End to Privileges: (i) The French Revolution drew its strength from the ides of philosophers nd thinkers of the time, groups of intellectuls clssified by scholrs ccording to their thinking. (ii) Physiocrtes, Philosophers nd some others were grouped s liberls depending on their ideologies. (iii) Gretest thinkers were Frncois Mrie, Arouet de Voltire, Jen jcques Rousseu, Chrles Louis Montesquieu, John Locke nd Denis Diderot to nme few. (iv) Through their techings nd writings they stirred the people to ction, revolutionized the minds of the people nd prepred then for them gret chnges hed. : , url : : [email protected]

124 Pge # 4 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Contributions of the thinkers: (i) Chrles Montesquieu - A noblemen by birth, he becme lwyer nd judge. He preferred constitutionl monrchy in Frnce, he populrized the theory of seprtion of powers within the government between the legisltive, the executive nd the judiciry in his book The Spirit of the Lws. (ii) Frncis Aronet Voltire - He ws nother outstnding philosopher of the revolution. He wnted the people to think bout their mteril life on erth nd forget bout heven. He condemned the Church which supported the privileged clss nd ignored the poor. (iii) Jen Jcques Rousseu - He is regrded s the rchitect of the French Revolution. In the fmous book The Socil Contrct, he proved tht the government ws the result of socil contrct between the people on one hnd nd ruler on the other. So if the ruler didn t fulfill the contrct, tht people hd the right to withdrw their loylty to him nd bring down the tyrnny of the ruler by revolting ginst him. (iv) John Locke - He ws gret politicl thinker. He wrote Two Tretises of Government in which he sought to refute the doctrine of the divine nd bsolute right of monrch. THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION The Esttes Generl ws politicl body to which the three esttes sent their representtives. However, the monrch lone could decide when to cll meeting of this body. The lst time it ws done ws in 64. On My 789, Louis XVI clled together n ssembly of the Esttes Generl to pss proposls for new txes. A resplendent hll in Versilles ws prepred to host the delegted. The first nd second esttes sent 00 representtives ech, who were seted in rows fcing ech other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estte hd to stnd t the bck. The third estte ws represented by its more prosperous nd educted members. Pesnts, rtisns nd women were denied entry to the ssembly. However, their grievnces nd demnds were listed in some 40,000 letters which the representtives hd brought with them. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

125 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Pge # This ws one of the democrtic principles put forwrd by philosophers like Rousseu in his book The Socil Contrct. When the king rejected this proposl, members of the third estte wlked out of the ssembly in protest. The representtives of the third estte viewed themselves s spokesmen for the whole French ntion. On 0 June they ssembled in the hll of n indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versilles. They declred themselves Ntionl Assembly nd swore not to disperse till they hd drfted constitution for Frnce tht would limit the powers of the monrch. They were led by Mirbeu nd Abbe Sieyes. Mirbeu ws born in noble fmily but ws convinced of the need to do wy with society of feudl privilege. He brought out journl nd delivered powerful speeches to the crowds ssembled t Versilles. The Tennis Court Oth Abbe Sieyes, originlly priest, wrote n influentil pmphlet clled Wht is the Third Estte? While the Ntionl Assembly ws busy t Versilles drfting constitution, the rest of Frnce seethed with turmoil. A severe winter hd ment bd hrvest; the price of bred rose, often bkers exploited the sitution nd horded supplies. After spending hours in long queues t the bkery, crowds of ngry women stormed into the shops. At the sme time, the king ordered troops to move into Pris. On 4 July, the gitted crowd stormed nd destroyed the Bstille. In the countryside rumours spred from villge to villge tht the lords of the mnor hd hired bnds of brigds who were on their wy to destroy the ripe crops. Cught in frenzy of fer, pesnts in severl districts seized hoes nd pitchforks nd ttcked chteux. They looted horded grin nd burnt down documents contining records of mnoril dues. A lrge number of nobles fled from their homes, mny of them migrting to neighbouring countries. Fced with the power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVI finlly ccorded recognition to the Ntionl Assembly nd ccepted the principle tht his powers would from now on be checked by constitution. On the night of 4 August 789, the Assembly pssed decree bolishing the feudl system of obligtions nd txes. Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were bolished nd lnds owned by the Church were confiscted. As result, the government cquired ssets worth t lest billion liveres. Frnce Becomes Constitutionl Monrchy: (i) The Ntionl Assembly completed the drfting of the constitution in 79, Power ws now seprted nd ssigned to different institutions the legislture, executive nd judiciry mking Frnce constitutionlly monrchy. (ii) The Constitution of 79 vested the power to mke lws in the Ntionl Assembly, which ws indirectly elected. (iii) The Constitution begn with Declrtion of the Rights of Mn nd Citizen. Rights such s the Right of life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equlity before lw were estblished s nturl nd inlienble rights. : , url : : [email protected]

126 Pge # 6 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION FRANCE ABOLISHES MONARCHY AND BECOMES A REPUBLIC Among the prtriotic songs they sng ws the Mrseillise, composed by the poet Roget de L Isle. It ws sung for the first time by volunteers from Mrseilles s they mrched into Pris. Lrge sections of the popultion were convinced tht the revolution hd to be crried further, s the Constitution of 79 gve politicl rights only to the richer sections of society. Politicl clubs becme n importnt rllying point for people who wished to discuss government policies nd pln their own forms of ction. The most successful of these clubs ws tht of the Jcobins, which got its nme from the former convent of St Jcob in Pris. Women too, who hd been ctive throughout this period, formed their own clubs. The members of the Jcobin club belonged minly to the less prosperous sections of society. They included smll shopkeepers, rtisns such s shoemkers, pstry cooks, wtch-mkers, printers, s well s servnts nd dily wge workers. Their leder ws mximilin Robespierre. These Jcobins cme to be known s the sns-culottes, literlly mening those without knee breeches. Sns-culottes men wore in ddition the red cp tht symbolised liberty. Women however were not llowed to do so. On the morning of August 0 they stormed the Plce of the Tuileries, msscred the king s gurds nd held the king himself s hostge for severl hours. Lter the Assembly voted to imprison the royl fmily. Elections were held. From now on ll men of yers nd bove, regrdless of welth, got the right to vote. The newly elected ssembly ws clled the Convention. On September 79 is bolished the monrchy nd declred Frnce republic. On Jnury 79 he ws executed publicly t the Plce de l Concorde. The queen Mrie Antoinette met with the sme fte shortly fter.. The Reign of Terror: The period from 79 to 794 is referred to s the Reign of Terror. Robespierr followed policy of severe control nd punishment. All those whom he sw s being enemies of the republic - ex-nobles nd clergy, members of other politicl prties, even members of his own prty who did not gree with his methods - were rrested, imprisoned nd then tried by revolutionry tribunl. If the court found them guilty they were guillotined. Robespierre s government issued lws plcing mximum ceiling on wges nd prices. Met nd bred were rtioned. Pesnts were forced to trnsport their grin to the cities nd sell it t prices fixed by the government. He ws convicted by court in July 794, rrested nd on the next dy sent to the guillotine.. A Directory Rules Frnce: The fll of the Jcobin government llowed the welthier middle clsses to seize power. A new constitution ws introduced which denied the vote to non-propertied sections of society. It provided for two elected legisltive councils. These then ppointed Directory, n executive mde up of five members. This ws ment s sfegurd ginst the concentrtion of power in onemn executive s under the Jcobins. However, the Directors often clshed with the legisltive councils, who then sought to dismiss them. The politicl instbility of the Directory pved the wy for the rise of militry dicttor, Npoleon Bonprte. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

127 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Pge # 7 DID WOMEN HAVE A REVOLUTION? From the very beginning women were ctive prticipnts in the events which brought bout so mny importnt chnges in French society. They hoped tht their involvement would pressurise the revolutionry government to introduce mesures to improve their lives. Most women of the third estte hd to work for living. They worked s semstresses or lundresses, sold flowers, fruits nd vegetbles t the mrket, or were employed s domestic servnts in the houses of prosperous people. Most women did not hve ccess to eduction or job trinning. Only dughters of nobles or welthier members of the third estte could study t convent, fter which their fmilies rrnged mrrige for them. Working women hd lso to cre for their fmilies, tht is, cook, fetch wter, queue up for bred nd look fter the children. Their wges were lower thn those of men. In order to discuss nd voice their interests women strted their own politicl clubs nd newsppers. About sixty women s clubs cme up in different French cities. The Society of Revolutionry nd republicn Women ws the most fmous of them. One of their min demnds ws tht women enjoy the sme politicl rights s men. Women were disppointed tht the Constitution of 79 reduced them to pssive citizens. They demnded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly nd to hold politicl office. Only then, they felt, would their interests be represented in the new government. In the erly yers, the revolutionry government did introduce lws tht helped improve the lives of women. Together with the cretion of stte schools, schooling ws mde compulsory for ll girls. Their fther could no longer force them into mrrige ginst their will. Mrrige ws mde into contrct entered into freely nd registered under civil lw. Divorce ws mde legl, nd could be pplied for by both women nd men. Women could now trin for jobs, could become rtists or run smll business. THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY One of the most revolutionry socil reforms of the Jcobin regime ws the bolition of slvery in the French colonies. The colonies in the Cribben-Mrtinique, Gudeloupe nd Sn Domingo-were importnt suppliers of commodities such s tobcco, indigo, sugr nd coffee. But the reluctnce of Europens to go nd work in distnt nd unfmilir lnds ment shortge of lbour on the plnttions. So this ws met by tringulr slve trde between Europe, Afric nd the Americs. The slve trde begn in the seventeenth century. French merchnts siled from the ports of Bordeux or Nntes to the Africn cost, where they bought slves from locl chieftins. Brnded nd shckled, the slves were pcked tightly into ships for the three-month long voyge cross the Atlntic to the Cribben. There they were sold to plnttion owners. The exploittion of slve bour mde it possible to meet the growing demnd in Europen mrkets for sugr, coffee, nd indigo. Port cities like Bordeux nd Nntes owned their economic prosperity to the flourishing slve trde. Thoughout the eighteenth century there ws little criticism of slvery in Frnce. The Ntionl Assembly held long debtes bout whether the rights of mn should be extended to ll French subjects including those in the colonies. But it did not pss ny lws, fering opposition from businessmen whose incomes depended on the slve trde. It ws finlly the Convention which in 794 legislted to free ll slves in the French overses possessions. This, however, turned out to be short-term mesure: ten yers lter, Npoleon reintroduced slvery. Plnttion owners understood their freedom s including the right to enslve Africn Negroes in pursuit of their economic interests. Slvery ws finlly bolished in French colonies in 848. : , url : : [email protected]

128 Pge # 8 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION THE REVOLUTION AND EVERYDAY LIFE Cn politics chnge the clothes people wer, the lnguge they spek or the books they red? The yers following 789 in Frnce sw mny such chnges in the lives of men, women nd children. The revolutionry governments took it upon themselves to pss lws tht would trnslte the idels of liberty nd equlity into everydy prctice. One importnt lw tht cme into effect soon fter the storming of the Bstille in the summer of 789 ws the bolition of censorship. In the Old Regime ll written mteril nd culturl ctivities -books, newsppers, plys -could be published or performed only fter they hd been pproved by the censors of the king. Now the Declrtion of the Rights of Mn nd Citizen proclimed freedom of speech nd expression to be nturl right. Newsppers, pmphlets, books nd printed pictures flooded the towns of Frnce from where they trvelled rpidly into the countryside. They ll described nd discussed the events nd chnges tking plce in Frnce. Freedom of the press lso ment tht opposing views of events could be expressed. Ech side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print. Plys, songs nd festive processions ttrcted lrge numbers of people. This ws one wy they could grsp nd identify with ides such s liberty or justice tht politicl philosophers wrote bout t length in texts which only hndful of educted people could red. Conclusion: In 804, Npoleon Bonprte crowned himself Emperor of Frnce. He set out to conquer neighbouring Europen countries, dispossessing dynsties nd creting kingdoms where he plced members of his fmily. Npoleon sw his role s moderniser of Europe. He introduced mny lws such s the protection of privte property nd uniform system of weights nd mesures provided by the deciml system. Initilly, mny sw Npoleon s libertor who would bring freedom for the people.but soon the Npoleonic rmies cme to be viewed everywhere s n invding force. He ws finlly defeted t Wterloo in 8. Mny of his tht crried the revolutionry ides of liberty nd modern lws other prts of Europe hd n impct on people long fter Npoleon hd left. The ides of liberty nd democrtic rights were the most importnt legcy of the French Revolution. These spred from Frnce to the rest of Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudl systems were bolished. Colonised peoples reworked the ide of freedom from bondge into their movements to crete sovereign ntion stte. Tipu Sultn nd Rmmohn Roy re two exmples of individuls who responded to the ides coming from revolutionry Frnce. Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

129 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Pge # 9 Exercise - I UNSOLVED PROBLEMS VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTION Q. Wht ws the min im of the Ntionl Assembly? Q. Wht ws the Ntionl Anthem of Frnce? Who composed it? Q. Wht is Guillotine? Who invented it? Q.4 Stte ny two lws pssed by Npoleon. Q. Mention two ctivities of French Assembly which hstened the Revolution. Q.6 How ws The French society orgnized during the Old Regime? Q.7 Wht do you men by Subsistence crisis? Why did it occur frequently during the old Regime in Frnce? Q.8 Why did Louis XVI wnt to rise txes? Why ws he opposed? Q.9 Wht ws the composition of the Esttes Generl of My, 789? Q.0 Identify Nepoleon, telling the prt plyed by him in the French Revolution. SHORT ANSWER QUESTION Q. Who ws Mirbeu? Q. Wht ws the min objective of the Ntionl Assembly? Q. Wht ws the subsistence crisis? Why did it occur in Frnce during the Old Regime? Q.4 Wht were nturl nd inlienble rights? Q. Describe the role of the Bourbon kings in the French Revolution. Q.6 Wht ws Bstille? Wht do you understnd by Storming of the Bstille? Q.7 Explin how the new politicl system worked? Q.8 Who were Jcobins? Wht role did they ply in emergence of republic in Frnce? Q.9 Wh t ws Directo ry? Wht were its consequences? Q.0 Wht role did the philosophers ply in bringing bout the French Revolution? Q. Why is the Declrtion of the Rights of mn citizen regrded s revolutionry document? Q. Give n estimte or Npoleon Bonprte s the First Consul. Q. Wht ws the impct of the French Revolution on the world? Q.4 Which groups of French society benefited from the Revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would hve been disppointed with the outcome of the Revolution? Q. Explin the term Third Estte? LONG ANSWER QUESTION Q. Who were the Jcobins? Wht ws their contribution to the French Revolution? Q. Discuss the prticiption of women in politicl clubs, their ctivities nd demnds. Q. Wht ws the impct of French Revolution on Frnce? Q.4 Write short notes on (i) French slve trde (ii) Reign of Terror (iii) Fll of Npoleon. Q. Wht ws the importnce of slvery to Frnce? Q.6 Discuss the impct of bolition of censorship in Frnce. Q.7 How did the techings of Rousseu ly the foundtions of democrcy? Q.8 List the ccomplishments of the Ntionl Assembly of Frnce from 789 to 79. Q.9 How did Frnce become constitutionl monrchy? Q.0 Discuss the role of women in the revolutionry movement in Frnce. When did women gin politicl equlity in Frnce? Q. Give n estimte of the work of the Ntionl Assembly? : , url : : [email protected]

130 Pge # 0 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Exercise - II OLYMPIAD PROBLEMS Q. The Third Estte comprised (A) Poor servnts nd smll pesnts, lndless lbourers (B) Pesnts nd rtisns (C) Big businessmen, merchnts, lwyers etc. (D) All the bove Q. Which of the following decisions ws tken by the convention? (A) Declred Frnce constitutionl monrchy (B) Abolished the monrchy (C) All men nd women bove yers got the right to vote (D) Declred Frnce Republic Q. Which of the following is not the ide of the revolutionry journlist Desmoulins bout Liberty? (A) Liberty is finishing off your enemies (B) Liberty is Hppiness, Reson, Equlity nd Justice (C) Liberty is the Declrtion of Right (D) Liberty is not child who hs to be disciplined before mturity Q.4 How does Subsistence Crisis hppen? (A) Bd hrvest leds to scrcity of grins (B) Food prices rise nd the poorest cnnot buy bred (C) Leds to weker bodies, diseses, deths nd even food riots (D) All the bove Q. Which of the following sttements is untrue bout the Third Estte? (A) The Third Estte ws mde of the poor only (B) Within the Third Estte some were rich nd some were poor (C) Richer members of the Third Estte owned lnds (D) Pesnts were obliged to serve in the rmy, or build rods Q.6 Who wrote the pmphlet clled Wht is the Third Estte? (A) Mirbeu, noblemn (B) Abbe sieyes (C) Rousseu, philosopher (D) Montesquieu Q.7 A guillotine ws (A) device consisting of two poles nd blde with which person ws beheded (B) fine sword with which heds were cut off (C) specil noose to hng people (D) none of the bove Q.8 When did the French Revolution begin? (A) July 4, 789 (B) Jnury 0, 780 (C) August, 78 (D) None of the bove Q.9 The word livres stnds for: (A) unit of currency in Frnce (B) tx levied by the Church (C) tx to be pid directly to the stte (D) none of these Q.0 Wht ws the effect of the rise of popultion of Frnce from bout million in 7 to 8 million in 789? (A) Eduction becme difficult (B) Rpid increse in the demnd for foodgrins (C) Housing problem occurred (D) All the bove Q. Wht ws the nme of tx which ws directly pid to the stte by the Third Estte? (A) tithes (B) livres (C) tille (D) ll of these Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)

131 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Q. The term Old Regime is usully used to describe (A) Frnce before 00 B.C. (B) Society of Frnce fter 789 A.D. (C) Society nd institutions of Frnce before 789 A.D. (D) None of the bove Q. Who wrote the book The Spirit of the lws? (A) Lenin (C) E H Crr (B) Krl Mrx (D) Montesquieu Q.4 Which of these books ws written by John Locke? (A) The Spirit of the Lws (B) Two Tretises of Government (C) The Socil Contrct (D) All the bove Q. Who wrote the book The Socil Contrct? (A) Lenin (C) Rousseu (B) Krl Mx (D) E H Crr Q.6 The vrious groups in French society were known s: (A) Cster (C) Esttes (B) Clsses (D) Tribes Q.7 The term old regime ws used to describe the society nd institution of Frnce: (A) Before 879 (B) Before 689 (C) Before 789 (D) Before 89 Q.8 Pesnts mde bout... percent of the French popultion t the time of revolution. (A) 70% (B) 80% (C) 0% (D) 90% Q.9 A kind of tx clled Tille ws /n: (A) Direct tx (B) Indirect tx (C) Indiscriminte tx (D) Custom duty Pge # Q.0 The popultion of Frnce rose from in 7 to in 789: (A) 0 million to 0 million (B) million to 8 million (C) 8 million to 4 million (D) million to 8 million Q. Montesquieu wrote: (A) The socil contrct (B) Two tretises of government (C) The spirit of lws (D) From monrchy to dirchy Q. The gitted crowd stormed nd destroyed the Bstille on: (A) 4 July 789 (B) My 789 (C) 4 July 789 (D) 4 July 789 Q. The Ntionl Assembly completed the drfting of constitution in- (A) 79 (B) 779 (C) 78 (D) 79 Q.4 The members of Ntionl Assembly were- (A) Nominted (B) Indirectly elected (C) Directly elected (D) Appointed by the king Q. To qulify s n elector nd then s member of the ssembly mn hd to belong to the- (A) Lowest brclet of txpyers (B) Middle brclet of txpyers (C) Highest brclet of txpyers (D) Not to be txpyer Q.6 The constitution begins with declrtion of the- (A) Rights of Church (B) Rights of the king (C) Rights of feudl lords (D) Rights of mn : , url : : [email protected]

132 Pge # Q.7 After signing the constitution the king of Frnce entered into secret negotitions with the- THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ANSWER KEY (A) King of Russi (B) King of Englnd. D. D. B 4. D (C) King of Prussi (D) King of Itly Q.8 Which of following ws ptriotic song of Frnce during revolution?. A 6. B 7. A 8. A (A) Long live king (C) Versilles (B) Long live Robespierre (D) Mrseillise 9. A 0. B. C. C Q.9 Frnce become republic fter bolishing the monrchy on-. D 4. B. C 6. C (A) Sept. 79 (B) st Sept. 79 (C) Sept. 79 (D) Aug. 79 Q.0 Which of the following re the exmples of individul who represented the ides from revlutiony Frnce (A) Gndhi nd Nehru 7. C 8. D 9. A 0. B. C. C. A 4. B. C 6. D 7. C 8. D (B) Tilk nd Gokhle (C) Tipu Sultn nd Rj Rm Mohn Roy (D) Tgore nd Viveknnd 9. C 0. C. C. A Q. From bout th century to the time of the French Revolution sumptury lws were expected to be followed strictly to[ntse 0] (A) Regulte the behviour of the roylty (B) Regulte the income of people by socil rnk (C) Control the behviour of those considerl socil inferiors (D) Provide religions snctity to socil behviour Q. In Medievl times, fews lived in seprtely mrked res known s [NTSE 0] (A) Ghettos (B) Lebensrum (C) Symgogues (D) Gs chmbere Corporte Hed Office : Motion Eduction Pvt. Ltd., 94 - Rjeev Gndhi Ngr, Kot- (Rj.)