ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN THIRD EDITION T WILEY INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Transcription

1 ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN THIRD EDITION Constantine A. Balanis T WILEY INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 Contents Preface 1 Antennas 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Antennas 1.3 Radiation Mechanism 1.4 Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna 1.5 Historical Advancement 1.6 Multimedia References 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Radiation Pattern 2.3 Radiation Power Density 2.4 Radiation Intensity 2.5 Banmwidth 2.6 Directivity 2.7 Numerical Techniques 2.8 Antenna Efficiency 2.9 Gain 2.10 Beam Efficiency 2.11 Bandwidth 2.12 Polarization 2.13 Input Impedance 2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency 2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas 2.16 Maximum Directivity and Maximum Effective Area 2.17 Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation 2.18 Antenna Temperature 2.19 Multimedia References Problems

3 VIII CONTENTS 3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions Introduction 133 Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J The The Vector Potential F for a Magnetic Current Source M 3.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation Far-Field Radiation Duality Theorem Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems 144 References 150 Problems Linear Wire Antennas Introduction Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole Region Separation Finite Length Dipole Half-Wavelength Dipole Linear Elements Near or on Infinite Perfect Conductors Ground Effects Computer Codes Multimedia 217 References 218 Problems Loop Antennas Introduction Small Circular Loop Circular Loop of Constant Current Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops Polygonal Loop Antennas Ferrite Loop Mobile Communication Systems Applications Multimedia 269 References 273 Problems Arrays : Linear, Planar, and Circular Introduction Two-Element Array N-Element Linear Array : Uniform Amplitude and Spacing N-Element Linear Array : Directivity 313

4 CONTENTS ix 6.5 Design Procedure N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution N-Element Linear Array : Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude Superdirectivity Planar Array Design Considerations Circular Array Multimedia 369 References 370 Problems Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources Introduction Continuous Sources Schelkunoff Polynomial Method Fourier Transform Method Woodward-Lawson Method Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions Line-Source Phase Distributions Continuous Aperture Sources Multimedia 423 References 423 Problems Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual Impedances Introduction Integral Equation Method Finite Diameter Wires Moment Method Solution Self-Impedance Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements Mutual Coupling in Arrays Multimedia 491 References 491 Problems Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques Introduction Biconical Antenna Triangular Sheet, Bow-Tie, and Wire Simulation Cylindrical Dipole 508

5 X CONTENTS 9.5 Folded Dipole Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole Matching Techniques Multimedia 541 References 542 Problems Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas Introduction Traveling Wave Antennas Broadband Antennas Multimedia 600 References 600 Problems Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas Introduction Theory Equiangular Spiral Antennas Log-Periodic Antennas Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas Fractal Antennas Multimedia 648 References 648 Problems Aperture Antennas Introduction Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens' Principle Radiation Equations Directivity Rectangular Apertures Circular Apertures Design Considerations Babinet's Principle Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction Multimedia 726 References 726 Problems Horn Antennas Introduction E-Plane Sectoral Horn 739

6 CONTENTS A 13.3 H-Plane Sectoral Horn Pyramidal Horn Conical Horn Corrugated Horn Aperture-Matched Horns Multimode Horns Dielectric-Loaded Horns Phase Center Multimedia 802 References 802 Problems Microstrip Antennas Introduction Rectangular Patch Circular Patch Quality Factor, Bandwidth, and Efficiency Input Impedance Coupling Circular Polarization Arrays and Feed Networks Multimedia 872 References 872 Problems Reflector Antennas Introduction Plane Reflector Corner Reflector Parabolic Reflector Spherical Reflector Multimedia 936 References 937 Problems Smart Antennas Introduction Smart-Antenna Analogy Cellular Radio Systems Evolution Signal Propagation Smart Antennas' Benefits Smart Antennas' Drawbacks Antenna Antenna Beamforming Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation, and Results 982

7 Xii CONTENTS Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and Trellis-Coded Modulation Other Geometries Multimedia 994 References 995 Problems Antenna Measurements Introduction Antenna Ranges Radiation Patterns Gain Measurements Directivity Measurements Radiation Efficiency Impedance Measurements Current Measurements Polarization Measurements Scale Model Measurements 1044 References 1045 Appendix I : f (x ) = sin(x) 1049 Appendix II: _ I sin(nx) A (x N ) N sin(x ) - 1, 3, 5,10, Appendix III : Cosine and Sine Integrals 1053 Appendix IV : Fresnel Integrals 1057 Appendix V: Bessel Functions 1063 Appendix VI : Identities 1075 Appendix VII: Vector Analysis 1079 Appendix VIII : Method of Stationary Phase 1089 Appendix IX : Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Spectrums 1095 Index 1099