Clustering Big Data. Anil K. Jain. (with Radha Chitta and Rong Jin) Department of Computer Science Michigan State University September 19, 2012
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1 Clustering Big Data Anil K. Jain (with Radha Chitta and Rong Jin) Department of Computer Science Michigan State University September 19, 2012
2 E-Mart No. of items sold per day = 139x2000x20 = ~6 million items/day (Walmart sells ~276 million items/day) Find groups (clusters) of customers with similar purchasing pattern Co-cluster customers and items to find which items are purchased together; useful for shelf management, marketing promotion,..
3 Outline Big Data How to extract information? Data clustering Clustering Big Data Kernel K-means & approximation Summary
4 Big Data
5 How Big is Big Data? Big is a fast moving target: kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes (10 12 ), petabytes (10 15 ), exabytes (10 18 ), zettabytes (10 21 ), Over 1.8 zb created in 2011; ~8 zb by 2015 D a t a s i z e E x a b y t e s Source: IDC s Digital Universe study, sponsored by EMC, June As of June 2012 Nature of Big Data: Volume, Velocity and Variety
6 Big Data on the Web Over 225 million users generating over 800 tweets per second ~900 million users, 2.5 billion content items, 105 terabytes of data each half hour, 300M photos and 4M videos posted per day
7 Big Data on the Web Over 50 billion pages indexed and more than 2 million queries/min Articles from over 10,000 sources in real time ~4.5 million photos uploaded/day 48 hours of video uploaded/min; more than 1 trillion video views
8 What to do with Big Data? Extract information to make decisions Evidence-based decision: data-driven vs. analysis based on intuition & experience Analytics, business intelligence, data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition Big Data computing: IBM is promoting Watson (Jeopardy champion) to tackle Big Data in healthcare, finance, drug design,.. Steve Lohr, Amid the Flood, A Catchphrase is Born, NY Times, August 12, 2012
9 Decision Making Data Representation Features and similarity Learning Classification (supervised learning) Clustering (unsupervised learning) Semi-supervised clustering 9
10 Pattern Matrix n x d pattern matrix
11 Similarity Matrix Polynomial kernel: T x y 4 K( x, y) n x n similarity matrix
12 Classification Dogs Cats Given a training set of labeled objects, learn a decision rule
13 Clustering Given a collection of (unlabeled) objects, find meaningful groups
14 Semi-supervised Clustering Supervised Unsupervised Dogs Cats Semi-supervised Pairwise constraints improve the clustering performance
15 What is a cluster? A group of the same or similar elements gathered or occurring closely together Galaxy clusters Birdhouse clusters Cluster munition Cluster computing Cluster lights Hongkeng Tulou cluster
16 Clusters in 2D
17 Clusters in 2D
18 Clusters in 2D
19 Clusters in 2D
20 Clusters in 2D
21 Challenges in Data Clustering Measure of similarity No. of clusters Cluster validity Outliers
22 Data Clustering Organize a collection of n objects into a partition or a hierarchy (nested set of partitions) Data clustering returned ~6,100 hits for 2011 alone (Google Scholar)
23 Clustering is the Key to Big Data Problem Not feasible to label large collection of objects No prior knowledge of the number and nature of groups (clusters) in data Clusters may evolve over time Clustering leads to more efficient browsing, searching, recommendation and classification/organization of Big Data
24 Clustering Users on Facebook ~300,000 status updates per minute on tens of thousands of topics Cluster status messages from different users based on the topic
25 Clustering Articles on Google News Topic cluster Article Listings
26 Clustering Videos on Youube Keywords Popularity Viewer engagement User browsing history
27 Clustering for Efficient Image retrieval Retrieval without clustering Retrieval with clustering Fig. 1. Upper-left image is the query. Numbers under the images on left side: image ID and cluster ID; on the right side: Image ID, matching score, number of regions. Retrieval accuracy for the food category (average precision): Without clustering: 47% With clustering: 61% Chen et al., CLUE: cluster-based retrieval of images by unsupervised learning, IEEE Tans. On Image Processing, 2005.
28 Clustering Algorithms Hundreds of clustering algorithms are available; many are admissible, but no algorithm is optimal K-means Gaussian mixture models Kernel K-means Spectral Clustering Nearest neighbor Latent Dirichlet Allocation
29 K-means Algorithm
30 K-means Algorithm Randomly assign cluster labels to the data points
31 K-means Algorithm Compute the center of each cluster
32 K-means Algorithm Assign points to the nearest cluster center
33 K-means Algorithm Re-compute centers
34 K-means Algorithm Repeat until there is no change in the cluster labels
35 K-means: Limitations Good at finding compact and isolated clusters n K min u ik x i c k 2 i=1 k=1
36 Gaussian Mixture Model Figueiredo & Jain, Unsupervised Learning of Finite Mixture Models, PAMI, 2002
37 Kernel K-means Non-linear mapping to find clusters of arbitrary shapes n K min Trace u ik φ x i c k φ φ x i c k φ T i=1 k=1 φ φ x, y = x 2, 2xy, y 2 T Polynomial kernel representation
38 Spectral Clustering Represent data using the top K eigenvectors of the similarity matrix; equivalent to Kernel K-means
39 K-means vs. Kernel K-means Data K-means Kernel K-means Kernel clustering is able to find complex clusters. But how to choose the right kernel?
40 Kernel K-means is Expensive No. of operations No. of Objects (n) K-means Kernel K-means O(nKd) O(n 2 K) 1M (6412) M M B d = 10,000; K=10 * Runtime in seconds on Intel Xeon 2.8 GHz processor using 40 GB memory A petascale supercomputer (IBM Sequoia, June 2012) with ~1 exabyte memory is needed to run kernel K-means on1 billion points!
41 Clustering Big Data Sampling Data n x n similarity matrix Pre-processing Clustering Summarization Incremental Distributed Approximation Cluster labels
42 (s) Distributed Clustering K-means on 1 billion 2-D points with 2 clusters 2.3 GHz quad-core Intel Xeon processors, with 8GB memory in the HPCC intel07 cluster Number of processors Speedup Network communication cost increases with the no. of processors
43 Approximate kernel K-means Tradeoff between clustering accuracy and running time Given n points in d-dimensional space Chitta, Jin, Havens & Jain, Approximate Kernel k-means: solution to Large Scale Kernel Clustering, KDD, 2011
44 Approximate kernel K-means Tradeoff between clustering accuracy and running time Randomly sample m points y 1, y 2, y m, m n and compute the kernel similarity matrices K A (m m) and K B (n m) (K A ) ij = φ(y i ) T φ(y j ) (K B ) ij = φ(x i ) T φ(y j ) Chitta, Jin, Havens & Jain, Approximate Kernel k-means: solution to Large Scale Kernel Clustering, KDD, 2011
45 Approximate kernel K-means Tradeoff between clustering accuracy and running time Iteratively optimize for the cluster centers min U max α K n k=1 i=1 u ik φ x i α jk φ(y j ) Chitta, Jin, Havens & Jain, Approximate Kernel k-means: solution to Large Scale Kernel Clustering, KDD, 2011 m j=1 (equivalent to running K-means on K B K A 1 K B T )
46 Approximate kernel K-means Tradeoff between clustering accuracy and running time Obtain the final cluster labels Linear runtime and memory complexity Chitta, Jin, Havens & Jain, Approximate Kernel k-means: solution to Large Scale Kernel Clustering, KDD, 2011
47 Approximate Kernel K-Means Running time (seconds) Clustering accuracy (%) No. of objects (n) Kernel K- means Approximate kernel K- means (m=100) K-means Kernel K-means Approximate kernel K- means (m=100) K-means 10K K M M GHz processor, 40 GB
48 Tiny Image Data set ~80 million 32x32 images from ~75K classes (bamboo, fish, mushroom, leaf, mountain, ); image represented by 384- dim. GIST descriptors Fergus et al., 80 million tiny images: a large dataset for non-parametric object and scene recognition, PAMI 2008
49 Tiny Image Data set 10-class subset (CIFAR-10): 60K manually annotated images Airplane Automobile Bird Cat Deer Dog Frog Horse Ship Truck Krizhevsky, Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images, 2009
50 Clustering Tiny Images C 1 C 2 C 3 Average clustering time (100 clusters) Approximate kernel K- means (m=1,000) 8.5 hours C 4 K-means 6 hours C 5 Example Clusters 2.3GHz, 150GB memory
51 Clustering Tiny Images Best Supervised Classification Accuracy on CIFAR-10: 54.7% Clustering accuracy Kernel K-means 29.94% Approximate kernel K-means (m = 5,000) 29.76% Spectral clustering 27.09% K-means 26.70% Out of 6,000 automobile images, K-means places 4,090 images in wrong clusters; for approximate Kernel k-means this number is 3,788 images Ranzato et. Al., Modeling pixel means and covariances using factorized third-order boltzmann machines, CVPR 2010 Fowlkes et al., Spectral grouping using the Nystrom method, PAMI 2004
52 Distributed Approx. Kernel K-means For better scalability and faster clustering Given n points in d-dimensional space
53 Distributed Approx. Kernel K-means For better scalability and faster clustering Randomly sample m points (m << n)
54 Distributed Approx. Kernel K-means For better scalability and faster clustering Split the remaining n - m randomly into p partitions and assign partition P t to task t
55 Distributed Approx. Kernel K-means For better scalability and faster clustering Run approximate kernel K-means in each task t and find the cluster centers
56 Assign each point in task s (s t) to the closest center from task t Distributed Approx. Kernel K-means For better scalability and faster clustering
57 Distributed Approx. Kernel K-means For better scalability and faster clustering Combine the labels from each task using ensemble clustering algorithm
58 Distributed Approximate kernel K-means 2-D data set with 2 concentric circles 7000 Running time Size of data set Speedup K K K 100K 1M 10M 1M M 6.4 Distributed approximate Kernel K-means (8 nodes) Approximate Kernel K-means 2.3 GHz quad-core Intel Xeon processors, with 8GB memory in the HPCC intel07 cluster
59 Summary Clustering is an exploratory technique; used in every scientific field that collects data Choice of clustering algorithm & its parameters is data dependent Clustering is essential to tackle Big Data Approximate kernel K-means provides good tradeoff between scalability & clustering accuracy Challenges: Scalability, very large no. of clusters, heterogeneous data, streaming data
Clustering Big Data. Anil K. Jain. (with Radha Chitta and Rong Jin) Department of Computer Science Michigan State University November 29, 2012
Clustering Big Data Anil K. Jain (with Radha Chitta and Rong Jin) Department of Computer Science Michigan State University November 29, 2012 Outline Big Data How to extract information? Data clustering
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