C. T. P. Barbosa, 1,2J. A. Souza Neto*, 3C. A. Silva Filho
|
|
- Mercy Perkins
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ISSN ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY DISTRIBUTION IN THE STREAM SEDIMENTS OF THE CANTO DO AMARO AND ALTO DA PEDRA OIL FIELDS, NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL C. T. P. Barbosa, 1,2J. A. Souza Neto*, 3C. A. Silva Filho 1 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco 3 Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear 2 * To whom all correspondence should be addressed. Address: Av. Acadêmico Hélio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife - PE - Brazil - CEP Telephone / fax numbers: / adauto@ufpe.br Abstract. With the purpose of evaluating inorganic contamination in the two main oil fields located in the on-shore part of the Potiguar basin, sediments from streams crosscutting the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra fields were sampled in rainy (30 samples) and dry seasons (55 samples). Fine fractions (< 63 µm) of the sediments were digested in acqua regia and analyzed for a multi-element package using an ICP-AES. Among the elements investigated, arsenic and antimony showed anomalous concentrations (6 to 69 ppm, and 5 to 28 ppm, respectively) when compared to background levels established for the area. A highly positive correlation was observed between these two elements, suggesting a common source for them. Oil and/or combustion of fossil fuels in the area could be the source of As and Sb detected. Alternatively, these elements could be related to a particular chemical composition of the rock substrate in the area. Keywords: arsenic and antimony; stream sediments; oil exploitation; Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra oil fields; Northeastern Brazil 1. INTRODUCTION During the last century, industrialization promoted an increase in uses of petrochemical substances. As a consequence, the number of contaminated areas by oil and its derivatives has increased. Several environmental reservoirs (e.g. soil and water) are liable to be contaminated by these substances, which are considered to produce mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in human (Manahan, 1994). As the result of burning of fossil fuels, several microscopic pollutants are released and incorporated into the atmosphere. The composition of the particulate material in the atmosphere is significantly diversified. Most common constituents are salts, oxides, nitrogen and sulfur compounds, some radionuclides, and minor amounts of Cu, Pb, Ti, Zn, Sb, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Li, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr and V (Manahan, 1994). These pollutants can pass from the atmosphere to the surface water bodies and soil, through rain water or as precipitated solid particles (wet and dry deposition of pollutants). Pollutants deriving from oil and different products used in its production, such as barium from drilling fluids (Carls et al., 1995), can be detected in the sediments from streams and rivers crosscutting oil fields. Hydrocarbon compounds and metals, such as Ba, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, and Mn, are the most common substances among these pollutants (Carls et al., 1995; Metwally et al., 1997; Macías-Zamora et al., 1999). Hydrocarbons can be oxidized or decomposed by bacterial activity, but metals are not decomposed in the environment, and consequently are incorporated into the 45
2 sediments. Metals are hazardous to humans when present in elevated amounts, and could present biomagnification through the trophic levels of the food chain (Manahan, 1994). This work has the main purpose of reporting the occurrence of anomalous concentrations of As and Sb detected in the sediments from the streams crosscutting the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra Brazilian oil fields. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS This work was conducted within an area of 415 km² in the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra oil fields, located in Mossoró County, State of Rio Grande do Norte, in Northeastern Brazil. The Canto do Amaro oil field occupies an area of about 85 km², and is crosscutted by rivers and seasonal streams. The Alto da Pedra oil field has an area of 25 km², and is crosscutted by seasonal streams, and by the Mossoró and do Carmo rivers (Figure 1). These oil fields are located in the Potiguar sedimentary basin, and the two main geological units exposed on the region contain limestones (Jandaíra Formation of Mesozoic age), and conglomerate and sandstones (Barreiras Formation of Tertiary age). In order to evaluate the inorganic chemical signature of possible contaminants that could be linked to the oil activities, sediment samples were collected in stations located in the main streams crosscutting the investigated oil fields. Sampling was conducted in two different seasons (rainy and dry) in order to show the distribution of metals in the stream sediments during the time of maximum dilution (lowest contents) and maximum concentration (highest contents) of metal amounts, respectively. Thirty samples were collected at the end of the rainy season (May 2003) and 55 samples at the end of the dry season (December 2003). Ten replicate samples were collected: 4 samples during the rainy season, and 6 samples in the dry season. A sampling station was chosen to represent the background levels (natural concentrations) of the investigated area. This station was strategically located about 13 km to the Northwest from the studied area, in a portion showing the dominant 46 geological substrate (limestone) with respect to the focused oil fields, and where there are no streams under the influence of these fields. Sediment samples were collected using plastic materials in order to avoid any metallic contamination. In each sampling station, about 2 kg of sediment were collected, from a layer with a depth of 0 to 3 cm deep in the middle of the stream channel, in order to sample only the more recently deposited material and to avoid contamination by material from the channel margins. Each sample was composed by several aliquots randomly collected in an area of about 12 m2 around the sampling station. In the laboratory, the samples were wet sieved using ultra pure water and a set of plastic sieves so as to obtain the fine fraction of sediment (< 63 µm). This particle size is generally accepted as the fraction that accumulates higher concentrations of contaminants, and is equivalent in size to the suspension material that remains longer in the fluvial system (Mantei and Sappington, 1994; Mudroch and Azcue, 1995; Herr and Gray, 1997; Datta and Subramanian, 1998; Soares et al., 1999; Luiz-Silva et al., 2002). After sieving, the samples were dried in an oven at temperature ranging between 40-50ºC to avoid losses of organic matter and adsorbed water, as well as the volatilization of compounds with some metals adsorbed (Kralik, 1999). Subsequently, the samples were digested in acqua regia and analyzed for a multi-element package (Ag, As, Al, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sc, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, W, Y, Zn, and Zr) using an ICP-AES, at the Lakefield-Geosol laboratories (Belo Horizonte, Brazil). Replicate samples produced in laboratory and those collected in some sampling stations show good reproducibility of results, which attest the validity of the analytical procedures and the natural homogeneity of the material sampled. 3. RESULTS For each sampling station, the results obtained for all elements were compared to the background levels established to the area. Among all investigated elements, arsenic and
3 Figure 1. Location map of the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra oil fields showing the sampling stations. Sampling stations presenting As and Sb anomalies (rainy and dry seasons), and oil spilling observed in the stream sediments are also shown. 47
4 Sb showed anomalous values with regards to the background. Arsenic and Sb concentrations varied between 6 and 69 ppm, and 5 and 28 ppm, respectively. In some sampling stations, arsenic and Sb concentrations also exceeded values of the shale composition ( ppm of As, and ppm of Sb; according to Govett, 1983). Comparison with shale composition could be considered valid, since both granulometric and mineralogical characteristics of this rock are similar to those of the sediments (< 63 µm) used in geochemical analyses. Analyses of seven samples collected in the dry season (stations 49, 52, 56, 59, 67, 68, and 70) showed that As and Sb concentrations exceeded the background values (Figure 2). On the other hand, two samples collected during the rainy season (stations 7 and 23) presented concentrations of these elements above the background of the area (Figure 3). Only As and Sb concentrations above 5 ppm (detection limit of the used method) are shown in the Figures 2 and 3. Correlation matrix gathering the data revealed a highly positive correlation between As and Sb, with correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.78 (Figure 4), to the results of dry and rainy seasons, respectively. This behavior could also be observed in the Figures 2 and 3, where the distribution curves for As and Sb are perfectly parallel. 4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS This work revealed anomalous concentrations of As and Sb in the stream sediments of main drainages crossing the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra oil fields, in Northeastern Brazil. A high correlation was observed between these elements that could be interpreted as an indicative of a common source for them. The similar behavior of As and Sb can be explained by their geochemical similarity, which are chalcophile elements (prefer to bond with sulfur). Common occurrence of sulfur in oil composition suggests that As and Sb could be originated from oil produced in the investigated fields. Additionally, arsenic and Sb, as well as Hg and Zn, are relatively volatile elements occurring in relatively high concentrations in sub-micrometric particles coming from burning of fossil fuels. These particles are considered to be formed by volatilization-condensation processes taking place during combustion (Manahan, 1994). 80 As Sb 70 Concentration (ppm) B B Sampling stations Figure 2. Arsenic and antimony concentrations in stream sediments (dry season) of the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra oil fields. Background (B) values are also shown. Background value for As is < 5 ppm, but was plotted as 2.5 ppm for clarity. 48
5 Figure 3. Arsenic and antimony concentrations in stream sediments (rainy season) of the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra oil fields. Background (B) values are also shown. In this scenario, the combustion of oil or its derivatives taking place during extraction and production of these substances in the investigated area could be the source of As and Sb found in the stream sediments. Thus, the results presented in this work suggest the possibility of using As and Sb as inorganic indicators of the activities of oil production in the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra fields. Data of oil composition from investigated fields should be considered when evaluating this hypothesis. Alternatively, arsenic and Sb concentrations reported in this work could reflect an anomalous chemical composition of the geological substrate of the area. This hypothesis could be supported by the relatively elevated concentrations of As and Sb (31 and 14 ppm, respectively) also found for the background station (rainy season). Further Figure 4. Arsenic versus antimony concentrations in stream sediments (dry and rainy seasons) of the Canto do Amaro and Alto da Pedra oil fields. Background values are shown (green triangle). 49
6 investigations concerning mineralogical composition of samples should be carried out in order to help elucidating this issue. Additionally, a more complete geochemical survey including other environmental reservoirs, such as soil and water, should be carried out to provide a better understanding of the As and Sb sources in the area. It must be noted that the chemical digestion (hot acqua regia) used in the analyses can not be considered as the most appropriate technique to relatively volatile elements, such as arsenic and Sb. Part of the concentration of these elements in samples could be vaporized during the chemical digestion used. Hydrate generation is best indicated to analyze these elements. The current approach to this issue is to use this hydrate technique in further analyses, whereby As and Sb concentrations can even be detected at higher levels than those reported, since the total concentration of these elements in the samples can be measured. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was financially supported by the Project Monitoring and diagnostic of risk areas of the onshore portion of the Potiguar sedimentary basin, Northeastern Brazil of the Brazilian Agency for Financing Studies and Projects (FINEP) and the Sectorial Funds for Oil and Natural Gas (CTPETRO; Accord n 1277/01). The authors would like to thank the staff of Petrobras Oil Company for help in accessing the sampling sites. REFERENCES Carls, E. G.; Dennis, B. F.; Scott A. C. Soil contamination by oil and gas and production operations in Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, USA. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 45, p , Datta, D. K.; Subramanian, V. Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system in Bengal basin. Environmental Geology, v. 36, p , Govett, G. J. S. Rock Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. In: Govett, G. J. S. (ed). Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry. v. 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, p. Herr, C.; Gray, N. F. Sampling riverine sediments impacted by acid mine drainage: problems and solutions. Environmental Geology, v. 29, p , Kralik, M. A rapid procedure for environmental sampling and evaluation of polluted sediments. Applied Geochemistry, v. 14, p , Luiz-Silva, W.; Matos, R. H. R.; Kristosch, G. C. Geoquímica e índice de geoacumulação de mercúrio em sedimentos de superfície do estuário de Santos-Cubatão (SP). Química Nova, v. 25, p , (in Portuguese). Macías-Zamora, J. V.; Villaescusa-Celaya, J. A.; Muñoz-Barbosa, A.; Gold-Bouchot, G. Trace metals in sediment cores from the Campeche shelf, Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Pollution, v. 104, p , Manahan, S. Environmental Chemistry. 6th ed. New York: Lewis Publishers, p. Mantei, E. J.; Sappington, E. J. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments of streams affected by a sanitary landfill: A comparison of metal enrichment in two size sediment fractions. Environment Geology, v. 24, p , Metwally, M. E. S.; Al-Muzaini, S.; Jacob, P. G.; Bahloul, M.; Urushigawa, Y.; Sato, S.; Matsmura, A. Petroleum hydrocarbons and related heavy metals in the near-shore marine sediments of Kuwait. Environment International, v. 23, p , Mudroch, A.; Azcue, J. M. Manual of Aquatic Sediment Sampling. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, p. Soares, H. M. V. M.; Boaventura, R. A. R.; Machado, A. A. S. C.; Esteves da Silva, J. C. G. Sediments as monitors of heavy metal contamination in the Ave river basin (Portugal): multivariate analysis of data. Environmental Pollution, v. 105, p , 1999.
Distribution of Chemical Elements In Urban Sediments in Slovenia (Extended Abstract)
Robert SAJN and Simon PIRC Distribution of Chemical Elements In Urban Sediments in Slovenia (Extended Abstract) The goal of the study work was to assess the distribution of chemical elements in anthropogenic
More informationChem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry
Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Why? Chemists are concerned with mass relationships in chemical reactions, usually run on a macroscopic scale (grams, kilograms, etc.). To deal with
More informationChapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8 - Chemical Equations and Reactions 8-1 Describing Chemical Reactions I. Introduction A. Reactants 1. Original substances entering into a chemical rxn B. Products 1. The resulting substances from
More informationChem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Answers
Key Questions & Exercises Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 4 Moles & Stoichiometry Answers 1. The atomic weight of carbon is 12.0107 u, so a mole of carbon has a mass of 12.0107 g. Why doesn t a mole of
More informationPortable X-ray fluorescence Spectroscopy. Michael A. Wilson Research Soil Scientist USDA-NRCS National Soil Survey Center Lincoln, NE
Portable X-ray fluorescence Spectroscopy Michael A. Wilson Research Soil Scientist USDA-NRCS National Soil Survey Center Lincoln, NE OBJECTIVES Background of the method Features of the instrument Applications
More informationMulti-elemental determination of gasoline using Agilent 5100 ICP-OES with oxygen injection and a temperature controlled spray chamber
Multi-elemental determination of gasoline using Agilent 5100 ICP-OES with oxygen injection and a temperature controlled spray chamber Application note Energy & chemicals, petrochemicals Authors Elizabeth
More informationB) atomic number C) both the solid and the liquid phase D) Au C) Sn, Si, C A) metal C) O, S, Se C) In D) tin D) methane D) bismuth B) Group 2 metal
1. The elements on the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing A) atomic mass B) atomic number C) molar mass D) oxidation number 2. Which list of elements consists of a metal, a metalloid, and
More informationAPPENDIX B: EXERCISES
BUILDING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY SESSIONS APPENDIX B: EXERCISES Molecular mass, the mole, and mass percent Relative atomic and molecular mass Relative atomic mass (A r ) is a constant that expresses the ratio
More informationCLASS TEST GRADE 11. PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY Test 6: Chemical change
CLASS TEST GRADE PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY Test 6: Chemical change MARKS: 45 TIME: hour INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION. Answer ALL the questions. 2. You may use non-programmable calculators. 3. You may
More informationMAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL SAMPLES FROM ITINGUSSÚ BASIN IN COROA-GRANDE, R J.
2005 International Nuclear Atlantic Conference - INAC 2005 Santos, SP, Brazil, August 28 to September 2, 2005 ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE ENERGIA NUCLEAR - ABEN ISBN: 85-99141-01-5 MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS
More informationChemical Proportions in Compounds
Chapter 6 Chemical Proportions in Compounds Solutions for Practice Problems Student Textbook page 201 1. Problem A sample of a compound is analyzed and found to contain 0.90 g of calcium and 1.60 g of
More informationSCP SCIENCE www.scpscience.com. Certified Reference Materials. Materials
Certified Reference 47 EnviroMAT and AgroMAT Certifi ed Reference (CRMs) are designed to complement existing Performance Evaluation Programs in environmental and agricultural analysis. EnviroMAT CRMs allow
More informationLecture 5. elements (Figure 1). In addition, there are many ways of classifying trace elements.
Lecture 5 Nomenclature for Trace Element Classification We have already grouped elements into two classes, major elements and trace elements (Figure 1). In addition, there are many ways of classifying
More informationAP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question1 Read the following article from the Fremont Gazette and answer the questions that follow. (a) Identify and describe TWO water-related environmental
More information[]n. Craving energy. Oil and gas formation. Oil and gas formation. Resources: Fossil Fuels. Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US
Craving energy Supplying our energy needs: Source of energy in the US Resources: Fossil Fuels Energy consumption in the US Reading: Ch 13 Oil and gas formation Oil and gas formation 1. Need accumulation
More informationNeutralization of Acid Mine Drainage Using Stabilized Flue Gas Desulfurization Material
Neutralization of Acid Mine Drainage Using Stabilized Flue Gas Desulfurization Material W. Wolfe 1, C.-M. Cheng 1, R. Baker 1, T. Butalia 1, J. Massey-Norton 2 1 The Ohio State University, 2 American Electric
More informationCh6&7 Test. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Ch6&7 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following does NOT change the form of existing rock? a. tremendous pressure c.
More informationCATALOGUE REFERENCE MATERIALS
IPT Institute for Technological Research CATALOGUE REFERENCE MATERIALS 2014 Laboratory of Metrological References IPT s Reference Materials www.ipt.br/nmr.htm Av. Prof. Almeida Prado n0 532 Predio 31 Cidade
More informationElectronegativity and Polarity
and Polarity N Goalby Chemrevise.org Definition: is the relative tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons in a covalent bond to itself. is measured on the Pauling scale (ranges from 0 to
More informationTopics: The Petroleum System. Origin of Petroleum. Arguments for biogenic origin. Google search : Origin of Petroleum : Hugoton Gas Field (Kansas)
The Petroleum System Topics: Origin of Petroleum Controversy Carbon Cycle Global Implications Petroleum System Gas Oil Water Origin of Petroleum Long standing debate: Where does rock oil come from? Organic
More informationFINE PARTICLE EMISSION PROFILE FOR ROAD DUST IN PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
17PB-1 FINE PARTICLE EMISSION PROFILE FOR ROAD DUST IN PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA ALLEN L. ROBINSON*, Eric M. Lipsky, Natalie Pekney, Leonard Lucas, David Wynne Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
More informationChalcophile and Key Element Distribution in the Eastern Goldfields: seismic traverse EGF01. Aleks Kalinowski Geoscience Australia, pmdcrc Y2 project
pmd CR C Chalcophile and Key Element Distribution in the Eastern Goldfields: seismic traverse EGF01 predictive mineral discovery Aleks Kalinowski Geoscience Australia, pmdcrc Y2 project Aleks.Kalinowski@ga.gov.au
More informationCHAPTER 7. Conclusions
CHAPTER 7 Conclusions 7.1 Environmental conclusions The conclusions in this section incorporate the work that was carried out to examine the chemical characteristics of each of the mine sites and their
More informationSafety Data Sheet Aluminium profiles Apply for alloys Sapa EN AW 6060, 6063, 6005, 6005A, 6082, yellow chromated, with or without powder coating.
Apply for alloys Sapa EN AW 6060, 6063, 6005, 6005A, 6082, yellow chromated, with or without powder coating. 1. Identification of the Substance/Preparation and Company Product name: (Alloys, Sapa EN AW
More informationEXPERIMENT 4 The Periodic Table - Atoms and Elements
EXPERIMENT 4 The Periodic Table - Atoms and Elements INTRODUCTION Primary substances, called elements, build all the materials around you. There are more than 109 different elements known today. The elements
More information47374_04_p25-32.qxd 2/9/07 7:50 AM Page 25. 4 Atoms and Elements
47374_04_p25-32.qxd 2/9/07 7:50 AM Page 25 4 Atoms and Elements 4.1 a. Cu b. Si c. K d. N e. Fe f. Ba g. Pb h. Sr 4.2 a. O b. Li c. S d. Al e. H f. Ne g. Sn h. Au 4.3 a. carbon b. chlorine c. iodine d.
More informationSedimentary Rocks. Find and take out 11B-15B and #1 From Egg Carton
Sedimentary Rocks Find and take out 11B-15B and #1 From Egg Carton Erosion Erosion is a natural process where rocks and soil are Broken and Moved We will focus on 4 types of erosion; Wind, Rain, Ice and
More informationN O T E S. Environmental Forensics. Identification of Natural Gas Sources using Geochemical Forensic Tools. Dispute Scenarios
Environmental Forensics N O T E S V o l u m e 2 9 Identification of Natural Gas Sources using Geochemical Forensic Tools By Paul Boehm, Ph.D. and Tarek Saba, Ph.D. F o r m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n o
More informationChapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter
Chapter 1 The Atomic Nature of Matter 6. Substances that cannot be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by chemical means are called a. pure substances. b. compounds. c. molecules. d. elements.
More informationALS TRIBOLOGY Engine Coolant Reference Guide
ALS TRIBOLOGY Engine Coolant Reference Guide Engine coolants are a mixture of, inhibitors, and water. Each formula is designed for specific protection and engine requirements. Mixing different coolants
More informationProduced water from oil and gas production
Produced water from oil and gas production Lisa Sumi Oil and Gas Accountability Project Presentation at the 2005 People s Oil and Gas Summit Farmington, New Mexico October 28, 2005 Produced Water Any water
More informationWell-logging Correlation Analysis and correlation of well logs in Rio Grande do Norte basin wells
Well-logging Correlation Analysis and correlation of well logs in Rio Grande do Norte basin wells Ricardo Afonso Salvador Pernes (March, 2013) ricardo.pernes@ist.utl.pt Master thesis Abstract During drilling
More informationB I N G O B I N G O. Hf Cd Na Nb Lr. I Fl Fr Mo Si. Ho Bi Ce Eu Ac. Md Co P Pa Tc. Uut Rh K N. Sb At Md H. Bh Cm H Bi Es. Mo Uus Lu P F.
Hf Cd Na Nb Lr Ho Bi Ce u Ac I Fl Fr Mo i Md Co P Pa Tc Uut Rh K N Dy Cl N Am b At Md H Y Bh Cm H Bi s Mo Uus Lu P F Cu Ar Ag Mg K Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of cience ducation
More informationMILESTONE CLEAN CHEMISTRY LINE DUOPUR TRACECLEAN ULTRA-TRACE INSERTS. A Breakthrough in Reduction and Control of the Analytical Blank MILESTONE
MILESTONE CLEAN CHEMISTRY LINE A Breakthrough in Reduction and Control of the Analytical Blank DUOPUR TRACECLEAN ULTRA-TRACE INSERTS MILESTONE MILESTONE CLEAN CHEMISTRY LINE An innovative and complete
More informationWhat are the controls for calcium carbonate distribution in marine sediments?
Lecture 14 Marine Sediments (1) The CCD is: (a) the depth at which no carbonate secreting organisms can live (b) the depth at which seawater is supersaturated with respect to calcite (c) the depth at which
More information100% ionic compounds do not exist but predominantly ionic compounds are formed when metals combine with non-metals.
2.21 Ionic Bonding 100% ionic compounds do not exist but predominantly ionic compounds are formed when metals combine with non-metals. Forming ions Metal atoms lose electrons to form +ve ions. Non-metal
More information3. What would you predict for the intensity and binding energy for the 3p orbital for that of sulfur?
PSI AP Chemistry Periodic Trends MC Review Name Periodic Law and the Quantum Model Use the PES spectrum of Phosphorus below to answer questions 1-3. 1. Which peak corresponds to the 1s orbital? (A) 1.06
More informationUNIT (2) ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
UNIT (2) ATOMS AND ELEMENTS 2.1 Elements An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances. Each element is represented by an abbreviation called
More informationThe ground water region in the area of the proposed Project site is made-up of sedimentary rocks (Figure 5.6-1)
EIS Section 5.6 Groundwater Quantity and Quality 5.6 GROUNDWATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY For the purpose of this EIS, the inventory and description of groundwater resources (hydrogeology) within the footprint
More informationName Date Class CHAPTER 1 REVIEW. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW Matter and Change SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. a Technological development of a chemical product often (a) lags behind basic research
More informationRevealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities in Europe a summary for policymakers
Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities in Europe a summary for policymakers A new European Environment Agency (EEA report, Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial
More informationFind a pair of elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers less than 20 that are an exception to the original periodic law.
Example Exercise 6.1 Periodic Law Find the two elements in the fifth row of the periodic table that violate the original periodic law proposed by Mendeleev. Mendeleev proposed that elements be arranged
More informationOil and Gas Terms. Anticline: An arch of stratified rock layers that may form a trap for hydrocarbons.
Oil and Gas Terms American Petroleum Institute (API): The API is the trade organization for the oil and gas industry, which establishes standards governing industry operations, safety and the manufacturing
More informationKS3 Science: Chemistry Contents
summary KS3 Science MyWorks Guide Chemistry KS3 Science: Chemistry Mini zes: 40 Super zes: 5 Extension zes: 4 Skills zes: 6 TOTAL 54 What are MyWorks zes? MyWorks zes are short individual learning tasks
More informationChemistry Assessment Unit AS 1
Centre Number 71 Candidate Number ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education January 2011 Chemistry Assessment Unit AS 1 assessing Basic Concepts in Physical and Inorganic Chemistry [AC111]
More informationEXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield
EXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield INTRODUCTION Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and form in a chemical reaction. The word stoichiometry
More informationElectronegativity and Polarity MAIN Idea A chemical bond s character is related to each atom s
Section 8.5 Objectives Describe how electronegativity is used to determine bond type. Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar covalent bonds and polar and nonpolar molecules. Generalize about the characteristics
More informationSampling and preparation of heterogeneous waste fuels?
Sampling and preparation of heterogeneous waste fuels? Is it possible to accomplish a representative and relevant composition data? Evalena Wikström, Lennart Gustavsson and Jolanta Franke Aim of the project
More informationELECTRON CONFIGURATION (SHORT FORM) # of electrons in the subshell. valence electrons Valence electrons have the largest value for "n"!
179 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION (SHORT FORM) - We can represent the electron configuration without drawing a diagram or writing down pages of quantum numbers every time. We write the "electron configuration".
More informationRapid Thermophilic Digestion Technology
Rapid Thermophilic Digestion Technology Biomax Technologies Pte Ltd Mr Sim Eng Tong, CEO Block 4 Kaki Bukit Avenue 1, #05-07/08, Singapore 417939 Phone: + 65 6274 8606 Fax: + 65 6274 8607 Website: www.biomaxtech.com
More informationAnalyses on copper samples from Micans
PDF rendering: DokumentID 1473479, Version 1., Status Godkänt, Sekretessklass Öppen Analyses on copper samples from Micans P. Berastegui, M. Hahlin, M. Ottosson, M. Korvela, Y. Andersson, R. Berger and
More informationSample Analysis Design Isotope Dilution
Isotope Dilution Most accurate and precise calibration method available Requires analyte with two stable isotopes Monoisotopic elements cannot be determined via isotope dilution Spike natural sample with
More informationCoal Properties, Sampling & Ash Characteristics by Rod Hatt Coal Combustion, Inc. Versailles, KY 859-873-0188
Coal Properties, Sampling & Ash Characteristics by Rod Hatt Coal Combustion, Inc. Versailles, KY 859-873-0188 Introduction The Powder River Coal is classified as sub-bituminous ranked coal. Coal rank is
More informationCosts of air pollution from European industrial facilities 2008 2012 an updated assessment
Costs of air pollution from European industrial facilities 2008 2012 an updated assessment Summary In 2012, air pollution from European industrial facilities cost at least EUR 59 billion (and up to EUR
More informationHolcim EMR List of EN Standards and VDI Guidelines usable for Discontinuous Measurements in Cement Plants
Holcim EMR List of EN Standards and VDI Guidelines usable for Discontinuous Measurements in Cement Plants Version 2004-01 / August 2004 (HGRS-JW-04-25s) HGRS-CTS/MT J. Waltisberg SUMMARY ( ) shall not
More informationAll answers must use the correct number of significant figures, and must show units!
CHEM 10113, Quiz 2 September 7, 2011 Name (please print) All answers must use the correct number of significant figures, and must show units! IA Periodic Table of the Elements VIIIA (1) (18) 1 2 1 H IIA
More informationSUS. Company Profile. Ulrich Nell, Feldstr.23, D - 46149 Oberhausen, Tel. 0049(0)208/658535 Fax 0049(0)208/658536
SUS Ulrich Nell, Feldstr.23, D - 46149 Oberhausen, Tel. 0049(0208/658535 Fax 0049(0208/658536 Company Profile SUS was founded in 1986 in Oberhausen in the Ruhr area (close to Düsseldorf, in order to meet
More informationREVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 8
Chemistry 101 ANSWER KEY REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 8 Use only a periodic table to answer the following questions. 1. Write complete electron configuration for each of the following elements: a) Aluminum
More informationDinamica degli inquinanti
Dinamica degli inquinanti Characterization techniques Renato Baciocchi University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy Characterization techniques Preparation Water content Loss on Ignition, LOI Alkaline extraction
More informationAN ALTERNATIVE MINING CONCEPT
AN ALTERNATIVE MINING CONCEPT An Alternative Mining Concept Raw Materials Commitment in TECHNOLOGY PILLAR I.B Priority Area: Technologies for primary and secondary raw materials production Action area
More informationExperiment 5. Chemical Reactions A + X AX AX A + X A + BX AX + B AZ + BX AX + BZ
Experiment 5 Chemical Reactions OBJECTIVES 1. To observe the various criteria that are used to indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred. 2. To convert word equations into balanced inorganic chemical
More informationBioremediation of Petroleum Contamination. Augustine Ifelebuegu GE413
Bioremediation of Petroleum Contamination Augustine Ifelebuegu GE413 Bioremediation Bioremediation is the use of living microorganisms to degrade environmental contaminants in the soil and groundwater
More informationCVD SILICON CARBIDE. CVD SILICON CARBIDE s attributes include:
CVD SILICON CARBIDE CVD SILICON CARBIDE is the ideal performance material for design engineers. It outperforms conventional forms of silicon carbide, as well as other ceramics, quartz, and metals in chemical
More information«Shale gas exploration: Water related issues»
Schweizerisches Zentrum für angewandte Ökotoxikologie Centre Suisse d écotoxicologie appliquée Eawag-EPFL «Shale gas exploration: Water related issues» Marion Junghans ETHZ 02.04.2014 Affected water management
More information1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources)
1. Michigan Geological History Presentation (Michigan Natural Resources) The Michigan Geological History Presentation provides an overview of the approximately 3 billion years of Earth Processes that the
More informationRocks & Minerals. 10. Which rock type is most likely to be monomineralic? 1) rock salt 3) basalt 2) rhyolite 4) conglomerate
1. Of the Earth's more than 2,000 identified minerals, only a small number are commonly found in rocks. This fact indicates that most 1) minerals weather before they can be identified 2) minerals have
More informationLand Application of Drilling Fluids: Landowner Considerations
SCS-2009-08 Land Application of Drilling Fluids: Landowner Considerations Mark L. McFarland, Professor and Extension State Water Quality Specialist Sam E. Feagley, Professor and Extension State Environmental
More informationTopic: Rocks, Minerals and Soil Duration: Grade Level: 6 9 days
6 th Grade Science Unit: Sedimentary Rocks Unit Snapshot Topic: Rocks, Minerals and Soil Duration: Grade Level: 6 9 days Summary The following activities allow students to focus on the study of rocks.
More informationMethods for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample (Part 1 Material & Methods) Work Package 6 Task 6.4
Methods for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample (Part 1 Material & Methods) Work Package 6 Task 6.4 Validation of prcen/ts 15413 (WI 343027) Paolo de Zorzi APAT - Italian Environmental
More informationQuantification of Reactive Phosphorus in Lake Mendota Sediments
Quantification of Reactive Phosphorus in Lake Mendota Sediments By: Jeremy, Advisor Dr. Mike Penn Most of the phosphorus (P) that enters lakes from external inputs is attached to soil or sediment. This
More informationHow to read your Oil Analysis Report
How to read your Oil Analysis Report A better understanding Petroleum Technologies Group, LLC. 4665 Broadmoor S.E. Ste#15 Grand Rapids, MI 49512 Phone # 616/698 9399 Fax # 616/698 9395 www.oil lab.com
More informationCHAPTER 3: MATTER. Active Learning Questions: 1-6, 9, 13-14; End-of-Chapter Questions: 1-18, 20, 24-32, 38-42, 44, 49-52, 55-56, 61-64
CHAPTER 3: MATTER Active Learning Questions: 1-6, 9, 13-14; End-of-Chapter Questions: 1-18, 20, 24-32, 38-42, 44, 49-52, 55-56, 61-64 3.1 MATTER Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies volume We study
More informationA pound of coal supplies enough electricity to power ten 100-watt light bulbs for about an hour.
Did You Know? A pound of coal supplies enough electricity to power ten 100-watt light bulbs for about an hour. Nonrenewable Coal Coal Basics Coal Takes Millions of Years To Create Coal is a combustible
More informationSpecimen Paper. Chemistry 1F. Time allowed! 60 minutes
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number Specimen Paper For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier Question 1 Mark Science
More informationIB Chemistry. DP Chemistry Review
DP Chemistry Review Topic 1: Quantitative chemistry 1.1 The mole concept and Avogadro s constant Assessment statement Apply the mole concept to substances. Determine the number of particles and the amount
More informationEvidence for long-term pollution from mine sites in lake sediment records in the Haveri and Ylöjärvi mine sites, SW Finland
Evidence for long-term pollution from mine sites in lake sediment records in the Haveri and Ylöjärvi mine sites, SW Finland Annika Parviainen, Aalto University School of Engineering Tommi Kauppila and
More informationComplexometric Titrations
Complexometric Titrations Complexometric titrations are based on the formation of a soluble complex upon the reaction of the species titrated with the titrant. M + L ML In the module Chemistry 2 you were
More informationFrom Quantum to Matter 2006
From Quantum to Matter 006 Why such a course? Ronald Griessen Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam AMOLF, May 4, 004 vrije Universiteit amsterdam Why study quantum mechanics? From Quantum to Matter: The main
More informationSIX REASONS TO DRY BIOGAS To A LOW DEWPOINT BEFORE COMBUSTION IN A CHP ENGINE STEVEN SCOTT MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES
SIX REASONS TO DRY BIOGAS To A LOW DEWPOINT BEFORE COMBUSTION IN A CHP ENGINE STEVEN SCOTT MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES Filippo Turra Product Manager Cooling Technology INTRODUCTION
More informationDecomposition. Composition
Decomposition 1. Solid ammonium carbonate is heated. 2. Solid calcium carbonate is heated. 3. Solid calcium sulfite is heated in a vacuum. Composition 1. Barium oxide is added to distilled water. 2. Phosphorus
More informationGEOL 414/514 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY
GEOL 414/514 CARBONATE CHEMISTRY Chapter 6 LANGMUIR SOLUBILITY OF CALCITE CaCO 3 in nature: calcite & aragonite Reaction with strong acid: CaCO 3 + 2H + Ca +2 + H 2 O + CO 2 Reaction with weak acid: CaCO
More informationMODERN ATOMIC THEORY AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
CHAPTER 10 MODERN ATOMIC THEORY AND THE PERIODIC TABLE SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Wavelength is defined as the distance between consecutive peaks in a wave. It is generally symbolized by the Greek
More informationEcological Aspects of Oil Shale Processing
Abstract Ecological Aspects of Oil Shale Processing Y. Zhirjakov, Institute of Oil Shale Research Tallinn Technical University Tallinn, Estonia 26 th Oil Shale Symposium Oil shale belongs to lean and environmentally
More informationNatural Resources. Air and Water Resources
Natural Resources Key Concepts Why is it important to manage air and water resources wisely? How can individuals help manage air and water resources wisely? Air and Water Resources What do you think? Read
More informationAssessment of Chemical analytical laboratories in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Assessment of Chemical analytical laboratories in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan INDEX 1. Introduction... 2 2. Central Laboratory on the State agency on Geology... 4 2.1 Equipment... 4 2.2 Personnel... 4 2.3 Quality
More informationJanuary 2014: Jeanne Briskin of the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 The Upstate New York Society for Risk Analysis Webinar Series, Scientific Studies on Impact of Natural Gas Extraction from
More informationPhosphorus and Sulfur
Global Change Instruction Program Phosphorus and Sulfur The Important Nutrient Phosphorus Phosphorus is a key nutrient, fueling organic productivity on land and in water. A portion of its cycle is shown
More informationE T 2006. µ (PAHs), 2006.
75 E T 2006.,.,.,.,.,., µ µ µµ ( ) µ µ 2006., µ µ (PAHs), µ (PCBs) µ. µ µ, 1,5 km µ µ µ µ. µ ap;o µµ. 1. µ µ µ µ,. µ µ µ µµ ( ) µ 2006., µ µ (PAHs), µ (PCBs) µ. µ µµ, µ µµ, µ µ. 76 2. 2.1 µ.1., µ µ µ,
More informationWASTE STREAM 2Y51 Analytical Services Process Facilities - North Labs
WASTE STREAM 2Y51 Analytical Services Process Facilities North Labs SITE SITE OWNER WASTE CUSTODIAN WASTE TYPE Sellafield Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Sellafield Limited LLW WASTE VOLUMES Stocks:
More informationNET IONIC EQUATIONS. A balanced chemical equation can describe all chemical reactions, an example of such an equation is:
NET IONIC EQUATIONS A balanced chemical equation can describe all chemical reactions, an example of such an equation is: NaCl + AgNO 3 AgCl + NaNO 3 In this case, the simple formulas of the various reactants
More informationph Value of Common Household Items and the Environmental Effects ph on Water; http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/education/site_students/phscale.
ACID RAIN What is acid rain? Acid rain is a broad term that is often used to describe several forms of acid deposition. Wet deposition is when rain, snow, fog, or mist contains high amounts of sulfuric
More informationIntroduction and Origin of the Earth
Page 1 of 5 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Introduction and Origin of the Earth This page last updated on 30-Jul-2015 Geology, What is it? Geology is the study of
More informationEXTRACTION OF METALS
1 EXTRACTION OF METALS Occurrence ores of some metals are very common (iron, aluminium) others occur only in limited quantities in selected areas ores need to be purified before being reduced to the metal
More informationPeriodic Table Questions
Periodic Table Questions 1. The elements characterized as nonmetals are located in the periodic table at the (1) far left; (2) bottom; (3) center; (4) top right. 2. An element that is a liquid at STP is
More informationChapter 11. Electrochemistry Oxidation and Reduction Reactions. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Chapter 11 Electrochemistry Oxidation and Reduction Reactions An oxidation and reduction reaction occurs in both aqueous solutions and in reactions where substances are burned
More informationGeothermal. . To reduce the CO 2 emissions a lot of effort is put in the development of large scale application of sustainable energy.
Geothermal Energy With increasing fossil fuel prices, geothermal energy is an attractive alternative energy source for district heating and industrial heating. In recent years the use of geothermal energy
More informationEXPERIMENT 8: Activity Series (Single Displacement Reactions)
EPERIMENT 8: Activity Series (Single Displacement Reactions) PURPOSE a) Reactions of metals with acids and salt solutions b) Determine the activity of metals c) Write a balanced molecular equation, complete
More informationThis experiment involves the separation and identification of ions using
Chemistry 112: Reactions Involving Complex Ions Page 27 COMPLEX IONS AND AMPHOTERISM This experiment involves the separation and identification of ions using two important reaction types: (i) the formation
More informationInstrumentation. (Figure 2)
X-Ray Fluorescence Lab Report Nydia Esparza Victoria Rangel Physics of XRF XRF is a non destructive analytical technique that is used for elemental and chemical analysis. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
More informationNomenclature of Ionic Compounds
Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds Ionic compounds are composed of ions. An ion is an atom or molecule with an electrical charge. Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
More information