Cestodes. Tapeworms Complex Life Cycles Definitive host. 1 or 2 Intermediate Hosts. Adult worms Sexual reproduction
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1 Cestodes Tapeworms Complex Life Cycles Definitive host Adult worms Sexual reproduction 1 or 2 Intermediate Hosts Larval Tapeworms (Metacestodes) Some show Asexual reproduction
2 Morphologic Characteristics General Flatworm Characteristics Except lacks Digestive Tract Absorbs food directly across Tegument Adult Body Scolex => Holdfast organ usually has suckers, retractible or non-retractible rostellum of Hooks Neck Germinative region produces "segments" Strobila Series of Maturing "Segments" or Proglottids Each Proglottid is an individual reproductive unit immature, mature, gravid proglottids in series.
3 Scolex & Neck
4 Immature Proglottids
5 Mature Proglottids
6 Gravid Proglottid
7 Complex Life Cycle Definitive Host Adult Worms Sexual Reproduction Ova with Hexacanth Intermediate Host Larval stage (various species types) Some species show Asexual Reproduction
8 Adult Worm
9 Ovum
10 Cysticercus
11 Basic Tapeworm Life Cycle
12 Cestode Groups Large Animals Anoplocephalids Anoplocephala (equine) Moniezia (ruminants) Small Animals Taeniids Taenia sp. (dogs, cats) Echinococcus sp. (dogs) Dipylideans Dipylidium sp. (dogs, cats) Mesoscestoids Mesocestoides sp. (dogs, cats) Pseudophyllideans Spirometra sp. (dogs, cats)
13 Taenia pisiformis Large tapeworm of dogs (Worldwide) Scolex with non-retractable armed rostellum and 4 suckers Strobila made of rectangular proglottids with irregularly alternating unilateral genital pores
14 Mature Proglottids
15 Life Cycle Definitive Hosts Dogs, fox, coyote, wolf (small intestine) Gravid proglottids passed in feces Ova disseminated in environment by motile proglottid Intermediate Host Rabbits or Squirrels Cysticercus larvae (bladder worm) in liver and mesenteries. Ingested by the Definitive host Young Tapes Young Tapes attach to the intestinal lining and develop into mature tapeworms. Prepatent period: 56 days
16
17 Egg: Single Spherical
18 Cysticercus larva (Bladder worm)
19 Pathology Definitive Host (Dog) No Pathology (nutrient competition in malnourished hosts) "Client Worry (proglottid aesthetics) Intermediate Host (Rabbit) Organ displacement, damage, impairment of organ function.
20 Pathology Active Segments on Poop
21 Pathology Active Segments on Pet
22 Clinical Signs Segments presented by Client Pet usually shows no signs Occasionally dog drags tail Dietary History -- possibility of rabbit diet
23 Diagnosis Segment Squash Rectangular segment Single Spherical eggs with striated shell.
24 Treatment Praziquantel (Droncit) (5mg/kg) Pyrantel+Praziquantel+Febantel (Drontal Plus Tablets) Pyrantel+Praziquantel (Virbantel Flavored Chewables) Ivermectin+Pyrantel+Praziquantel (Iverhart Max Chewable Tablets) Epsiprantel (Cestex) (5.5 mg/kg) Fenbendazole (Panacur) (50 mg/kg SID for 3 days)
25 How would you control?
26 Control & Zoonosis Restrict access to Rabbits Not Zoonotic
27 Taenia taeniaeformis Large tapeworm of cats (Worldwide) Scolex with non-retractable armed rostellum and 4 suckers Strobila made of rectangular proglottids with irregularly alternating unilateral genital pores.
28 Life Cycle Definitive Hosts Cats, Lynx (Bobcat) -- (small intestine) Gravid proglottids passed in feces Ova disseminated in environment by motile proglottid Intermediate Host Rodents Strobilocercus larvae in liver. Ingested by the Definitive host Young Tapes Young Tapes attach to the intestinal lining and develop into mature tapeworms. Prepatent period: 40 days
29
30 Egg: Single Spherical
31 Strobilocercus larva
32 Pathology Definitive Host (Cat) No Pathology (nutrient competition in malnourished hosts) "Client Worry" (proglottid aesthetics) Intermediate Host (Rodent) Organ displacement, damage, impairment of organ function.
33 Pathology Active Segments on Poop
34 Clinical Signs Segments presented by Client Pet usually shows no signs Occasionally cat drags tail Dietary History -- possibility of rodent diet
35 Diagnosis Segment Squash Rectangular segment Single Spherical eggs with striated shell.
36 Treatment Praziquantel (Droncit) (5mg/kg) Pyrantel+Praziquantel (Drontal tablets) Emodepside+Praziquantel (Profender) Epsiprantel (Cestex) (2.75 mg/kg) Fenbendazole (Panacur) (50 mg/kg SID for 3-5 days) [extra-label]
37 Control & Zoonosis Restrict access to Rodents Not Zoonotic
38 Taenia saginata Beef tapeworm of humans (Worldwide) Scolex has 4 suckers but lacks hooks Strobila made of rectangular proglottids with irregularly alternating unilateral genital pores. 24 to 75 ft long, survives many years Larval tapeworms in cattle
39 Life Cycle Definitive Hosts Humans (small intestine) Gravid proglottids passed in feces Ova disseminated in the environment by the motile proglottid Intermediate Host Cattle Taenia saginata = Cysticercus bovis in striated & cardiac muscles. Ingested by the Definitive Host Young Tapes Young Tapes attach to the intestinal lining and develop into mature tapeworms. Prepatent period: 3 months
40
41 Cysticercus bovis
42 Pathology Definitive Host (Human) No Pathology nutrient competition in malnourished hosts Proglottid aesthetics Intermediate Host (Cattle) Cysticercus bovis: Muscle & Heart damage Beef Condemnation ("Measly Beef").
43 Diagnosis Definitive host (human) Tapeworm segments in feces Intermediate Host (cattle) Cysticercus necropsy
44 Cysticercus bovis
45 Treatment Definitive Host (Human) Niclosamide Intermediate Host (Cattle) Cysticercus bovis: rely on control measures.
46 How would you control?
47 Control & Zoonosis Restrict human defecation in cattle pastures. Restrict human from eating raw beef. USDA condemnation of "Measly beef". Not Zoonotic - Humans are the definitive host.
48 Taenia solium Pork tapeworm of humans (Worldwide) Scolex has 4 suckers and hooks Strobila made of rectangular proglottids with irregularly alternating unilateral genital pores. 15 to 24 ft long, survives up to 25 years Larval tapeworms of swine
49 Life Cycle Definitive Hosts Humans -- (small intestine) Gravid proglottids passed in feces Ova disseminated in the environment by the motile proglottid Intermediate Host Pigs (& humans) Taenia solium = Cysticercus cellulosae in striated muscles. Ingested by the Definitive Host Young Tapes Young Tapes attach to the intestinal lining and develop into mature tapeworms. Prepatent period: 3 months
50
51 Pathology Definitive Host (Human) No Pathology (adult tapeworm) Nutrient competition in malnourished hosts Proglottid aesthetics Intermediate Host (Swine) Taenia solium = Cysticercus cellulosae: Muscle Damage Pork Condemnation ("Measly pork").
52 Cysticercus cellulosae
53 Diagnosis Definitive host (human) Tapeworm segments in feces Intermediate Host (swine) Cysticercus necropsy.
54 Treatment Definitive Host (Human) Niclosamide Intermediate Host (Swine) Cysticercus cellulosae: rely on control measures.
55 How would you control?
56 Control Restrict human defecation in swine pastures. Restrict human from eating raw pork. USDA condemnation of "Measly pork".
57 Zoonosis Humans are the definitive host. If humans ingest ova from human feces (i.e. self-infection) then cysticercosis. (humans act as intermediate host) - cysticerci in muscles, eyes, brain. - most important cause of neurologic DZ in Latin America
58 Neural Cysticercosis
59 Neural Cysticercosis
60 In-class Discussion Which tapeworms of the Genus Taenia are of: 1. Companion animal concern 2. Economic concern 3. Human Health concern
61 Echinococcus granulosus Minute tapeworms of Canids Scolex with armed rostellum and 4 suckers Strobila made of 3 to 4 proglottids with unilateral genital pores. Larval tapeworms infect a variety of animals & man
62 Life Cycle Definitive Hosts Dogs, Wild Canids -- (small intestine) Gravid proglottids passed in feces Ova disseminated in the environment Intermediate Host Sheep, other ruminants, swine and humans Unilocular hydatid cyst in various organs Ingested by the Definitive Host Young Tapes Young Tapes attach to the intestinal lining and develop into mature tapeworms. Prepatent period: 1 to 1.5 months
63
64 Geographic Distribution Sporadic Globally Endemic areas: Argentina, Peru, east Africa, central Asia, China
65 Pathology Definitive Host (Dog) No Pathology Intermediate Host (Variety of animals) Unilocular Hydatid cyst Pressure atrophy of adjacent organs Risk of anaphylactic reaction if cyst ruptures
66 Unilocular Hydatid Cyst
67 Multilocular Cyst in Cow Liver
68 Multilocular Cyst in Horse Liver
69 Multilocular Cyst in Vertebra
70 Diagnosis Definitive host (dog) Purgative & search for small adult worms Ova in fecal centrifugation. Intermediate Host (Ruminant and others) Serology Radiographs CDC has ELISA to distinguish between the two species found in humans.
71 Purgative
72 Ovum
73 Treatment Definitive Host (Dog) Praziquantel (Droncit) Epsiprantel (Cestex) Intermediate Host (Sheep & other hosts) Aggressive treatments with Mebendazole or Albendazole
74 How would you control?
75 Control Restrict canine access to ruminant pastures. Do not feed canids uncooked offal Regular deworming of dog Eliminate stray or wild canids
76 Zoonosis Very Important Zoonotic Potential Humans infected by ingestion of Echinococcus ova from dog poop. Unilocular cysts in various organs, including liver, lungs, brain.
77 Hydatid Disease
78 Hydatid Disease
79 In-class Discussion Which tapeworms (studied so far) are of: 1. Companion animal concern 2. Economic concern 3. Human Health concern
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