European Region Historic legacy Lasting future

Transcription

1 European Region Historic legacy Lasting future Eva Schill Thomas Kohl Ladsi Rybach INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR WASTE DEOPSITS INE KIT University of the State Baden-Württemberg and National Research Center in the Helmholtz-Association

2 Roman spa culture: example thermal spring Wiesbaden, Germany 77 a. C. Reported in Naturalis historia (Plinius the Elder) 121 a. C. Aquae Mattiacorum, roman colony around the springs 259/260 a. C. Germanic people conquer the settlement a. C. The Romans reconquer the bridge and the springs. At that time Aquae Mattiacorum is the only roman settlement on the right side of Rhine river 2 Eva Schill /

3 Medieval geothermal history in Europe District heating network in Chaudes-Aigues, France since 1334 source 82 C Utilisation of geothermal products in 1400: Utilisation of the products becomes more important in Tuscany 1472: End of Guerra delle Allumiere between Volterra and Florence for the geothermal manifestations of Regione boracifera (today Larderello). Rights on the products pass over to Medici family Eva Schill Reservoir geology

4 Geocosmus (Athanasius Kircher, ) Two systems of channels: one water based and the other was fire based Phyrophylacia Hydrophylacia 4 Eva Schill /

5 District heating in sedimentary basins Meaux since 1982 (65-75 C): 8 wells in the Dogger aquifer (3 doublets at Beauval/Collinet and 1 doublet at l Hôpital) 43km district heating Maintenace and extension including: 3 new production wells (2 at Beauval et 1 at l'hôpital) installation of heat pump at Beauval Eva Schill Reservoir geology

6 District heating in sedimentary basins Campus urbain de Paris-Saclay (28 C): wells in the Albian aquifer Eva Schill Reservoir geology

7 1904: First Experiments at Larderello by Conte Ginorio Conti In 1904 emerging steam was used to turn a small turbine which in turn powered five light bulbs - the first ever demonstration of geothermal electricity generation. By 1913 a 250kW power station had been built in Valle del Diavolo (Devil's Valley), which provided power for the Italian electric railway system ( Today s production is approaching 769 MWel net (>5 TWh per year) and heat for users and about 25 hectare of greenhouses distributed over 34 power stations in 3 productive zones 7

8 Development in the high enthalpy fields of Europe : Example from Turkey Field, Province Owner Year Installed Capacity Plant Type Kizildere, Denizli ZORLU Flash Salavati (DORA I), Aydin MENDERES Binary Kizildere, Denizli BEREKET Binary Germencik, Aydin GÜRMAT Flash Tuzla, Çanakkale ENDA Binary Salavati (DORA II), Aydin MENDERES Binary Hidirbeyli (IREM), Aydin MAREN Binary Hidirbeyli (SINEM), Aydin MAREN Binary Hidirbeyli (DENIZ), Aydin MAREN Binary Kizildere (Phase II), Denizli ZORLU Flash Kizildere (Phase II), Denizli ZORLU Binary Pamukören, Aydin ÇELİKLER Binary Gümüşköy, Aydin BM Binary under construction Salavati (DORA II), Aydin MENDERES Binary Alasehir, Manisa Alasehir ZORLU Binary others modified after Parlaktuna et al Eva Schill Reservoir geology

9 Temperature distribution in Europe Temperature in 5km depth (BRGM) Temperature distribution with depth Most of Europe s deep geothermal resources are unconventional Eva Schill Reservoir geology

10 1904: «Hellfire Exploration Project» «Hellfire Exploration Project» Sir Charles Parsons Presidential Address, Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science: Transaction of Section G, Engineering (p ): «The thermal systems of the subsurface could be exploited by sinking a shaft of 20 km depth» He estimated a duration of 85 years to built the shaft a cost of about 5 Mio 1904 pounds and a temperature of 600 C assuming a geothermal gradient of 30 C per km 10

11 HDR Research in Europe Falkenberg (Germany) since 1978 While 3 of the holes served for site survey and seismic observations, an about 20 m diameter hydraulic fracture was introduced from a central borehole. Fracture propagation was carefully monitored by passive seismic investigations. This allowed to intersect the fracture by 2 other boreholes and to circulate water through the system. Rosemanowes (UK) The Rosemanowes HDR project in the period continued experiments in HDR reservoir creation at depths of up to 2500 m in Cornish granite Eva Schill Reservoir geology

12 EGS Project Soultz-sous-Forêts Reservoir: Reservoir Parameters: Operations: Fractured granite (horst structure) 3 wells in 5km depth 2 wells in 2 and 3.5km depth Depth: 5'000 m Temperature at 5km: 200ºC Flow rate: up to 43 L/s Capacity: 2.5 MW (ORC) Fluid chemistry: 100g/L, NaCl, ph~5 Uniqueness: Extensively tested EGS reservoir Multi-well system Multi-reservoir system 1984: Project preparation 1992: 2 wells at 2200m 1997: 2 wells at 3800m, circulation wells at 5000m 2007: circulation, power station 2011: operation 12

13 Single-well inj. vs. prod. under circulation in GPK1 (intermediate reservoir) Circ. GPK1 EPS1 Circ. GPK1 GPK2 Similar Δp and flowrate from injection test (94JUL04) Reservoir plugging in GPK2 by injection of cuttings Stimulation Openhole section (m) Injected volume (m 3 ) Flow rate (L s -1 ) 93SEP (GPK1) , OCT (GPK1) JUN (GPK2) JUN (GPK2) SEP (GPK2)

14 Injection and production under circulation in GPK1-2 flow rate (l/s) C days after July 9,

15 Improvement of productivity by circulation Circulated volume in GPK2 in 2011: > m m 3 Production tests Injection tests Circulated volume in GPK4 in 2013: < m 3 15

16 Second 5km project: DHM Project Basel Reservoir: Granitic rock no exploration production of heat (district heating system) and power from a triplette Parameters of plant: Impact on the future of EGS: Induced seismicity became a major concern of the society High quality standards required depth 5000 m temp. 200ºC capacity 6 MW e & 17 MW th (planned) Operations: May start of drilling operations October st well completed December 2006 Major stimulation 8 Dec 2006 Earthquake Mag 3.4 / 2.4 subsequent Mag 3.1/3.2/3.3/2.9 project on standby 12 Dec 2009 project suspended 16

17 Seismicity during production in Soultz Injection GPK1 vs. GPK3 ( ) Significant reduction of environmental impact (event no. by 95%, M from 2.3 to 1.7) K2 K2 K3 K1 K3 K1 No relation to the total flow rate Strong relation to WHP of GPK3 17

18 Positive example Heat utilization Riehen / Basel 3 km from DHM Project: Population in favor of extending the existing geothermal heat utilization "Riehen Plus Vote 2 years after seism. event 18

19 URG/SW Germany: preferential strike direction Landau temperature 1000 m Depth Illies & Greiner, 1978 Need for geomechanics Bächler & Kohl, 2000 min 0.5 km long fault segments 19

20 Scientific Questions: Resolving current restrictions in EGS Scale-dependency Complex geometry: 3D measurements instead of 1-D wells Hydro-thermal regime in fractured rocks Rough fracture surfaces vs. parallel plate model Darcy flow vs. Navier-Stokes Heat transfer Fluid-rock interaction Geophysics EM fields during stimulation Stress transfer during stimulation v p /v s tomography Modelling Benchmarking and calibration Characterization of physical processes New Technologies Try different stimulation schemes Monitoring Hydro-mechanical interaction In heterogeneous rock In heterogeneous fracture networks 20

21 Concept of satellite projects (mainly) for heat supply Rittershoffen (F) Focus industrial heat supply 2 wells completed Temperature around 160 C GTR-1 chemically and hydraulically stimulated KIT Campus N (G) Focus heat supply to the campus planned Expected temperature around 170 C Challenge: sensitive instrumentation (e.g. Synchrotron) Concept of low flow rates 21

22 Concept of large-scale experiments for EGS Effects of massive injection in fractured rock Characterization of shear zones: distribution, variability f(x, t) Scale comparison 22

23 Site selection modified from Walter (2007) 23

24 Site selection: Wilhelminenstollen?????Hundsrück: approx. 300m overburden for 1km tunnel?????? 24

25 Evaluation of barriers other than technical 25 Barriers Underestimated communication Media take information from action groups! Overestimated secrecy of operators Transparency missing Prototype technology, typical consortium Developments Large, well-established operators with little problems ES, EnBW Success through transparency Soultz, Rittershoffen (F) Sankt Gallen (CH) Success through communication of benefit Riehen, basin resources Cooperation with scientific institutions

26 Evaluation of the situation in Europe Geothermal development in Europe outside the conventional resources is slow Geoscientific successes Successful learning curve (explorations, shut-in, stimulation) Current projects are successful EGS involving high flow rates is still an scientific issue (GeoLaB) Economic conditions Depend on feed-in tariff (Cost subsidized industries) Need for quality control and cooperation Among operators (Reduce stand-by time) Industry / science Need for more transparency from operators 26