DOMESTIC USE OF FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS IN THE NETHERLANDS

Transcription

1 DOMESTIC USE OF FOOD PACKAGING MATERIALS IN THE NETHERLANDS REPORT NDFCM010/01 Dr. K. Bouma K. Stavenga A. Draaijer THE FOOD AND CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY AUTHORITY (VWA) INSPECTORATE FOR HEALTH PROTECTION AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH Regional Service North P.O. box AL Groningen The Netherlands tel.nr fax internet site Augustus 2003 Rapportnummer NDFCM010/01, date August 2003

2 CONTENTS page SUMMARY SAMENVATTING 1. INTRODUCTION Food contact s Exposure from food contact s Plastic s used for food Research aim 2 2. EXPERIMENTAL Collection of s Analysis of s 3 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Packaging s used for different food categories Different s Contact ratio 6 4. CONCLUSIONS 7 5. LITERATURE 7 APPENDIX I: APPENDIX II: APPENDIX III: APPENDIX IV: APPENDIX V: APPENDIX VI: APPENDIX VII: BAKERY PRODUCTS MEAT FISH DAIRY FRUIT AND VEGETABLES SALADS VARIOUS FOODSTUFFS

3 SUMMARY The Packaging and Food-Utensils Regulation (Food and Commodities Act) contains legislation for 10 different categories of food contact s. The aim of this project is to obtain an impression which s are being used in contact with food, in order to prioritise future market surveillances. Therefore the s that are being used in contact with foodstuffs have been identified. In 2002 a total of 606 s were analysed. These s were collected from the enforcement laboratory for foods. The in contact with the foodstuff was identified. Furthermore the area in contact with the food was determined. Packagings for the following food categories were analysed: bakery products; meat; fish; dairy; fruit; vegetables; salads; candy; sauce; soup, herbs; (microwave) meals; nuts and soft drinks. The results of this project are that polyolefines (polyethylene and polypropylene) were the main s used in contact with foodstuffs in this study. Other s that were frequently in contact with foods are polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and paper(board). The ratio between in contact with the food and the food varied from 6 to 95 dm 2 /kg. For softdrinks, liquid dairy products and canned foods the ratio approached 6 dm 2 /kg. For bakery products, meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, salads, (microwave) meals, nuts and sauces this ratio varied from dm 2 /kg. For herbs this ratio was very unfavourable: 95 dm 2 /kg. The official and legally prescribed conversion factor for migration testing is set at 6 dm 2 /kg food. This factor of 6 dm 2 /kg food was, however, too low for most of the food s examined in this project. Keywords:, food contact,

4 SAMENVATTING De Regeling Verpakkingen en gebruiksartikelen (Warenwet) bevat regelgeving voor 10 verschillende materiaal categorieën. Het doel van dit onderzoek was een beeld te krijgen welke en worden gebruikt in contact met levensmiddelen, om op deze wijze tot een prioritering te komen voor toekomstige marktonderzoeken. Daartoe zijn verpakkingen voor levensmiddelen geanalyseerd. In 2002 werden in totaal 606 verpakkingen voor levensmiddelen onderzocht. Deze verpakkingen waren afkomstig van het handhavings laboratorium voor levensmiddelen. Het materiaal dat in contact komt met het levensmiddel werd geïdentificeerd. Daarnaast werd ook het oppervlak bepaald dat in contact komt met het levensmiddel. Verpakkingen voor de volgende categorieën levensmiddelen zijn onderzocht: deegwaren; vlees; vis; zuivel; fruit; groente; salades; snoep; soep; kruiden; (magnetron) maaltijden; noten en frisdrank. Als resultaat van dit project werd vastgesteld dat polyolefines (polyetheen en polypropeen) het meest werden aangetroffen in contact met levensmiddelen. Andere en die veelvuldig werden gebruikt in contact met levensmiddelen waren polyvinylchloride, polystyreen, polyethyleen tereftalaat, papier en karton. De verhouding tussen verpakkingsmateriaal in contact met het levensmiddel en de hoeveelheid levensmiddel varieerde tussen 6 en 95 dm 2 /kg. Voor frisdranken, zuivelproducten zoals melk en yoghurt en blikverpakkingen benaderde deze verhouding 6 dm 2 /kg. Voor deegwaren, vlees, vis, fruit, groente, salades, (magnetron)maaltijden, noten en sausen bedroeg deze verhouding dm 2 /kg. De contact verhouding voor kruiden was zeer ongunstig (95 dm 2 /kg). De officiële en wettelijk voorgeschreven omrekenfactor voor het testen van migratie is vastgesteld op 6 dm 2 /kg levensmiddel. Deze factor van 6 dm 2 /kg levensmiddel was echter voor de meeste onderzochte verpakkingen voor levensmiddelen veel te laag. Trefwoorden: verpakking, levensmiddel, contact verhouding

5 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Food contact s Most of the foodstuffs that are sold in the Netherlands are packaged. The has several functions. The main function is to protect the food from external influences, such as air, moisture, chemical and microbiological contamination. The other functions are to offer the possibility to label the food, to make the product identifiable and attractive to consumers. The Dutch Packaging and Food-Utensils Regulation [5.1] distinguishes 10 different categories of s which may be used for food. For each category the starting substances, additives and aids are listed and sometimes migration limits are imposed on specific substances, or groups of substances. I. Plastics VI. Ceramic s and enamels II. Paper and paperboard VII. Textile products III. Rubber products VIII. Regenerated cellulose IV. Metals IX. Wood and cork V. Glass and glass ceramics X. Coatings The Inspectorate for Health Protection is the enforcement authority in the Netherlands for food contact s. Therefore each year several enforcement campaigns are performed. As there are so many different types of s, and so many substances with a migration limit, priority setting is necessary and difficult. 1.2 Exposure from food contact s In 1994 the Dutch Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, Bilthoven) carried out a 24 hour diet study to determine the composition of the diet in the Netherlands. All food contact s were collected by the Inspectorate for Health Protection and identified using infra-red. This study showed that paper, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the most common s for food [5.2]. The food packed in the s were, however, not considered in In 2001, an ILSI workshop was held on exposure from food contact s [5.3]. The aim of this workshop was to establish the principles of dietary exposure to chemicals substances originating from food and to develop a refined dietary exposure process. The European Commission and Scientific Committee on Food apply a conservative approach, assuming that every EU citizen consumes 1 kg of food each day over a lifetime and that this food is packaged in the same containing the substance in question at the maximum concentration permitted. Also it is assumed that 1 kg of foodstuffs is packaged in 6 dm 2 of. These assumption are normally applied when a risk assessment is carried out to set a Tolerably Daily Intakes (TDI) or a specific migration limit (SML). One of the key elements in the exposure assessment is to link the use of a specific food to a specific food item. The use of s changes constantly. For example the replacement of glass by polyethylene terephthtalate (PET), replacement of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), emergence of active and intelligent and replacement of rigid packs by flexible laminates. Also the actual ratio between contents and has to be known as well as the real fat content. report FCM010/01; date: August

6 1.3 Plastic s used for food ILSI Europe has published a number of reports on the main plastic s used for food. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) [5.4] Due to its chemical inertness and other physical properties, PET has found increasing application in the field. The three major applications of PET are containers (bottles, jars), semi-rigid sheets (trays, blisters) and thin oriented films (bags, wrappers). PS (polystyrene) [5.5] PS has the particular properties of high clarity, colourless, hard, but rather brittle with low impact strength. PS is used for containers, disposable 'plastic glasses' and cups. A major use of polystyrene plastics is in expanded sheet form (foamed PS), in the form of trays, containers and disposable beverage cups. Polypropylene (PP) [5.6] The competitive costs of polypropylene plastics combined with their versatile properties have made PP the preferred type of for a wide range of foodstuffs in all common forms of food : pots, containers, tubs, bottles, pouches and wrapping films. PP is also used as coating or laminate onto paperboard or disposable items for direct consumption of foods and beverages. Polyethylene (PE) [5.7] PE is the first commodity plastic to be used for food, due to it relatively low cost, its versatile properties and the ease of processing. The two main end forms of PE plastics used for food are films and bottles or other containers. In multilayer s PE is combined with for example paperboard and aluminium (containers for fruit juices and milk). The PE layers allows the container to be easily sealed and also provides a barrier to water. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) [5.8] PVC can be used both plasticised (PVC-P) and unplasticised (PVC-U). For food contact applications mostly unplasticised PVC is used in the form of trays, containers and bottles. Plasticised PVC has an important role in cling films, closures and repeat use flexible tube applications. 1.4 Research aim The aim of this project was to obtain an overview of the use of s in the Netherlands. Packaging s of different food types were collected and analysed. The actual with the foodstuffs was measured. This information will be used to set up future enforcement campaigns on food contact s. report FCM010/01; date: August

7 2. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Collection of s The food enforcement laboratory of the Inspectorate for Health Protection analyses foodstuffs for compliance with regulations. A large part of the samples are packaged foodstuffs, sampled in retail. The s of these foodstuffs are cleaned using water and soap, and stored. In 2002 s from the food enforcement laboratory were collected. From their surveillance program a number of food categories were selected: nr. of samples bakery products: 160 meat: 94 fish: 50 dairy: 63 fruit and vegetables: 62 salads: 33 herbs: 14 (microwave) meals: 11 sauce: 28 nuts: 11 candy: 51 soup: 23 soft drinks 6 total Analysis of s The food contact side of the was identified using FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infrared). The of the package was measured and the area that was in contact with the foodstuff. Often a package consists of different parts. These parts were analysed separately. For each the ratio was then calculated of the area versus the content. Multilayer s are often used in food s. However, only the on the food contact side was identified, as it is too complicated and time consuming to separate all the individual layers. It is thus emphasised that the results only concern the food contact side of the. report FCM010/01; date: August

8 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Appendix I to VII the results are presented for the different categories of foodstuffs. The results are summarised in Table 1. The average use (%) of each is given (based on with foodstuff). Also the average ratio of the area in contact with 1 kg of food is given. 3.1 Packaging s used for different food categories Bakery products In Appendix I the results are shown for bakery products. In total 160 s have been analysed. This includes all kinds of bakery products: biscuits, cookies, cake and bread. These foods are considered to be dry, therefore the potential for migration is low. These products usually have a long shelf life and can be stored at room temperature for longer times. Most of the bread is packaged in bags of PE or sometimes PP. The trays for biscuits or cake are usually made of PET or PS. Paperboard (usually coated) is used as underlayer. On average, 21 dm 2 is used for 1 kg of bakery products. Meat and fish In Appendix II the results for meat products are given. In total 94 s for meat have been analysed. This mainly concerns fresh meat, intended to fry at home. These products usually have a shelf life of several days, when stored cool (4-7 C). Most meat is packaged in PS foam trays, covered with a PVC film. In some cases paper underlayers are used to absorb the drip. In some cases PET trays are used, or PE/PP trays. PE is also used as film to cover the meat tray. On average 18 dm 2 is used to package 1 kg of meat. In Appendix III the results for fish are presented. 50 s for fish have been analysed. This comprises fresh fish, intended to be fried home, but also frozen fish. Frozen fish is usually packaged in paperboard boxes. Fresh fish is often packed in PET and PP containers. PE films and lids are frequently used to cover these containers. On average 19 dm 2 was used to package 1 kg of fish. Compared to the s used for meat, it is remarkable that PVC was not used as the contact layer for fish products. Dairy The analysis results of the s used for dairy are shown in Appendix IV. A total of 63 samples have been analysed. Most of these fresh products have a shelf life of approximately 1 week, when stored cool (4-7 C), some products have a longer shelf life. 1 litre of drink yoghurt, milk, yoghurt and custard is usually packed in tetrapak cartons, having a PE coating on the inside. Smaller amounts of dairy are usually packed in PP, PET and PS containers. On average 9 dm 2 is used to package 1 kg of dairy. Compared to other products, this ratio is rather low. Fruit and vegetables In Appendix V the results for s used for fruit and vegetables are given. A total of 62 samples have been analysed, mainly fresh fruit and vegetables. The fruit and vegetables are often packaged in PET containers. PVC is used as film or in bags to store fresh vegetables. Paper and paperboard are hardly used, as fruit and vegetables usually have a high water content. On average 21 dm 2 was used to package 1 kg of fruit or vegetables. Salads In Appendix VI the results are given of the used for salads (meat, fish or vegetables in a sauce). A total of 33 samples have been analysed. These salads normally have a shelf life of approximately 1 week when stored cool (4-7 C). Most salads are packaged in PP containers, sealed with a film and additionally covered by a lid. On average 16 dm 2 was used to package 1 kg of salad. report FCM010/01; date: August

9 report FCM010/01; date: August Table 1: Materials on food contact side for different foodstuffs (food contact side) (%)1 bakery meat fish dairy fruit and salads candy sauce soup herbs (microwave) nuts soft total products vegetables meals drinks PE PP PET PA PVC/PVDC PS PVOH PEG polyacrylate paper(board) epoxy cellophane metals (zinc, aluminium) nr. of samples ratio percentage of the food category, packaged in this type of PE: polyethylene PA: polyamide (nylon) PS: polystyrene PP: polypropylene PVC: polyvinyl chloride PVOH: polyvinyl alcohol PET: polyethylene terephthalate PVDC: polyvinylidene chloride PEG: polyethylene glycol

10 Candy In Appendix VII the results are given for candy. A total number of 51 samples of candy have been analysed. These products usually have a long shelf life. Most candy is packaged in PP films. For some products each item is packaged separately. On average 17 dm 2 is used to package 1 kg of candy. Various foodstuffs In Appendix VII the results are given for different foodstuffs with a limited number of samples: sauce; soup; herbs; (microwave) meals; nuts and soft drinks. Sauce is mainly packaged in PE and PP. Soup comprises both instant soup, packaged in pouches (PP coating on inside) or cans of soup (epoxy coating). Herbs are packaged in pouches having a PVC or PP inner coating. Nuts are also packaged in multilayer sachets. For soft drinks a very limited samples have been analysed. Carbonated soft drinks are usually packaged in (reusable) PET bottles. Fruit juices are often packaged in cartons, having a PE inner coating. 3.2 Different s In the last column of Table 1 it is indicated what the average use of s was. It must be emphasised that this does not correlate to the average intake of Dutch consumers and that these numbers are only indicative. Furthermore it only concerns the in contact with the foodstuff. Polyolefins. PE and PP are the main s used in contact with foodstuffs. These plastics are relatively cheap and easy processable. These plastics can also be used as seal layer at the inside of the. PVC/PVDC. These s are still being used in food, in spite of the negative association with environmental pollution. It is used both in its unplasticised form as tray or container, and in plasticised from as cling film for meat, fruit, vegetables, nuts and herbs. PET. PET is used as bottle for softdrinks. In addition, it is used in containers for bakery products and films for fruit or vegetables. PS. PS foam is used in trays for meat. PS cups and containers are also used for dairy products. Paper(board). In practice paper(board) is used more as food contact than what is indicated in Table 1, caused by our selection of foodstuffs. Paper(board) is used frequently as secondary. As primary s it is mainly used for dry foodstuffs. 3.3 Contact ratio In Table 1 the ( of versus the foodstuff) is given. Traditionally [5.1] it is assumed that 1 kg of foodstuff is packaged in 6 dm 2 of. This is the case for soft drinks and also for cartons of dairy products (milk, yoghurt). For soup the ratio also approaches this value. For the other food categories this factor is much higher. Especially for herbs this ratio is very unfavourable (95 dm 2 /kg). For bakery products, meat and fish often a tray is used, which is covered by a film or a lid. The average ratio for all the that have been analysed in this study is 17 dm 2 /kg. This study, however, is not related to the average diet of Dutch consumer. Therefore this factor is only indicative. The actual food is in most cases much higher than 6 dm 2 /kg foodstuff. In case of compliance testing of a film, this standard factor of 6 will most of the times give an underestimation of the actual migration. report FCM010/01; date: August

11 4. CONCLUSIONS Polyolefines (polyethylene and polypropylene) are the main s used in contact with foodstuffs. Other s that are frequently in contact with foods are polyvinyl chloride polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate and paper(board). The ratio between in contact with the food and the food varies from 6 to 95 dm 2 /kg. For softdrinks, aqueous dairy products and canned food the ratio approaches 6 dm 2 /kg. For bakery products, meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, salads, (microwave) meals, nuts and sauces this ratio varies from dm 2 /kg. For herbs this ratio is very unfavourable: 95 dm 2 /kg. The traditional conversion factor of 6 dm 2 /kg does not apply for the majority of foodstuffs. In case of compliance testing of a s, this factor 6 will in most cases give an underestimation of the actual migration to the foodstuff. 5. LITERATURE 5.1 Packaging and Food-Utensils Regulation (Food and Commodities Act) of 20 November Koninklijke Vermande B.V., Lelystad (The Netherlands). 5.2 Van Lierop, J.B.H Enforcement of food legislation. Food Additives and Contaminants. 14(6-7): Kettil Svensson. Exposure from food contact s. ISLI Europe Report series. November Packaging s. 1. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for food applications. ILSI Europe Report series. July Packaging s. 2. Polystyrene (PS) for food applications. ILSI Europe Report series. May Philip Tice. Packaging s. 3. Polypropylene (PP) as a s for foods and beverages. ILSI Europe Report series. July Philip Tice. Packaging s. 4. Polyethylene (PE) for food applications. ILSI Europe Report series. April Jason Leadbitter. Packaging s. 5. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for food applications. ILSI Europe Report series. June report FCM010/01; date: August

12 APPENDIX I: BAKERY PRODUCTS Table 2: Packaging s used for bakery products (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of cornbread film PE cornbread film PE round loaf (oranjebol) film PE currant and raisin bread film PE ring-shaped biscuits film PP rye bread foil aluminium almond paste cake film PP rye bread film PP a pancake flour film PE b pancake flour box paperboard a quiche mix: pie shell film PE b quiche mix: sauce film PE a vanilla choux pastry foil PP b vanilla choux pastry box PET fried rice box PE wheat bread film PE a cake film PE b cake underlayer paperboard fruit cake film PVOH a strawberry cake roll underlayer paperboard b strawberry cake roll film PET eggnog marble cake film PVC butter cake film PP cinnamon biscuits underlayer paperboard a butter custard cakes tray PS b butter custard cakes film PP a raspberry jam cake rolls tray PET b raspberry jam cake rolls film PP a cake film paper b cake underlayer paperboard wheat bread film PE a rye bread foil aluminium b rye bread film PE cake film PP cake film PP butter cake film PP gingerbread film PE a fruit cake underlayer paperboard b fruit cake film PP a biscuits lid PET b biscuits tray PS a cinnamon biscuits film PP b cinnamon biscuits tray PET butter cake film PP cake film PP a cake tray PET b cake film PP cake film PE a cake tray PS b cake film PP cake film PA a caramel/nut cake film PP b caramel/nut cake underlayer paper cake film PE cake film polyacrylate waffles film PVC a Dutch short biscuits box paperboard b Dutch short biscuits film PVDC a peanut biscuits box paperboard b peanut biscuits film PVDC a vanilla biscuits box paperboard b vanilla biscuits film PVDC a hazelnut biscuits box paperboard b hazelnut biscuits film PVC a vanilla cream biscuits box paperboard b vanilla cream biscuits film PE a spiced biscuits film PP b spiced biscuits film PP a biscuits filled with vanilla box paperboard b biscuits filled with vanilla film PVC Appendix I

13 sample nr. foodstuff type of a currant biscuits box paperboard b currant biscuits film PVC a Christmas biscuits box paperboard b Christmas biscuits foil PVDC c Christmas biscuits tray PP cake film PP ginger cake film PP cake film PVOH gingerbread film PP Groninger cake film PVOH vanilla cake film PP herbal cake film PP butter biscuit film PVC butter biscuits film PP sugar free biscuits film PVC butter biscuits film polyacrylate butter biscuits film polyacrylate sugar free butter biscuits film PVC sugar free pastry roll film PP cake film PP white bread film PE wheat bread film PE white bread film PE almond paste cake tray PS almond paste cake box PP cake film PP cake film PP rye bread foil aluminium cake film PP cake film PE butter cake film PE raisin bread film PE cake film PE cake film PP rye bread film PP cake film PP cake film PP rye bread film PP almond paste cake film PVC butter cake film PVC white sesame rolls film PE white sesame bread film PE white bread film PE white bread film PE white bread film PE brown bread film PE brown bread film PE brown bread film PE brown bread film PE white bread film PE wholemeal bread film PE white bread film PE wholemeal bread film PE brown bread film PE brown bread film PE marzipan loaf film PP a pasta salad lid PP b pasta salad bowl PP a butter cake film PS b butter cake tray aluminium c butter cake box paperboard nut cake film PE raisin cake film PE cake film PE cake with candied peel film PE ginger cake film PE currant cake film PE ginger-nut-citron cake film PE nut-nougat cake film PE cake film PE chocolate cake film PE ginger cake film PE a ginger cake film PP Appendix I

14 sample nr. foodstuff type of b ginger cake underlayer paper a ginger cake film PP b ginger cake underlayer paper tropical cake film PE pineapple-walnut cake film PE a biscuits film PET b biscuits tray PET cake film PVC wholemeal bread film PE rye bread film aluminium rye bread film aluminium rye bread film aluminium wheat bread film PE wholemeal bread film PE rye bread film aluminium rye bread film aluminium rye bread film aluminium a butter cake film PVC b butter cake tray PET butter biscuits sugar free film PVC treacle waffles film polyacrylate a muesli bar film PA b muesli bar box paperboard cinnamon bread film PE candied cake film PP cake film PE a apple cinnamon cake film polyacrylate b apple cinnamon cake underlayer paperboard a Groninger cake film polyacrylate b Groninger cake underlayer paperboard a honey-caramel cake film PVDC b honey-caramel cake underlayer paperboard a ginger cake film PVDC b ginger cake underlayer paperboard a orange-chocolate cake film PVC b orange-chocolate cake underlayer paperboard a cake film PVDC b cake underlayer paperboard a currant-nut cake film PEG b currant-nut cake underlayer paperboard a raisin cake film PEG b raisin cake underlayer paperboard a gingerbread film PP b gingerbread underlayer paperboard ginger cake film PP ginger cake film PP Groninger cake film PP cake film PP cake film PP a cake film PP b cake underlayer paperboard chocolate éclair bag paper butter cake film PP almond paste cake film PVC cream cake box paper Indian cake film PP herbal cake film PP cake film PP cake with candied peel film PP currant cake film PE Appendix I

15 APPENDIX II: MEAT Table 3: Packaging s used for meat (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of (dm 2) (dm 2) (dm 2/kg) a steak tartar lid PP b steak tartar container PP a minced steak film PE b minced steak underlayer paper c minced steak tray PP a fried minded meat film PET b fried minded meat tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced steaks film PVC b minced steaks tray PS a forcemeat balls film PVC b forcemeat balls tray PS a lean minced beef film PVC b lean minced beef underlayer paper c lean minced beef tray PS a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS sausage film PE sausage film PE grilled sausage with cheese film PE a meat film PA b meat film PE beef sausages film PE a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS c minced steak underlayer paper a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS c minced beef underlayer paper a minced meat film PVC b minced meat tray PS a liver sausage film PVC b liver sausage tray PS a minced beef film PE b minced beef tray PE a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a hamburger film PVC b hamburger tray PS a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS c minced steak underlayer paper a minced meat film PVC b minced meat tray PS a forcemeat balls film PVC b forcemeat balls tray PS a grilled steak film PVC b grilled steak tray PS sausage film PA sausage covering film PVC liver sausage film PE pork film PE a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS c minced beef underlayer paper a lean minced beef film PVC b lean minced beef underlayer paper c lean minced beef tray PS a steak film PVC b steak tray PET a lean minced beef film PVC b lean minced beef tray PS c lean minced beef underlayer paper Appendix II

16 sample nr. foodstuff type of a veal cutlet film PVC b veal cutlet tray PS a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS a chicken cutlet film PVC b chicken cutlet tray PS a herb cheese cutlet film PVC b herb cheese cutlet tray PS a pork cutlet film PVC b pork cutlet tray PVC liver sausage film PA a sausage film PET b sausage film PET a beef sausage film PVC b beef sausage tray PS liver sausage film PA a German sausage film PP b German sausage tray PET a German sausage film PP b German sausage tray PET German sausage film PP a German sausage film PP b German sausage tray PET a snack sausage film PET b snack sausage tray PE a dried sausage film PE b dried sausage tray PE frying sausage film PVC curry sausages film PA a bacon slices film PA b bacon slices film PA a blood sausage lid PA b blood sausage container PA grilled sausage film PVOH a German sausage film PA b German sausage container PET a sausage film PVC b sausage tray PS a minced meat film PVC b minced meat tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS a minced meat film PVC b minced meat tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced meat film PVC b minced meat tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced steak film PE b minced steak tray PE a steak tartar film PVC b steak tartar container PET a veal cutlet film PVC b veal cutlet tray PS a veal cutlet film PVC b veal cutlet tray PS a fried hamburgers film PVC b fried hamburgers tray PS a minced beef film PE b minced beef tray PE a minced meat film PE b minced meat tray PE a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced steak film PVC Appendix II

17 sample nr. foodstuff type of b minced steak film PS sausage container PE sausage container PE a steak tartar lid PP b steak tartar container PP a chicken curry salad container PP b chicken curry salad lid PP c chicken curry salad film PET a steak tartar lid PP b steak tartar container PP a steak tartar lid PP b steak tartar container PP a hamburger film PE b hamburger tray PS a German sausage film PE b German sausage tray PET c German sausage cup PS a beef sausage film PE b beef sausage cup PS c beef sausage tray PE chops box PE a chicken nuggets box paper b chicken nuggets film PE a pork sausages film PVC b pork sausages tray PS a minced steak film PVC b minced steak tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PS a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PET a minced beef film PVC b minced beef tray PET a cutlets film PVC b cutlets tray PET a sausage film PVC b sausage tray PET a beef film PVC b beef tray PET a pork steak box paper b pork steak film PE Appendix II

18 APPENDIX III: FISH Table 4: Packaging s used for fish (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of breaded lemon sole box paperboard fish filets box paperboard fish filets box paperboard cod fish box paperboard fried filet of haddock box paperboard a herring film PE b herring container PS a herring film PET b herring film PE a herring film PA b herring container PP a salmon steak film PA b salmon steak container PP fried filet of haddock film PET fried filet of haddock film PET fried filet of haddock film PET a smoked eel lid PP b smoked eel container PP a shrimps lid PP b shrimps container PP eel film PA a eel film PE b eel container PET salmon pate film PVC a surimi sticks film PET b surimi sticks film PE a pink shrimps film PP b pink shrimps container PET a salmon film PE b salmon tray PS a shrimps container PET b shrimps film PE a jumbo shrimps film PE b jumbo shrimps container PE a fruits de mer film PE b fruits de mer container PE a salmon filet film PE b salmon filet tray PS a eel film PET b eel container PET a herring film PE b herring container PP mackerel film PA a pickled herring lid PE b pickled herring container PP a pickled herring lid PE b pickled herring container PP a jumbo shrimps film PE b jumbo shrimps container PE a shrimps lid PP b shrimps container PE a shrimps lid PP b shrimps film PP c shrimps container PP a salmon lid PET b salmon container PP herring filet film PE a salmon lid PET b salmon spoon PS c salmon container PS a salmon box paperboard b salmon film PE c salmon underlayer paperboard a salmon lid PET b salmon spoon PS c salmon container PS a salmon box paperboard b salmon film PE c salmon underlayer paperboard a salmon lid PET Appendix III

19 sample nr. foodstuff type of b salmon spoon PS c salmon container PS a salmon lid PP b salmon film PP c salmon container PP a salmon lid PP b salmon film PVOH c salmon container PP a salmon lid PET b salmon spoon PS c salmon container PS a smoked eel film PVOH b smoked eel container PP a pink shrimps film PE b pink shrimps container PE a shrimps film PE b shrimps container PET a peeled pink shrimps film PE b peeled pink shrimps container PET a trout filet film PE b trout filet tray PS fish filet box paperboard a shrimps film PE b shrimps box paperboard fish sticks box paperboard Appendix III

20 APPENDIX IV: DAIRY Table 5: Packaging s used for dairy (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of a drink yoghurt cap PP b drink yoghurt bottle PET a drink yoghurt cap PP b drink yoghurt bottle PET a milk dessert film polyacrylate b milk dessert container PS yoghurt drink carton PE custard carton PE a milk shake container PP b milk shake film PP yoghurt carton PE a mousse container PS b mousse film PVC a strawberry yoghurt removable lid PVC b strawberry yoghurt cup PS a chocolate dessert removable lid PVC b chocolate dessert cup PP a yoghurt container PS b yoghurt film polyacrylate a dessert container PS b dessert film polyacrylate a rice pudding removable lid polyacrylate b rice pudding cup PVOH a yoghurt container PP b yoghurt film PVC a cream cheese container PS b cream cheese film PVC a pudding container PP b pudding film polyacrylate a cream cheese container PS b cream cheese lid PS vanilla custard carton PE milk carton PE a milk and fruit bottle PET b milk and fruit cap PP a drink yoghurt bottle PE b drink yoghurt cap PE c drink yoghurt film PE a drink yoghurt strawberry cap PE b drink yoghurt strawberry bottle PE drink yoghurt carton PE cherry yoghurt film PE peach yoghurt film PE peach drink carton PE strawberry drink carton PE a milkshake film PP b milkshake cup PP c milkshake straw PP a margarine lid PE b margarine foil aluminium c margarine can aluminium a margarine lid PE b margarine foil zinc c margarine can zinc a low-fat margarine lid PP b low-fat margarine foil aluminium c low-fat margarine container PP a diet margarine lid PP b diet margarine container PP a ice cream lid PVC b ice cream container PE fruit drink carton PE a yoghurt drink cap PE b yoghurt drink bottle PE yoghurt drink fruit carton PE yoghurt drink fruit carton PE fruit drink carton PE fruit drink carton PA fruit drink carton PE fruit drink carton PE Appendix IV

21 sample nr. foodstuff type of a fruit drink foil PVC b fruit drink cup PS a fruit drink foil PVC b fruit drink cup PS vanilla custard carton PE vanilla custard carton PE fruit drink carton PE fruit drink carton PA lemon custard carton PE chocolate custard carton PE vanilla custard carton PE low-fat milk carton PE chocolate custard carton PE custard carton PE custard carton PE custard carton PE fruit yoghurt carton PE caramel custard carton PE a custard film polyacrylate b custard container PP a custard film polyacrylate b custard container PP a custard film polyacrylate b custard container PP a ice cream lid PP b ice cream container PP a ice cream lid PE b ice cream container PS a ice cream lid PE b ice cream container PS Appendix IV

22 APPENDIX V: FRUIT AND VEGETABLES Table 6: Packaging s used for fruit and vegetables (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of a cooking pears film PET b cooking pears container PET a melon salad lid PET b melon salad film PET c melon salad container PET a Hawaiian salad film PET b Hawaiian salad container PET a kiwi mango salad film PET b kiwi mango salad container PET a kiwi mango salad film PET b kiwi mango salad container PET a fruit salad film PET b fruit salad container PET a fruit salad lid PET b fruit salad film PET c fruit salad container PET dates film PVC a dates film PVC b dates container PVC a fig film PVC b fig container PVC a kiwi/mango film PET b kiwi/mango container PET a kiwi/mango film PET b kiwi/mango container PET a kiwi/mango film PA b kiwi/mango container PET a vegetable burger film PVC b vegetable burger tray PS mixed salad film PP vegetables film PP mixed vegetables film PP a raw vegetables lid PET b raw vegetables film PET c raw vegetables container PET a raw vegetables lid PET b raw vegetables film PET c raw vegetables container PET a salad lid PET b salad film PET c salad container PET raw cabbage salad film PP soup vegetables film PP mixed salad film PP mixed salad film PP a peaches lid epoxy b peaches can epoxy a cucumber salad lid PET b cucumber salad container PP mixed salad film PP red cabbage film PP French beans film PVC oxheart cabbage film PVC raw vegetables film PVC soup vegetables film PVC red cabbage film PVC grated carrots film PVC raw vegetables film PVC mixed vegetables film PVC mixed salad film PVC a fruit salad film PE b fruit salad container PET a cabbage/cucumber salad film PET b cabbage/cucumber salad container PET figs box paperboard mixed vegetables film PVC a bean sprouts film PVC b bean sprouts container PS a fruit salad lid PET b fruit salad container PET Appendix V

23 sample nr. foodstuff type of a fruit salad film PET b fruit salad container PET mixed vegetables film PP garden cress box paperboard iceberg lettuce film PP soup vegetables film PP mixed salad film PP green cabbage film PVC soup vegetables film PVC cut oxheart cabbage film PE stir-fry vegetables film PVC mixed salad film PVC a raw vegetables lid PP b raw vegetables container PP a raw vegetables lid PP b raw vegetables container PP a fruit salad film PET b fruit salad container PET a fruit salad film PET b fruit salad container PET a fruit salad lid PET b fruit salad film PET c fruit salad container PET a melon salad lid PET b melon salad container PET a fruit salad film PET b fruit salad container PET dates film PP Appendix V

24 APPENDIX VI: SALADS Table 7: Packaging s used for salads (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of a shrimp salad container PET b shrimp salad lid PET c shrimp salad film PP a tuna salad container PP b tuna salad lid PE c tuna salad film PET a shrimp salad container PP b shrimp salad lid PP c shrimp salad film PP a tuna salad lid PP b tuna salad container PP c tuna salad film PVOH a fish salad lid PP b fish salad container PVOH a salmon salad lid PP b salmon salad container PVOH a lobster salad lid PP b lobster salad container PVOH a beef salad film PP b beef salad container PP a beef salad lid PP b beef salad container PP a beef salad film PS b beef salad container PS a tuna salad container PVOH b tuna salad film PVOH c tuna salad lid polyacrylate a salmon salad container PP b salmon salad film PP c salmon salad lid PP a crab salad container polyacrylate b crab salad film PVOH c crab salad lid PP a shrimp salad container PVOH b shrimp salad film PVOH c shrimp salad lid PP a salmon salad container PP b salmon salad film PET c salmon salad lid PP a shrimp salad container PP b shrimp salad film PET c shrimp salad lid PP a salad container PP b salad lid PP a lobster salad container PP b lobster salad lid PP a shrimp salad lid PP b shrimp salad film polyacrylate c shrimp salad container PET a salmon salad lid PET b salmon salad spoon PS c salmon salad container PP a salmon salad lid PP b salmon salad container PP a lobster salad lid PP b lobster salad container PP a salmon salad film PET b salmon salad container PP c salmon salad lid PP a crab salad lid PP b crab salad film PP c crab salad container PP a salmon salad spoon PS b salmon salad container PP a crab salad lid PP b crab salad film PP c crab salad container PP a tuna salad lid PP b tuna salad film PP c tuna salad container PP Appendix VI

25 sample nr. foodstuff type of (dm 2) (dm 2) (dm 2/kg) a salmon salad lid PP b salmon salad film PP c salmon salad container PP a ham cheese salad lid PP b ham cheese salad film PE c ham cheese salad container PP a Russian salad lid PET b Russian salad spoon PS c Russian salad container PP a red salmon salad container PP b red salmon salad film PP c red salmon salad lid PP a Russian salad lid PP b Russian salad spoon PS c Russian salad container PP a chicken curry salad lid PP b chicken curry salad spoon PS c chicken curry salad container PP Appendix VI

26 APPENDIX VII: VARIOUS FOODSTUFFS Table 8: Packaging s used for candy (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of liquorice sachet PP cough drop sachet PP a ice bonbons sachet PP b ice bonbons underlayer paper cough drop sachet cellophane sweethearts sachet PP sweethearts box paper a candy lid PET b candy container PET marshmallows film PP marshmallows film PE marshmallows film PP marshmallows film PE marshmallows film PVC marshmallows film PVC marshmallows film PA marshmallows film PP marshmallows film PP marshmallows film PVC marshmallows film PVC a liquorice lid PP b liquorice tube PVC c liquorice film PP a liquorice film PP b liquorice film PP a liquorice film PE b liquorice box paperboard a Iiquorice card paperboard b Iiquorice lid PVC c Iiquorice container PVC a 'banana' sweets lid PVC b 'banana' sweets container PVC a 'toothbrush' sweets lid PVC b 'toothbrush' sweets container PVC wine gums film PA green menthol sweets film PP strawberry sweets film PP 'dolphin' sweets film PE 'pink pig' sweets film PP a coconut slices film PP b coconut slices tray PP 'domino' sweets film PP candy film PP liquorice film PP mixed candy film PP liquorice film PE a liquorice lid PE b liquorice film PET c liquorice container PET liquorice film PP liquorice film PP liquorice film PP liquorice film PP candy film PP liquorice film PP candy film PP marshmallows film PP marshmallows film PP a liquorice film PS b liquorice box paperboard liquorice film PP marshmallows film PP a marzipan film polyacrylate b marzipan film PVOH liquorice film PP a chocolate bonbons film PP b chocolate bonbons lid paperboard c chocolate bonbons cover sheet paper d chocolate bonbons tray PET e chocolate bonbons box paperboard Appendix VII

27 Table 9: Packaging s used for herbs (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of white pepper container PVC cinnamon container PVC curry container PP a paprika lid PP b paprika container PVC rosemary film PVC white pepper film PVC chive film PVC chervil film PVC oregano film PVC cayenne pepper film PVC paprika film PVC parsley film PVC parsley film PP marjoram film PVC Table 10: Packaging s used for (microwave) meals (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of a sauerkraut stew film PP b sauerkraut stew container PP a chicken sate container PP b chicken sate film PP a macaroni container PE b macaroni film PE a chow mein container PP b chow mein film PP a fried rice film PP b fried rice container PP a babi pangang (pork) film PVC b babi pangang (pork) tray PP a fried rice and sate film PET b fried rice and sate container PP meat roll film PP a Greek moussaka film polyacrylate b Greek moussaka container PET a foe yong hai (fried eggs) film PP b foe yong hai (fried eggs) container PP a babi pangang (pork) film PP b babi pangang (pork) container PP Table 11: Packaging s used for nuts (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of pistachio nuts film PP pistachio nuts film PP cashew nuts film PET dates container PET hazelnuts film PVC assorted nuts & raisins film PEG assorted nuts & raisins film PVC walnut film PEG cashew nuts film PVC Brazil nuts film PEG walnuts film PP Appendix VII

28 Table 12: Packaging s used for sauce (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of curry sauce sachet PE pepper sauce sachet PE green peppersauce sachet PE sauce sachet PE curry sauce sachet PE cream sauce sachet PE cheese sauce sachet PE a sauce container PP b sauce film PP c sauce lid PP mushroom sauce sachet PE sauce chasseur sachet PE a sauce container PP b sauce film PP c sauce lid PP a fish sauce container PP b fish sauce lid PP curry sauce sachet PE mushroom sauce sachet PE a sauce container PP b sauce lid PP pepper sauce sachet PE cheese sauce sachet PE curry sauce sachet PE cream sauce sachet PE curry sauce sachet PE sauce sachet PE a kebab sauce lid PS b kebab sauce container PS a cocktail sauce container PP b cocktail sauce lid PP c cocktail sauce film PP a creamy garlic sauce container PP b creamy garlic sauce lid PP c creamy garlic sauce film PP a red sauce lid PP b red sauce container PP a sate sauce lid polyacrylate b sate sauce container PP c sate sauce film PP a red sauce lid polyacrylate b red sauce can epoxy a barbecue sauce lid PET b barbecue sauce container PP Table 13: Packaging s for soft drinks (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of orange juice carton PE orange juice carton PE orange juice carton PE diet coke lemon can epoxy diet coke can epoxy a lemon syrup raspberry cap PE b lemon syrup raspberry bottle PET Appendix VII

29 Table 14: Packaging s used for soup (food contact side) sample nr. foodstuff type of chicken soup sachet PE soup sachet PE spring soup sachet PE a tomato cream soup lid epoxy b tomato cream soup can epoxy a goulash soup lid epoxy b goulash soup can epoxy a Italian minestrone soup lid epoxy b Italian minestrone soup can epoxy a chicken soup lid epoxy b chicken soup can epoxy a goulash soup lid epoxy b goulash soup can epoxy a tomato soup lid epoxy b tomato soup can epoxy a onion soup lid epoxy b onion soup can epoxy a mushroom soup lid epoxy b mushroom soup can epoxy a goulash soup lid epoxy b goulash soup can epoxy a asparagus soup lid epoxy b asparagus soup can epoxy soup sachet PE a tomato soup lid epoxy b tomato soup can epoxy a goulash soup lid epoxy b goulash soup can epoxy a goulash soup lid epoxy b goulash soup can epoxy a tomato soup lid epoxy b tomato soup can epoxy a chicken soup lid epoxy b chicken soup can epoxy soup sachet PE mushroom soup film PE a mustard soup lid epoxy b mustard soup can epoxy lobster soup film PE Appendix VII