Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms

Transcription

1 Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms Survey of Angiosperms using APG system Amborella trichopoda Magnoliophyta - Angiosperms Survey of Angiosperms using APG system What is the APG classification? Basal angiosperms ANITA ( basal( families ) magnoliid complex monocots Eudicots or tricolpates (3 pored pollen) caryophyllids rosids asterids We will begin our survey of angiosperms by examining the basal angiosperms - those groups that are now shown to be the oldest diverging paraphyletic! These include all those shown here except the eudicots which are the bulk of dicots We will look at the monocots - a basal angiosperm group - at the end of the class What are basal angiosperms? Charles Bessey s s order Ranales are most of the dicot basal angiosperms and monocots Magnolia = primitive polypetaly hypogyny actinomorphic

2 What are basal angiosperms? Cronquist s s subclass Magnoliidae... and monocots What are basal angiosperms? Exhibit a suite of primitive character states 1. Many parts at each whorl Cronquist What are basal angiosperms? Exhibit a suite of primitive character states 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed carpels What are basal angiosperms? Exhibit a suite of primitive character states 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 3. Follicle fruits Drimys Winteraceae Leaf-like follicles

3 What are basal angiosperms? Exhibit a suite of primitive character states 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 3. Follicle fruits 4. Laminar stamens What are basal angiosperms? Exhibit a suite of primitive character states 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 3. Follicle fruits 4. Laminar stamens 5. Tracheids, no vessel elements Laminar stamens in yellow waterlily What are basal angiosperms? Exhibit a suite of primitive character states 1. Many parts at each whorl 2. Separate, unsealed carpels 3. Follicle fruits 4. Laminar stamens 5. Tracheids, no vessel elements 6. Pollen grains single pored, apertured, furrowed; not triaperturate, tricolpate Lilium (monocot) uniaperturate The ANITA group forms a basal grade (paraphyletic) Name derived from initials of members

4 *Amborellaceae (order Amborellales) Amborella trichopoda only 1 species from New Caledonia *Amborellaceae (order Amborellales) dioecious (unisexual) evergreen shrub with no vessels P 5-8 A G 5-6 perianth spiralled apocarpic,, not sealed fruits 1 seeded, drupe-like Illiciaceae + Schisandraceae (now combined into latter family) aromatic shrubs/vines, used in anise liquers Asian tropics and subtropics & disjunct in Eastern North America Illiciaceae + Schisandraceae P A G not sealed carpels, 1 seeded follicles Japanese anise Illicium Schisandraceae

5 Trimeniaceae: Trimenia with 5 spp. (Australasian trees, shrubs, vines) P A G 1 filamentous stamens; berry with one ovule Austrobaileyaceae: 1 species of tropical Australian evergreen lianaa P A G laminar stamens; fly pollinated Biogeographical distributions of the A ITA members of ANITA support old notion that tropical Australasia was center of origin of extant angiosperms *Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge water lilies and relatives worldwide distribution except arid regions Distribution of Nymphaeaceae - water lilies little biogeographic structure

6 *Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge *Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge floating or submersed leaves air cavities in tissue 8 genera with specialized ecological aquatic niche mucilaginous coverings lack of vessels Nuphar variegatum - Nymphoides peltata - yellow waterlily water gentian = basal angiosperm = asterid dicot Obvious ecological convergence in floating aquatics is the rule! Check out live aquatic plant display in Birge lobby. *Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge *Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge CA 4- CO A G ( ) showy flowers with strong scent attracting animals many parts at each whorl laminar stamens Nuphar Nelumbo = ANITA = eudicot Order Nymphaeales once included all these 3 genera all are unrelated! Ceratophyllum = basal angiosperm Nymphaea odorata - water lily

7 *Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge CA 4- CO A G ( ) showy flowers with strong scent attracting animals many parts at each whorl laminar stamens superior, syncarpic pistil *Nymphaeaceae: 2nd lineage after Amborella to diverge Nuphar variegata - yellow pond lily petaloid sepals, petals reduced Amazonian Victoria with peltate leaves Cabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in Nymphaeaceae Brasenia shreberi - water shield small clonal floating aquatic peltate leaves wind pollinated

8 Cabombaceae - 2 genera often placed in Nymphaeaceae Molecular phylogeny - secondary increase in floral structures Cabomba - fanwort submersed and floating leaved dimorphic leaves insect pollinated Don Les & al Hydatellaceae - the enigmatic aquatic finds a home! 2 Australasian genera of reduced aquatics DNA = monocot near grasses new DNA & morphology = sister to water lilies Remainder of basal angiosperms (except monocots & hornwort) = Magnoliids (monophyletic) Hydatella Trithuria

9 Remainder of basal angiosperms (except monocots & hornwort) tropical trees or paleoherbs (cordate leaves) aromatic - ethereal oils ( ranalian( ranalian smell) beetle or fly pollination common *Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales) tropical or warm temperate trees or shrubs with large, pinnate netted, stipulate leaves flowers large and solitary Magnolia grandiflora *Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales) perianth = tepals spirally arranged androecium of laminar stamens gynoecium of many separate pistils or carpels P A G *Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales) P A G fruits of one flower = cone or aggregate of follicles dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf) a p g g a p g a p Magnolia grandiflora

10 *Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales) fruits of one flower = cone of follicles P A G dehiscent along one suture, derived from one carpel (leaf) *Magnoliaceae (Magnoliales) Liriodendron - tulip tree, yellow poplar - samara fruits *Annonaceae (Magnoliales) - custard apples large, woody pantropical family perianth in 3 sets of three tepals P A G *Annonaceae (Magnoliales) - custard apples large, woody pantropical family perianth in 3 sets of three tepals fruits aromatic, aggregates of one carpeled berries Annona P A G anon, cherimoya, custard-apple

11 *Annonaceae (Magnoliales) - custard apples Asimina triloba: : paw-paw native to eastern North America flowers fly pollinated; fruits banana-like P A G Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) - nutmeg Myristica fragrans - nutmeg, mace mace from aril nutmeg from seed Ohio paw-paw fair Lauraceae (Laurales) - cinnamon, laurel aromatic trees or shrubs 3 merous flowers cinnamon P 3+3 A 3- G 1 Lauraceae (Laurales) - cinnamon, laurel stamens with basal nectar appendages and valved anthers P 3+3 A 3- G 1 avocado valved anthers

12 Lauraceae (Laurales) - cinnamon, laurel stamens with basal nectar appendages and valved anthers fruit 1 seeded berry or drupe P 3+3 A 3- G 1 Lauraceae (Laurales) - cinnamon, laurel Laurus nobilis - laurel Mediterranean Europe Lindera benzoin - spicebush Eastern North America avocado Piperaceae (Piperales) - pepper, pepperomia herbs, vines, shrubs, epiphytes, cordate leaves, bi- or unisexual Piper P 0 A 3+3 G 1 Peperomia Piperaceae (Piperales) - pepper, pepperomia Piper nigrum - cultivated pepper

13 *Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger climbing or rhizomatous herbs, cordate leaves aromatic, medicinal compounds [ well[ born family] Aristolochia clematis *Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger calyx corolloid petals absent fly pollination inferior, syncarpic CA (3) CO 0 A 6- G (4-6) A. hirta *Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger Asarum canadensis - wild ginger creeping rhizome, paired leaves, flowers basal rhizome makes candied ginger North American Indians used for contraceptive *Aristolochiaceae (Piperales) - birthwort, wild ginger CA (3) CO 0 A 6- G (4-6) 3 petals reduced to scales seeds with arils, dispersed by ants

14 Saururaceae (Piperales) - lizard s-tail P 0 A 3-8 G (3-5) perennial herbs of north temperate with cordate leaves Saururus reduced flowers on showy inflorescence Houttynia Ceratophyllaceae (Ceratophyllales) - hornwort aquatic basal angiosperm near eudicots? dichotomously branched, unisexual P (8-12) A 5- G 1 Ceratophyllum demersum - hornwort, coon s-tail showy bract of inflorescence