Corporation of Cochin. Draft City Sanitation Plan

Transcription

1 Draft City Sanitation Plan Executive Summary August 2011

2 Background 1 The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Kochi 2 provides an integrated action plan to achieve universal sanitation access as envisioned in Government of India s National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). This CSP has been prepared for the (CoC) by ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) on behalf of Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). The CSP 3 identifies key issues and actions along five sanitation components namely, a) Water Supply, b) Access to Toilets c) Wastewater management, d) Storm water drains and e) Solid Waste Management (SWM). Apart from Technical Actions along these sanitation components, the CSP also identifies issues and actions across four other support pillars i.e., a) Governance and Institutional Framework, b) Capacity Development, c) Awareness Generation and d) Financial sustainability. The CSP follows constitution of a City Task Force (CTF), consultations with CoC officials and CTF, analysis of baseline information including a primary survey, spatial mapping and city reconnaissance. The CSP builds on past/on-going initiatives including City Development Plan and Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for Sewerage and SWM. Context Cochin or Kochi is considered the commercial capital of Kerala. Situated along the Malabar Coast in the Ernakulam district, Kochi is well connected to other parts of the country by road, rail and air. Given Kerala s status as one of the top tourist destinations in the country, Kochi is often called the Gateway to Kerala and is among the most visited cities in India. The CSP focuses on the area under the (CoC) spanning sq.km with a population of as per Census The area under the Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) encompasses Kochi, six municipalities and 25 panchayats and covers an area of 632 sq. km with a population of 1,138,413 as per Census % 100% 100% 100% 95% 83% Protected Toilet coverage Water Supply Coverage Norm 5% Sewerage coverage Status 22% Water user charges Collection efficiency Sanitation service levels in Kochi have not kept pace with the growth of the city and fall below SLB norms specified by the Ministry of Urban Development Government of India (MoUD). In summary, while Toilet coverage is reasonably good, open defecation is still prevalent in low-income pockets. Though there is good coverage of piped water supply, there is wide variation in quantity, frequency and pressure of supply. Sewerage coverage is negligible and waste-water management is a major challenge. Storm Drains are visibly clogged and rendered ineffective due to waste dumping and waste-water flows. User charges and earmarked revenues from sanitation do not cover O&M costs and collection efficiency of user charges even in water supply is poor. It is therefore not surprising that a rating exercise of cities carried out by MoUD in ranked Kochi at 81 among 423 cities with a score of in 100, highlighting the need to address sanitation challenges in an integrated comprehensive manner. Under this context, the initiative to formulate a CSP for CoC is timely. The CSP considers two time horizons: a) Planning Horizon (30 years covering 30 years from 2012 to 2041 and b) Action Horizon (10 years covering 10 years from 2012 to 2021, with actions prioritized along i) Short Term: 3 years ii) Medium Term: 5 years and iii) Long Term: 10 years. 1 This document presents an executive summary of the Report on City Sanitation Plan (CSP) for Kochi. Readers are requested to refer the complete report for further details of observations and recommendations made herein. 2 The focus of the study is area under the jurisdiction of the (CoC). 3 Refer section 1.2 and 1.3 for Scope of Work and Approach respectively City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 1

3 The rationale and recommendations on critical issues 4 as identified in the CSP are summarized below: Priority Issues and Actions 5 1. Despite a reasonably good coverage and access to individual toilets, there is prevalence of open defecation 6 in a number of low-income pockets. The primary survey conducted as part of the CSP exercise confirms a good level of individual toilet coverage with 95.5% of respondents reporting individual toilet access (which is nearly the same as that reported during Census 2001). However, nearly 2% of the respondents reported resorting to Open Defecation (OD) which is a cause for concern. Areas with OD prevalence include pockets of Wellington Island (Railway line), Mattenchery (along the canals), Mundamveli, Fort Kochi (Fishermen colony) and Gandhinagar areas of CoC. As reported in the City Development Plan of Kochi, nearly 19% of the urban poor do not have individual toilets. Even in slums where infrastructure upgradation has been done, toilet infrastructure is inadequate. Influx of migrant labors in areas such as Wellington Island and Mattanchery is also creating a need for higher provisioning of Public Toilets. In areas like Fort Kochi, non-availability of water at house level is also cited a key reason for open defecation As an immediate measure, CoC should implement an Inspection and Monitoring protocol 8 to ensure timely maintenance and consistent service delivery in existing toilets. Sanitation Inspectors should be designated responsibility to inspect/report performance of Public and Community Toilets 9 at a specified frequency say, weekly, to start with. 2. Adequate enforcement mechanisms should be put in place to ensure that the migrant labour camps and construction sites are provided with toilets and other sanitation facilities. The builder/ contractor should be made accountable for the sanitation arrangements for the engaged workforce. Measures such as mobile toilets could be explored. 3. Building on the findings of the CSP, CoC should develop and implement a City-wide Toilet Development and Rehabilitation Plan 10 to eliminate open defecation and open urination within three years. This Plan should be developed at a DPR level of detail to identify specific locations, configuration and sizing for provision of Public Toilets and Community Toilets after a detailed city-wide demand assessment. This Planning effort should be followed with time-bound Implementation with possible prioritisation as suggested below: 4 The issues are organized in line with the priority areas outlined in the NUSP and the content in the detailed CSP report to facilitate ease of reference to the main report. 5 Only the priority issues and actions are covered in the executive summary. For a detailed analysis, refer chapters 3 to 7 of the CSP for issues and recommendations on sanitation components and chapters 8-11 for coverage of cross-cutting aspects. 6 Issues relating to Access to Toilets and details of Baseline status are discussed in section 3.1 of the CSP 7 Refer section 3.5 of the CSP for detailing of these and other recommendations on Toilet Access provision 8 A format with indicators to be monitored is provided in the CSP (section 3.5 Table 3.5) 9 The CSP distinguishes shared toilets into two types: Public Toilets that are required to meet the needs of floating population in the city and Community Toilets that are required to tackle open defecation and lack of individual toilet access in slum areas. 10 Detailed Terms of Reference for both the Community Toilet component and Public Toilet Component are provided in section 3.5 point 1 City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 2

4 a. Provision of Community Toilets in slums/wards with high OD prevalence b. Provision of Public Toilets in commercial areas with high floating population. c. Provision of Public Toilets in other areas progressively to achieve a target standard (say access within every 500 m of reach in arterial roads and in commercial areas across the city). 4. CoC should earmark a dedicated budget for toilet development and maintenance expenditure. To minimise financial burden, CoC should consider adopt appropriate outsourcing models 11 and encourage adoption of public and community toilets through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). CoC should actively mobilise revenues through pay-per-use and advertising to achieve full cost recovery for Public Toilets. Development of Community toilets may require subsidization even though community-led maintenance with monthly fees from user households can help CoC address O&M cost recovery. 5. CoC should initiate awareness campaigns to facilitate awareness, usage and ownership of shared community toilet facilities among slums. CoC should also build on the School Sanitation Initiative recently launched by MoUD to improve awareness on sanitation issues. 6. CoC should in consultation with the Government of Kerala (GoK) implement and enforce byelaws to levy fines for open defecation/urination and should incorporate toilet specifications in Building regulations. Based on a normative assessment, an estimated 87 community toilet blocks and 217 public toilet blocks are needed in the medium term involving a capital investment of Rs. 30 crore Water supply 13 is beset by information inadequacies, poor service delivery and poor cost recovery. Even though a recent report 14 cites Kochi s water supply coverage to be about 83%, parts of West Kochi, such as the Mattancherry area suffers from very low and unreliable supply in some cases as low as LPCD as against the norm of 135 LPCD. Households there therefore resort to expensive private tankers. Water supply is intermittent and ranges from half an hour to eight hours per day. Even though KWA has adopted 100% metering of house connections, discussions with KWA officials and earlier assessments reveal that nearly 40 % of water meters are faulty. As a result of inadequate processes for meter reading and maintenance, volumetric tariffs are not rigorously implemented. While reported collection efficiency is poor at 22%, O&M costs are not reported at CoC level therefore constraining analysis of cost recovery of water supply services within CoC. While Detailed Project Reports for individual areas such as West Kochi and parts of Ernakulam are under preparation/implementation, a comprehensive City wide Master planning approach to improve service levels to conform with Service Level Benchmarks set by MoUD is missing. 1. In view of the inadequate information on water supply, waste-water flows and other sanitation indicators at a household level, CoC should conduct a comprehensive household sanitation survey 15 on priority. 2. CoC /KWA should undertake installation and maintenance of Bulk Meters and record water flows at Intake points, Treatment Plants, Storage and Pumping points. 3. Given that KWA has already adopted universal metering, it should undertake immediate steps to put in place processes for regular meter reading and periodic repair/maintenance of meters to effectively implement volumetric tariffs with a view to improve cost recovery. 11 Box 3.1 in chapter 3 of the CSP discusses lessons and insights from various models in shared toilet provision 12 Based on a normative estimate computed given that 20% of slum households are in need of Community Toilets (@ one Toilet seat for 15 Slum Households) and one Public Toilet for every 100 households. Refer Table 3.3. of the CSP. 13 Refer chapter 4 of the CSP for a detailed analysis of issues and recommendations on Water supply component 14 Cost Recovery in Water Service. Select experience from Indian cities. Water and Sanitation Program World Bank A list of sanitation parameters on which information is to be captured is provided in section 4.5 Table City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 3

5 4. KWA should develop a Water Supply Master Plan for Kochi urban agglomeration, followed by DPRs to implement a phased investment program to achieve SLB norms within CoC in the medium-long term. 5. KWA should track and report costs for service provisioning in CoC area and implement a Water Tariff Policy to clarify cost recovery objectives and set mechanisms for tariff fixation /revision to achieve 100% O&M cost recovery. Investment requirements on the basis of normative estimates for improving water supply service delivery works to Rs. 158 crore While Kochi has a negligible sewerage coverage 17, initiatives to expand sewerage network face a number of challenges including narrow street widths and a high ground water table. Sewerage coverage is limited to parts of Central Business District of Kochi (managed by KWA) and along the Marine Drive (managed by GCDA). Overall, less than 5% of the city is sewered. Reported incoming waste-water (after grit chamber) quality data at STP indicate abnormally low BOD levels of incoming waste-water possibly due to seepage /dilution with ground water. New initiatives aimed at expanding network and treatment facilities have been proposed by KSUDP and KWA including network expansion in the Fort Kochi areas of West Kochi and construction of a new 23 MLD STP using FAB technology at Mundamveli CoC land. However, even with implementation of these projects less than 25% of Kochi will be sewered. Analysis of these initiatives by technical experts from Hamburg Wasser and University of Applied Sciences, Ostwestfalen-Lippe 18, Germany observes that the gravity sewer system proposed for Fort Kochi area while technically feasible requires higher degree of sophistication in construction owing to high groundwater tables, sub-surface geology and the unique topography. Further, given the additional requirements that these challenges pose with respect to excavation, shoring and dewatering, mitigating groundwater seepage and ongoing delays, project costs may need to be reviewed. 1. To streamline and implement DPRs for conventional sewerage system proposed in parts of West Kochi and Ernakulam, an Expert Committee should be constituted to undertake the following tasks: a. Conduct a comprehensive review of DPRs for conventional sewerage system proposed in Fort Kochi and parts of eastern Ernakulam to address the challenges described under the rationale above. The report of independent review carried out by experts from Hamburg Wasser and University of Applied Sciences, Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Germany outlines the areas and nature of review required. b. Once necessary safeguards and improvements to the DPRs are undertaken, undertake an awareness and stakeholder engagement initiative to allay concerns of local stakeholders such as Residents Welfare Associations that have been protesting against implementation. This is critical to ensure smooth implementation of these projects. 16 Normative estimate based on norm arrived at for Class IC cities in report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services prepared by High Powered Expert Committee set up by MoUD released in March Issues and relating to Wastewater management are covered in chapter 5 of the report which analyses baseline issues pertaining to issues 3 and 4 of the Executive Summary 18 Details of findings and observations of this study is presented in section of the CSP City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 4

6 c. Review the additional oversight and monitoring requirements in the context of technical challenges and additional expertise required to handle these highlighted challenges in executing the projects. 2. Given that only 5% of the city is covered with sewerage network, CoC and KWA should initiate revision and updation of the Sewerage Master Plan 19 for implementing a waste-water management solution for Kochi which considers conventional as well as other decentralised options depending on waste-water generation, land-availability for onsite infrastructure and costs of conventional sewerage network vis-à-vis a hybrid option (recommended under point 3 below): 3. CoC along with KWA should conduct a feasibility study to evaluate implementation implementing of a hybrid waste-water management infrastructure in the city, one that attempts to address and manage black and grey water separately. The salient features of this concept plan 20 are presented below. a. In the immediate term, create facilities for receiving and treating septage. b. In the medium term, upgrade soak pits and septic tanks to onsite waste-water systems that conform to minimum standards and are water sealed and leak proof to avoid groundwater contamination. Use them as interceptor tanks along with shallow bore systems connected to transport black water from septic tanks to Local Service Centres / Treatment facilities. c. Progressively. develop separate networks to handle grey water which can be routed along storm drain networks to LCS or to large Urban Service Centres for Treatment and disposal. The various LCS could be in turn connected through sewer networks to larger Treatment Plants or Urban Service Centres where secondary and tertiary treatment options can be implemented. Investment requirements on the basis of normative estimates for improving waste water management works to Rs. 300 crore Regulation and oversight of onsite sanitation and septage management is inadequate and in the context of low sewerage coverage makes pollution due to waste-water flows and ground water pollution a serious concern. Since sewerage coverage is limited, waste-water management is predominantly through septic tanks and localized initiatives. Private providers provide septage clearance services and the sector is completely unregulated; septage is routine dumped illegally in either water bodies or vacant plots of land, with negative environmental consequences with respect to groundwater contamination and pollution in water bodies and canals. Recently, newer apartment complexes and larger establishments such as hotels have established decentralized treatment facilities, which are issued permits by the KSPCB 22. While the KSPCB has records of such more recently established systems, there are no records or information base on septic tanks or pit toilet systems in use in most of Kochi, or the condition thereof and means of disposal of wastewater and septage. 19 Possible Terms of Reference for preparation of a Sewerage Master Plan is provided in section 5.5 of the CSP 20 This concept plan is explained in detail in section Use of shallow bore approach in Kochi a conceptual outline 21 Normative estimate based on norm arrived at for Class IC cities in report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services prepared by High Powered Expert Committee set up by MoUD released in March KSPCB guidelines are discussed in section and in Annexure 11 of the CSP City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 5

7 1. CoC and KWA should conduct a feasibility study and implement facilities to receive and treat septage. 2. CoC has to empanel service providers, provide capacity building and ensure compliance to safety, health and environment practices in septage management and onsite sanitation. This will help CoC to effectively enforce compliance to onsite sanitation practices and effective waste-water management. 3. CoC should develop, clarify, deploy, and enforce byelaws for monitoring and regulation of septage management and on-site sanitation. A set of well-defined bye-laws and guidelines, accompanied by rules for on-site sanitation and septage management should be adopted and enforced by CoC in consultation with and assistance from GoK. 5. Dumping of solid waste and waste-water flows render storm drains ineffective and are making them vulnerable pollution hotspots. Waste dumping and sullage flows in the canal and drain networks, apart from rendering them ineffective, are making them vulnerable pollution hotspots. Almost all tidal canals are in poor condition, due to dumping of wastes, lack of facilities for cleaning, inaccessibility of cleaning equipment. Inadequate provision of area level drains in several pockets of the city coupled with poor canal and primary drain efficiency leads to water logging and other health/sanitation problems. Relative to total road length of 1665 km, the drainage network coverage is estimated at 41 %. Area drains are absent in many of the areas especially in areas with urban proliferation. Lack of a city wide drainage and canal master plan, lack of integration and inadequate focus on design requirements further limit the functioning of the cities drain network. The drainage network is being implemented in a piece-meal manner without a comprehensive city wide plan. Area drains and drains from premises do not have silt pits to intercept silt and solids and discharge directly into roadside area drains these drains are silted to very high degree and clogged due to solid waste especially plastics. The division of responsibility among CoC, PWD and Irrigation department leads to diffused accountability. 1. To facilitate an integrated approach to dealing with storm water flows, CoC in consultation with the GoK should prepare a comprehensive city wide Drainage Master Plan that covers a) Review of the status and efficacy of primary and secondary drainage in Kochi urban agglomeration to identify interventions to rehabilitate / develop them given city topography and water flows, b) Run-off management strategy at a regional / zonal level including identification of low-lying areas where gravity based flow is limited and pumping maybe required to address water logging and c) Network Zoning and phasing for implementation of a comprehensive area level drains across the city to achieve SLB norms for storm drains within CoC 2. Based on priorities identified in the drainage master plan, CoC in consultation with GoK should coordinate preparation of DPRs to implement a phased investment program to rehabilitate the drain network. 3. Given that the drain network is being executed and maintained by multiple agencies including Concerned local bodies including CoC, Irrigation Department and Public Works Department, GoK should clarify responsibility for development and O&M of these networks (including earmarking adequate budgets for the same) among the various agencies. City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 6

8 6. Even though Kochi has seen significant improvement in door-to-door collection efforts, it continues to faces challenges with respect to littering (on roadsides and drains) and in waste recovery /safe disposal KSUDP data on solid waste generation in Kochi indicate an average waste generation of 707 grams per capita per day. Though reported Service levels compares favorably vis-à-vis norms (Collection Efficiency ~ 96%, Source Segregation ~ 86% and Waste recovery ~ 80%), field reconnaissance indicate scope for improvement and the need for renewed thrust on SWM practices initiated by CoC. While there is littering on roadsides (particularly in by-lanes and narrower street not fully covered by street sweeping) and in drains, coverage of source segregation efforts need to be widened and sustained. Lack of mechanisms to track user charge collection at CoC constrains analysis of cost recovery levels and attaining O&M cost recovery objectives. User charges collected under the Kutumbashree initiative for door-to-door collection are retained with the service providers. Since CoC incurs costs of downstream transportation/ processing user charges do not meet the full cost of service provision of CoC as is being targeted. 1. CoC should strengthen on-going efforts on door-to-door collection and source segregation to effectively eliminate road side littering and dumping of waste in drains. 2. CoC should initiate a feasibility study to evaluate measures for mitigating pollution and environmental concerns at existing facility and/or evaluate alternate sites /options for waste processing in view of recent concerns over the waste processing/ landfill facility at Brahmapuram. This should be followed up with preparation and implementation of a DPR on proposals identified in the feasibility study. 3. CoC should initiate actions to clarify and achieve cost recovery objectives in light of CoC s reform and cost recovery commitments under JNNURM. 4. In the medium term, CoC should set up a dedicated SWM department to facilitate single-point accountability carved out of the current health and engineering departments. 5. CoC should encourage and support local initiatives such as the CREDAI Clean city initiative and engage local stakeholders and community participation in monitoring and oversight of SWM activities on the lines of the three level monitoring and evaluation framework described in chapter An SWM project involving a total approved cost of Rs crore is under implementation under JNNURM. Additionally a DPR involving an estimated cost of Rs crore for procuring equipment and launching awareness campaigns is also under implementation. 7. Overlaps in responsibility within CoC and across GoK agencies lead to diffused accountability. Though urbanization has spread beyond CoC limits into neighboring areas, long-term planning is constrained by the presence of multiple agencies and ULBs. Since the organizations such as KWA and GCDA continue to be responsible for implementation of large capital projects, city level master planning, etc., CoC and other ULBs play a limited role in planning for and implementation of key functions such as water supply and sanitation systems. Even within CoC, responsibility for sanitation is diffused across multiple departments,while SWM is being handled by the Health Department, procurement of vehicles is handled by Engineering section. Officials are also constrained by inadequate exposure to modern practices in water supply, sanitation and solid waste management as a result of which critical practices such as continuous water supplyetc have not been adopted. Effective implementation of Institutional actions within CoC areas requires support and guidance from GoK. Therefore recommendations on this issue are being made at two levels, actions to be taken by GoK and actions to be taken by CoC. City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 7

9 Actions by GoK 1. GoK should formulate and disseminate a state-level Sanitation Strategy. In line with the recommendations of the NUSP, the Government of Kerala to formulate a State Sanitation Strategy in line with guidelines issued under the NUSP. The recommendations of this CSP (and other CSPs under preparation in the state) may be factored during the formulation of the CSP to ensure synchrony. 2. While the MoU for inter-agency coordination is a welcome step and is expected to increase coordination, there is need to back this initiative with greater implementation focus and formalisation of interactions across agencies. In this regard, CoC should also create a Coordination committee 23 to jointly coordinate infrastructure planning and service delivery and to clarify responsibility for various aspects of water and sanitation. This committee could be created under the chairmanship of Commissioner CoC and comprise KWA and other officials. The scope and activities of this Coordination committee are detailed in the CSP. 3. GoK should actively support ULBs in implementing local level policy framework through model bye-laws and guidelines. Illustrative areas for formulation of such model guidelines are listed below: Sl. No. Nature of Action Subject 1 Bye-laws Ground water management and Rainwater Harvesting 2 Bye-laws User charges Regulation, Fixation and Revision 3 Bye-laws Connection and Disconnection policy for water and sewerage connections 4 Bye-laws Citizen Obligations, Penalties for littering and waste dumping. 5 Bye-laws Onsite sanitation, decentralised treatment and septage management 6 Guidance Manual Public Toilets configuration, sizing and operation 7 Building Regulation Toilet Sizing and specifications as part of Building Code 4. In the context of rapid urbanisation, likely expansion of city limits and evolution of urban management in terms of modern management practices, GoK should undertake an organisation assessment of CoC to identify the number and scale of officers required and detailing of job descriptions and drafting/amendments to service rules as necessary. The following actions may be considered as part of this organisational review and restructuring exercise. a. CoC should eventually align all sanitation activities under a Sanitation 24 department to provide dedicated accountability for all Sanitation activities covering a) shared toilet access, b) Solid Waste Management and c) Storm drains and water bodies, apart from This of course indicates that it will be necessary to ensure improved coordination and rationalisation of responsibilities between the CoC and KWA and other sector agencies. b. The Revenue and Accounts functions that are currently handled separately should be integrated and handled as a centralised Finance department c. CoC and KWA should strengthen their complaint handling process through creating linkages between a back-office organization that tracks, captures and respond to citizen complaints and operating staff under various departments to ensure that complaints are resolved in time-bound manner. 23 A detailed roadmap and set of actions to be undertaken by the Coordination Committee is detailed in section Possible contours of sanitation organization within CoC and KWA are discussed in section 8.3 City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 8

10 Actions by CoC 1. CoC should, with immediate effect, signal taking primary oversight on on-site sanitation through creation of a separate department for onsite sanitation. 2. Priority Training needs 25 across sanitation components and other cross-cutting areas are detailed in the CSP. This should be followed up with a detailed training needs assessment implemented on priority. 3. In order to strengthen monitoring and oversight of sanitation activities, CoC should consider implementing a three level monitoring and evaluation framework on the lines suggested below: a. First level - Elected Municipal Council: CoC should form a sub-committee within the Elected Municipal council to focus on Water and Sanitation with the mandate of reviewing and implementing the CSP recommendations along with the CTF. This sub-committee could be vested with the responsibility of implementation and enforcement of bye-laws and tariff fixation/revision. b. Second level - Public Participation: CoC should strengthen the role of ward committees and Resident Welfare Associations for local oversight of water and sanitation services as envisaged under the Community Participation Law reform. c. Third level Independent Evaluation: GoK should carry out independent evaluation of service delivery across sanitation components periodically and results of such independent evaluation (along with action taken by CoC as a follow up) should be disseminated widely. 8. Information tracking on costs of sanitation is inadequate and needs improvement Information on costs of KWA not available in a granular manner for CoC area alone, analysis of cost recovery in water supply and sewerage systems is constrained. Information available from KSUDP reports indicate that collection efficiency in was only 50% while cost recovery was on average about 53% during during which operating cost recovery ratio improved from 44% to 59%. Overall KWA continued to incur losses during the period due to very high non-revenue water (NRW) of its network system estimated at about 60% of water produced. Information reported under the SLB exercise does not capture cost recovery data on Solid Waste Management 1. A normative assessment 26 of capital cost estimate across various sanitation components is presented below. The estimated cost required over the next five years is estimated to be Rs. 750 crore with priority investments in Access to Toilets, Water Supply, Sewerage and Information Systems Improvements. Capital Investment estimate and possible phasing (Figures in Rs. Lakh) Capital Investment (Rs. Lakh) Phasing of Investment Short Medium Long TOTAL Access to Public and Community Toilets 2, ,338 Water Supply 400 5,000 10,400 15,800 Waste water management 5,000 18,000 30,000 53,000 ISIP, Project Development and Capacity Building 1, ,950 TOTAL 9,992 23,800 41,296 75,088 Source: IMaCS analysis 2. CoC should rationalise user charges in SWM to meet its reform commitment of 100% O&M cost recovery. 25 Refer section All cost estimates in this document and in the CSP are normative estimates and need to be validated under further preparatory studies recommended in the CSP including feasibility studies and DPRs. Refer table of the report for a list of further preparatory studies needed as a pre-cursor to strengthen baseline information and implement investment programs City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 9

11 3. KWA should ring-fence its costs of service provision in the CoC area and maintain cost and revenue information in synchrony with CoC level supply to enable it review and rationalise tariffs and cost recovery in line with the actual cost of supply. 4. CoC should implement specific actions recommended in the CSP to improve penetration of water and sewerage connections, cost recovery and collection efficiency and levy of user charges. Conclusion The City Sanitation Plan for CoC is a useful starting point to escalate attention to the important yet often neglected area of sanitation and presents a comprehensive snapshot of the issues and imperatives for sanitation within CoC. It also outlines a possible prioritisation of the above actions needed along short, medium and long term towards achieving the NUSP goal of universal equitable access to sanitation. CoC should work with the Government of Kerala and MoUD to initiate the steps needed to implement the actions recommended in the CSP. A Committee comprising representatives from CoC, GoK and the CTF could be formed to steer implementation. As envisaged in the NUSP, a CTF has been formed as part of the preparation of the CSP and it provides a useful platform to engage with public stakeholders and mobilise public support and participation during the implementation phase of the CSP. City Sanitation Plan for Kochi - Draft Report Executive Summary Page 10