Quality of Soaps Using Different Oil Blends

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Quality of Soaps Using Different Oil Blends"

Transcription

1 Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Scholars Research Library J. Microbiol. Biotech. Res., 2011, 1 (1): ( Quality of Soaps Using Different Oil Blends Shoge Mansurat Oluwatoyin Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria ABSTRACT Soaps are the sodium salts or potassium salts of stearic acids or any other fatty acids. They are prepared by the saponification process, which is, reacting the oil or fats which contain triglycerides with caustic soda (NaOH) to give the soap and glycerol, using equal amount of additives and varying the amount of caustic soda used and oils used. The soaps prepared are then analyzed and their properties were compared with that of some selected commercial soaps. The result shows that both the prepared soaps and the commercial soaps have the same properties and falls within the ph of The production cost analyses of the prepared soaps were also compared to that of the selected commercial soaps. The production cost of the prepared soaps varies from that of the commercial soaps. Key words; saponification, triglycerides, glycerol INTRODUCTION Records mentioning the use of numerous soapy materials and cleansing agents date from ancient times show that soap has probably been used in some form or another as far back as pre-historic times (Microsoft Encarta premium suite, 2004). Soap is a chemical compound or mixture of chemical compounds resulting from the interaction of fatty acids or fat glycerides with an organic base 2. The alkaline metals usually used in soap making are sodium and potassium, which produce soluble soaps which are different from those made from divalent metals such as calcium and magnesium, which are insoluble. Fats are solid esters of fatty acids and glycerin while oils are the liquid glycerol esters of fatty acids at room temperature. The process which takes place when soap is formed from a fatty acid and alkaline metals by the action either of a caustic alkaline, for example soda in neutral oil or on a fatty acid is called saponification. Soap is soluble in and it has an excellent cleansing property. During the process of saponification (soap making) of neutral oil, glycerine is liberated into soap mass. (Oil/fats+caustic alkali=. 29

2 Soaps are produced by the saponification of glycerides with alkalis, usually NaOH for solid or bar soaps and KOH for liquid soaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS Auxiliary raw materials used in soap making Auxilliary raw materials provide certain conditioners or qualities to the soap, but they are added to the soap in solution only at soap formation stage. Some of these chemical materials are agents of emulsification, suspension and foaming, while some are builders and extenders and some are hardeners and conditioners (Kirk-Othman, 1963).Some of the auxiliary raw materials are; i. Sodium carbonate (soda ash) This is an auxiliary raw material without which soap can still be made, but when added to soap, it promotes emulsification and it enhances the formation of the foam in the soap. It also increases the volume of the soap and it can therefore be defined as an extender. Na 2 CO 3 produces heat when dissolved in almost like NaOH but it is less dangerous than NaOH. ii. Sodium sulphate This is another auxiliary raw material similar to soda ash. It helps in the binding effect of the soap chemicals and it induces the foaming ability of the soap. It is equally a binder or an extender. iii. Sodium silicate This is an auxiliary raw material that hardens the soap. It eases removal of dirt and prevents redeposition of dirt particles. It is sold usually in thick liquid form to the soap maker. iv. Perfumes This is a fragrant auxiliary raw material. The chemical gives a good odour to the soap. To prevent lye (NaOH) from eating up the perfume, it must be added as late as possible in the saponification process (Al Durtschi, 2000). General soap making procedure Equal amount of the Oil/fats were measured into a plastic container. It was warmed (just a little above its melting point) in order to hasten the reaction between the lye and the fat. A calculated amount of NaOH (lye) was weighed and a fixed amount of distilled was added to it. The caustic soda was stirred well using a pestle until it blends with the fat. The caustic soda was poured very gradually into it and stirred gently in one direction to enhance thorough mixing of the solution. The plastic container was insulated with pieces of cloths to prevent the fat from hardening before the soap mix properly. Calculated amount of sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and sodium silicate was added into the soap mixture and it was stirred properly until it blends. The perfume was also added immediately with continuous stirring of the mixture. The soap mixture was poured into the mould and it was left for solidification and proper harden up (about 3-5 days). When the soap has fully cured (solidified), a thin white powdery layer on the outside of the soap might be noticed. This is soda ash and it forms as a result of CO 2 in the air interacting with the lye in the soap. Therefore, the outer layer should be covered with plastic wrap. After saponification nears completion (about 1-3 days depending on the oil type or fat used), the air barrier was removed to let the soap dry out. 30

3 This method was used to prepare different soap-type based on equivalent amount of Na 2 CO 3, Na 2 SO 4, distilled, sodium silicate, perfume and weight of oil while the amount of NaOH and the type of oil used were varied. Soap analysis Each of the prepared soaps were analyzed to determine the soap yield, nature of the soaps, solubility of the soaps in tap, distilled and hard, time taken to dissolve 1g of soap in 100ml of distilled and the ph of the soap at room temperature (at the first stage of curing and after 2 moths of curing). A comparative analysis was carried out using commercial soaps by determining their solubility and ph. Cost analysis of the soaps A production cost analysis was done using the amount of each reagent and each oils/fats to determine the approximate cost of each soap, compared to the cost of the commercial soaps. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Yield and physical characteristics of the prepared soaps For soaps containing two or more different types of oils/fats, the oils/fats are in the same ratio for easy comparism. The percentage yield of the soaps ranges from 50% to 85%. This depends on the particular carboxylic acid and base that make up the soap 4. A decrease in ph was observed after 2 months of curing as shown below. The ph becomes constant when the saponification process stops (about 8 months). For a soap not to be lye heavy, the ph of the soap must range from 9.0 to 11.0 using a ph meter (Al Durtschi, 2000). This corresponds to the ph of the prepared soaps. The closer the ph of the soap is to neutral, the better the soap. Table 1; Yield and physical characteristics of the prepared soaps Soaps (1:1) Shea butter and castor oil soap Tallow and coconut oil soap Tallow and palm kernel oil soap Palm oil and castor oil soap Palm kernel oil soap Yield (%) Physical characteristics 60.2 Hard soap, 60 Hard soap, 76.2 Hard soap, 75.7 Hard soap, 75.8 Hard soap, Solubility test tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms Time taken ph at ph after 2 to dissolve curing months 1g in 100mls stage of 9min. 24sec min.45 sec. 27min.15 sec min.8sec min.10sec

4 Peanut and 71.5 Hard soap, 17min.25sec cottonseed oil tap. Forms soap Tallow and olive 68.1 Hard soap, 20min.45sec oil soap tap. Forms 76 Hard soap, Palm kernel+ coconut+olive +sheabutter soap Garlic oil 81.2 Hard soap, Sheabuter olive oil and 64.8 Hard soap, Olive oil soap 78.1 Hard soap, Palm oil soap 51.6 Hard soap, tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms Table 2; Physical properties of commercial soaps 9min.5sec min.54sec min.20sec min.5sec min Soaps Canoe soap (laundry GIV soap (toilet DOVE soap (toilet PLUS soap (laundry LUX soap (toilet JUMBO (laundry soap Physical characteristics well in well in well in well in well in well in Solubility test tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms tap. Forms Time taken to dissolve 1g in ph of soap 100mls of 15min.41sec min.46sec min.39sec min.8sec min.48sec min.27sec Commercial soaps The physical characteristics of the prepared soaps were compared to that of the commercial soaps. The selection of the commercial soaps was done randomly. Six of the commercial soaps were analyzed; three laundry soaps and three toilet soaps. The properties of the prepared soaps 32

5 are the same with that of the commercial soaps as shown below. The ph of the prepared soaps after 2months of curing is this shows that they would be skin and fabrics friendly while the ph of the analyzed commercial soaps is between 10-11, apart from DOVE soap which has a ph of 7.84 (close to neutral and was prepared by the rebatch process) (Grolier incorporated, 1995) Production cost analysis of prepared soaps The cost implications of the soaps prepared were also analyzed. The analysis was based on cost of raw materials vis-à-vis the yield of soap. Table 3; Production cost analysis of prepared soaps Soaps Yield of soaps(g) Cost of soap production (naira) Cost per 1g of soap (naira) Shea butter and castor oil soap Tallow and olive oil soap Garlic oil soap Palm oil and castor oil soap Shea butter and olive oil soap Tallow and palm kernel oil soap Peanut and cottonseed oil soap Coconut oil and tallow soap Palm kernel oil soap Palmkernel+ coconut+olive sheabutter soap Olive oil soap Palm oil soap Production cost analysis of commercial soaps The costs of the commercial soaps were also compared with the prepared soaps. As shown below; Table 4; Production cost analysis of commercial soaps Soaps Weight of soap (g) Cost of soap (naira) Cost per 1g of soap Canoe soap (laundry k GIV soap (toilet k DOVE soap (toilet k PLUS soap (laundry naira LUX soap (toilet k JUMBO soap (laundry k The cost production for commercial soap is higher than that of the prepared soaps as shown above because for commercial soaps, commercial grade of reagent is used which are generally cheaper than laboratory grade of reagents used for the production of the soaps. While for the prepared soaps, analytical grade of reagents were used. This gives precise yield of the laboratory soaps. The reagents and oils used in the production of the commercial soaps were bought in large quantities. This reduces the production cost of the soaps. 33

6 REFERENCES [1] Microsoft Encarta premium suite, Functions of soaps, [2] Kirk-Othman, Detergency, soap and surfactants, Encyclopedia of chemical technology, Interscience, New York, [3] Al Durtschi: [4] Grolier incorporated, Soap. The Encyclopedia Americana, International edition, 1995, Vol. 30, 20:678; 25:

Organic Chemistry Lab Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Soap

Organic Chemistry Lab Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Soap Organic Chemistry Lab Experiment 4 Preparation and Properties of Soap Introduction A soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a long-chain fatty acid. The fatty acid usually contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms.

More information

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A SOAP

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A SOAP (adapted from Blackburn et al., Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of Chemistry, 2 nd ed., (1996) Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To prepare a sample of soap and to examine its properties.

More information

Making Biodiesel from Virgin Vegetable Oil: Teacher Manual

Making Biodiesel from Virgin Vegetable Oil: Teacher Manual Making Biodiesel from Virgin Vegetable Oil: Teacher Manual Learning Goals: Students will understand how to produce biodiesel from virgin vegetable oil. Students will understand the effect of an exothermic

More information

Non-polar hydrocarbon chain

Non-polar hydrocarbon chain THE SCIENCE OF SOAPS AND DETERGENTS 2000 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved Reproduction permitted for educational purposes as long as the original copyright is included. INTRODUCTION A soap is a salt

More information

The chemical components of detergents and their roles in the washing process

The chemical components of detergents and their roles in the washing process The chemical components of detergents and their roles in the washing process Laundry detergents are formulated from six groups of substances :. surfactants. builders. bleachingagents. enzymes. fillers.

More information

Figure 3-1-1: Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of oil to make soaps.

Figure 3-1-1: Alkaline hydrolysis (saponification) of oil to make soaps. Chapter 3 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF OILS AND FATS From the fats and oils obtained from natural resources, the majority of them are used directly or just after refinement. While the others are used after

More information

Cleaning Fluids: Soaps and Detergents

Cleaning Fluids: Soaps and Detergents Cleaning Fluids: Soaps and Detergents Outcomes: Students will be expected to: Relate personal activities in formal and informal settings to specific science disciplines. (109-10) Provide examples of scientific

More information

Soap, Detergent, and Water quality. Ihuoma Lucy

Soap, Detergent, and Water quality. Ihuoma Lucy Soap, Detergent, and Water quality By Ihuoma Lucy Overview Introduction Soap Detergents Water quality Difference between soap and detergent Eutrification and Biodegradation Conclusion History Ancient peoples

More information

Table of Contents. Pricing subject to change without notice. Always check the website for current pricing

Table of Contents. Pricing subject to change without notice. Always check the website for current pricing The Chemistry Store is the Exclusive Distributor for Stephenson Persona Care Products for the United States. Wholesale opportunities are available to resellers and large volume manufacturers. Our Melt

More information

Experiment 7: Titration of an Antacid

Experiment 7: Titration of an Antacid 1 Experiment 7: Titration of an Antacid Objective: In this experiment, you will standardize a solution of base using the analytical technique known as titration. Using this standardized solution, you will

More information

Chapter 6. Solution, Acids and Bases

Chapter 6. Solution, Acids and Bases Chapter 6 Solution, Acids and Bases Mixtures Two or more substances Heterogeneous- different from place to place Types of heterogeneous mixtures Suspensions- Large particles that eventually settle out

More information

Additional Lecture: TITRATION BASICS

Additional Lecture: TITRATION BASICS Additional Lecture: TITRATION BASICS 1 Definition and Applications Titration is the incremental addition of a reagent solution (called titrant) to the analyte until the reaction is complete Common applications:

More information

Syllabus OC18 Use litmus or a universal indicator to test a variety of solutions, and classify these as acidic, basic or neutral

Syllabus OC18 Use litmus or a universal indicator to test a variety of solutions, and classify these as acidic, basic or neutral Chemistry: 9. Acids and Bases Please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going A3 A4 and using back to back on the photocopier Syllabus OC18 Use litmus or a universal indicator to test a variety

More information

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS Acids are those chemical substances which have a sour taste. Bases are those chemical substances which have a bitter taste. A salt is an ionic compound which dissociates to yield a positive ion other than

More information

Detergents. ChemMatters April 1985 Page 4

Detergents. ChemMatters April 1985 Page 4 CLICK HERE FOR MAGAZINE PAGES ChemMatters April 1985 Page 4 Copyright 1985, American Chemical Society Detergents by Clair Wood The next time you are in the supermarket, take a quick tour through the soap

More information

AN EXPERIMENT IN ALCHEMY: COPPER TO SILVER TO GOLD 2005, 2000, 1996 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved

AN EXPERIMENT IN ALCHEMY: COPPER TO SILVER TO GOLD 2005, 2000, 1996 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved AN EXPERIMENT IN ALCHEMY: COPPER TO SILVER TO GOLD 2005, 2000, 1996 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION One of the goals of the ancient alchemists was to convert base metals into gold. Although

More information

ACUSOL 805S HASE Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer for High Surfactant Containing Detergent or Cleaner Formulations

ACUSOL 805S HASE Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer for High Surfactant Containing Detergent or Cleaner Formulations ACUSOL 805S HASE Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer for High Surfactant Containing Detergent or Cleaner Formulations Description ACUSOL 805S rheology modifier is a synthetic hydrophobically-modified acrylic

More information

Palmitin [( C 15 H 3 1 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 ) Stearin [( C 17 H 35 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 ) and. Olein [( C 17 H 3 3 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 )

Palmitin [( C 15 H 3 1 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 ) Stearin [( C 17 H 35 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 ) and. Olein [( C 17 H 3 3 COO) 3 C 3 H 5 ) SOAPS AND DETERGENTS (K. R. JANARDHANAN) In olden days clothes were cleaned by beating them on rocks in the nearest stream. This practice is followed even today in many villages. Sometimes plants such

More information

Letter to the Student... 5 Test-Taking Checklist... 6 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Correlation Chart... 7

Letter to the Student... 5 Test-Taking Checklist... 6 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Correlation Chart... 7 Table of Contents Letter to the Student..................................... 5 Test-Taking Checklist.................................... 6 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Correlation Chart...

More information

Chapter Test A. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures MULTIPLE CHOICE. chemically combined? MIXs2 a. element b. compound c. mixture d.

Chapter Test A. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures MULTIPLE CHOICE. chemically combined? MIXs2 a. element b. compound c. mixture d. Assessment Chapter Test A Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided. 1. What is a pure substance made of two or more elements that are

More information

GROUP II ELEMENTS. Beryllium to Barium

GROUP II ELEMENTS. Beryllium to Barium 1 GROUP II ELEMENTS Beryllium to Barium Introduction Elements in Group I (alkali metals) and Group II (alkaline earths) are known as s-block elements because their valence (bonding) electrons are in s

More information

Santa Monica College Chemistry 11

Santa Monica College Chemistry 11 Types of Reactions Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To perform and observe the results of a variety of chemical reactions. To become familiar with the observable signs of chemical

More information

Acids & Bases: Using Purple Cabbage as a ph indicator. Grade 9 Activity Plan

Acids & Bases: Using Purple Cabbage as a ph indicator. Grade 9 Activity Plan Acids & Bases: Using Purple Cabbage as a ph indicator Grade 9 Activity Plan 1 Acids, Bases & Purple Cabbage Objectives: 1. To demonstrate the basic physical and chemical properties of acids and bases.

More information

Acids, Bases, and ph

Acids, Bases, and ph CHAPTER 9 1 SECTION Acids, Bases, and Salts Acids, Bases, and ph KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What properties do acids have? What properties do bases have? How can

More information

ACIDS AND BASES SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

ACIDS AND BASES SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ACIDS AND BASES Mild acids and bases are used in cooking (their reaction makes biscuits and bread rise). Acids such as those in our stomachs eat away at food or digest it. Strong acids and bases are used

More information

Review of Degumming and Refining Technologies. Andrew Logan Alfa Laval Copenhagen A/S

Review of Degumming and Refining Technologies. Andrew Logan Alfa Laval Copenhagen A/S Review of Degumming and Refining Technologies Andrew Logan Alfa Laval Copenhagen A/S Physical Refining Crude Oil Chemical Refining Water Degumming Gums drying Crude Lecithin Acid Gums To meal or feed lecithin

More information

WASTE COOKING OIL TO FUEL PROGRAM HOW TO START YOUR OWN BIODIESEL FUEL PROGRAM

WASTE COOKING OIL TO FUEL PROGRAM HOW TO START YOUR OWN BIODIESEL FUEL PROGRAM WASTE COOKING OIL TO FUEL PROGRAM HOW TO START YOUR OWN BIODIESEL FUEL PROGRAM 1 Syllabus Topic 1: Biodiesel Basics/Fuel Properties Topic 2: Overview of Biodiesel Production Using Waste Oil Topic 3: Feedstock

More information

LAB 3: DIGESTION OF ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES

LAB 3: DIGESTION OF ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES LAB 3: DIGESTION OF ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES INTRODUCTION Enzymes are a special class of proteins that lower the activation energy of biological reactions. These biological catalysts change the rate of chemical

More information

ACUSOL 810A Detergent Grade Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer

ACUSOL 810A Detergent Grade Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer ACUSOL 810A Detergent Grade Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer Description ACUSOL 810A is an Alkali Soluble acrylic polymer Emulsion (ASE). ACUSOL 810A can be directly incorporated into formulations without

More information

Best Practice in Boiler Water Treatment

Best Practice in Boiler Water Treatment Best Practice in Boiler Water Treatment Boiler Water Treatment Part 2 Internal Treatment Objectives of Internal Water Treatment 1 To control the level of total dissolved solids (TDS) within the boiler

More information

Water Softening for Hardness Removal. Hardness in Water. Methods of Removing Hardness 5/1/15. WTRG18 Water Softening and Hardness

Water Softening for Hardness Removal. Hardness in Water. Methods of Removing Hardness 5/1/15. WTRG18 Water Softening and Hardness Water Softening for Removal 1 in Water High concentration of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions in water cause hardness Generally, water containing more than 100 mg/l of hardness expressed as calcium

More information

Chemical Changes. Measuring a Chemical Reaction. Name(s)

Chemical Changes. Measuring a Chemical Reaction. Name(s) Chemical Changes Name(s) In the particle model of matter, individual atoms can be bound tightly to other atoms to form molecules. For example, water molecules are made up of two hydrogen atoms bound to

More information

Stoichiometry Limiting Reagent Laboratory. Chemistry 118 Laboratory University of Massachusetts, Boston

Stoichiometry Limiting Reagent Laboratory. Chemistry 118 Laboratory University of Massachusetts, Boston Chemistry 118 Laboratory University of Massachusetts, Boston STOICHIOMETRY - LIMITING REAGENT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

More information

Chapter 5, Lesson 3 Why Does Water Dissolve Salt?

Chapter 5, Lesson 3 Why Does Water Dissolve Salt? Chapter 5, Lesson 3 Why Does Water Dissolve Salt? Key Concepts The polarity of water molecules enables water to dissolve many ionically bonded substances. Salt (sodium chloride) is made from positive sodium

More information

b) Listing of feed materials

b) Listing of feed materials b) Listing of feed materials The main raw materials processed by the EU Proteinmeal and Oil Industry are rape seeds, soybeans, sunflower seeds, crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil and crude coconut oil.

More information

Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids, Bases and Salts Acids, Bases and Salts 2 HAPTER Tips and Tricks Acids are sour in taste and bases are bitter in taste. Indicators are chemical substances which give different colours in acidic and basic solutions. If

More information

SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES LAB

SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES LAB SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES LAB Purpose: Every chemical has a set of defined physical properties, and when combined they present a unique fingerprint for that chemical. When chemicals are present

More information

Wire Drawing Soap Lubrication: Principles And Factors Affecting Selection

Wire Drawing Soap Lubrication: Principles And Factors Affecting Selection Wire Drawing Soap Lubrication: Principles And Factors Affecting Selection 1 Wire Products 2 Rod: The Starting Material 3 The tool: Wire Drawing machines Dry Draw Bench Courtesy of Lamnea Bruk, Ljusfallshammar,

More information

Tutorial 4 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY. Solution stoichiometry calculations involve chemical reactions taking place in solution.

Tutorial 4 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY. Solution stoichiometry calculations involve chemical reactions taking place in solution. T-27 Tutorial 4 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Solution stoichiometry calculations involve chemical reactions taking place in solution. Of the various methods of expressing solution concentration the most convenient

More information

Separation by Solvent Extraction

Separation by Solvent Extraction Experiment 3 Separation by Solvent Extraction Objectives To separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid and a neutral compound by using solvent extraction techniques. Introduction Frequently, organic

More information

Hands-On Labs SM-1 Lab Manual

Hands-On Labs SM-1 Lab Manual EXPERIMENT 4: Separation of a Mixture of Solids Read the entire experiment and organize time, materials, and work space before beginning. Remember to review the safety sections and wear goggles when appropriate.

More information

ION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES. An introduction

ION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES. An introduction ION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES An introduction Water Water is a liquid. Water is made of water molecules (formula H 2 O). All natural waters contain some foreign substances, usually in small amounts. The water

More information

Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions

Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions A double displacement reaction involves two ionic compounds that are dissolved in water. In a double displacement reaction, it appears as though the ions are

More information

ACUSOL 820 Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer

ACUSOL 820 Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer ACUSOL 820 Rheology Modifier and Stabilizer Description ACUSOL 820 is a Hydrophobically modified Alkali Soluble acrylic polymer Emulsion (HASE) with unusually high aqueous thickening and stabilising efficiency.

More information

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL. SYNONYMS Vinyl alcohol polymer, PVOH, INS No. 1203 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL USES CHARACTERISTICS

POLYVINYL ALCOHOL. SYNONYMS Vinyl alcohol polymer, PVOH, INS No. 1203 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL USES CHARACTERISTICS POLYVINYL ALCOHOL Prepared at the 68 th JECFA (2007) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 4 (2007), superseding specifications prepared at the 63 rd JECFA (2004) and published in the Combined Compendium

More information

ANSWER KEY. Acids, Bases, and Solutions. Chapter Project Worksheet 1 1. Answers will vary. Sample: cherries, blueberries,

ANSWER KEY. Acids, Bases, and Solutions. Chapter Project Worksheet 1 1. Answers will vary. Sample: cherries, blueberries, Chapter Project Worksheet 1 1. Answers will vary. Sample: cherries, blueberries, and grass 2. Answers will vary. Sample: Cut 5 g of cherries into small pieces and place in blender. Blend for two minutes,

More information

Using Magnesium Hydroxide

Using Magnesium Hydroxide Industrial Wastewater Neutralization Using Magnesium Hydroxide May 15, 2012 Steve Leykauf, Presenter Discussion Topics What is Magnesium Hydroxide? Technical Benefits of Magnesium Hydroxide Economic Benefits

More information

Properties of Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids and Bases Lab 22 Properties of Acids and Bases TN Standard 4.2: The student will investigate the characteristics of acids and bases. Have you ever brushed your teeth and then drank a glass of orange juice? What

More information

5s Solubility & Conductivity

5s Solubility & Conductivity 5s Solubility & Conductivity OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between the structures of common household substances and the kinds of solvents in which they dissolve. To demonstrate the ionic nature

More information

2002 - DarkStar VI 841 St Louis Rd., Collinsville, IL 62234 www.biodieselgear.com. Biodiesel Basics. By Phillip D. Hill (Updated August 16 th, 2002)

2002 - DarkStar VI 841 St Louis Rd., Collinsville, IL 62234 www.biodieselgear.com. Biodiesel Basics. By Phillip D. Hill (Updated August 16 th, 2002) Biodiesel Basics By Phillip D. Hill (Updated August 16 th, 2002) Page 1 Table of Contents Biodiesel Basics... 1 Table of Contents... 2 Biodiesel... 3 Properties of Various Oils... 4 The Process Overview...

More information

The most common active ingredient used in deodorants is aluminium chlorohydrate. But not all deodorants contain aluminium chlorohydrate:

The most common active ingredient used in deodorants is aluminium chlorohydrate. But not all deodorants contain aluminium chlorohydrate: Engineeringfragrance make a deodorant practical activity 2 student instructions page 1 of 5 chemical compounds The most common active ingredient used in deodorants is aluminium chlorohydrate. But not all

More information

Chapter 13 Solution Dynamics. An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop

Chapter 13 Solution Dynamics. An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop Chapter 13 Solution Dynamics An Introduction to Chemistry by Mark Bishop Chapter Map Why Changes Happen Consider a system that can switch freely between two states, A and B. Probability helps us to predict

More information

KS3 Science: Chemistry Contents

KS3 Science: Chemistry Contents summary KS3 Science MyWorks Guide Chemistry KS3 Science: Chemistry Mini zes: 40 Super zes: 5 Extension zes: 4 Skills zes: 6 TOTAL 54 What are MyWorks zes? MyWorks zes are short individual learning tasks

More information

PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES. Introduction

PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES. Introduction PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES Lab #2 Introduction When two or more substances, that do not react chemically, are blended together, the result is a mixture in which each component retains its individual

More information

CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS

CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS Purpose: It is important for chemists to be able to determine the composition of unknown chemicals. This can often be done by way of chemical tests.

More information

5.0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS

5.0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS 5.0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS Sl. No. Contents Preamble 5.1 Aim 5.2 Introduction 5.2.1 Environmental Significance 5.3 Principle 5.4 Materials Required 5.4.1 Apparatus Required 5.4.2

More information

1. Read P. 368-375, P. 382-387 & P. 429-436; P. 375 # 1-11 & P. 389 # 1,7,9,12,15; P. 436 #1, 7, 8, 11

1. Read P. 368-375, P. 382-387 & P. 429-436; P. 375 # 1-11 & P. 389 # 1,7,9,12,15; P. 436 #1, 7, 8, 11 SCH3U- R.H.KING ACADEMY SOLUTION & ACID/BASE WORKSHEET Name: The importance of water - MAKING CONNECTION READING 1. Read P. 368-375, P. 382-387 & P. 429-436; P. 375 # 1-11 & P. 389 # 1,7,9,12,15; P. 436

More information

Green Principles Atom Economy Solventless Reactions Catalysis

Green Principles Atom Economy Solventless Reactions Catalysis Lab 5: The Aldol Reaction Solventless vs Traditional Reactions: (Melting Point Study & Recrystallization) (adapted from Doxsee, K.M. and Hutchison, J.E., Green Organic Chemistry and John Thompson; Lane

More information

ph Measurements of Common Substances

ph Measurements of Common Substances Chem 100 Section Experiment 10 Name Partner s Name Introduction ph Measurements of Common Substances The concentration of an acid or base is frequently expressed as ph. Historically, ph stands for the

More information

OXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS-Permanganometry

OXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS-Permanganometry Experiment No. Date OXIDATION-REDUCTION TITRATIONS-Permanganometry INTRODUCTION Potassium permanganate, KMnO 4, is probably the most widely used of all volumetric oxidizing agents. It is a powerful oxidant

More information

CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION: WATER SOFTENING

CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION: WATER SOFTENING CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION: WATER SOFTENING Submitted to: Dr. Hashsham Research Complex Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 4884 Authors

More information

Warm-Up 9/9. 1. Define the term matter. 2. Name something in this room that is not matter.

Warm-Up 9/9. 1. Define the term matter. 2. Name something in this room that is not matter. Warm-Up 9/9 1. Define the term matter. 2. Name something in this room that is not matter. Warm-Up 9/16 1. List the three most important rules of lab safety. 2. Would you classify jello as a solid or a

More information

PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL COMMERCIAL LIME PRODUCTS. Quicklimes High Calcium Dolomitic

PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL COMMERCIAL LIME PRODUCTS. Quicklimes High Calcium Dolomitic National Lime Association L I M E The Versatile Chemical Fact Sheet PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL COMMERCIAL LIME PRODUCTS Quicklimes High Calcium Dolomitic Primary Constituents CaO CaO MgO Specific Gravity 3.2-3.4

More information

TEACHER ACTIVITY GUIDE

TEACHER ACTIVITY GUIDE Page 1/5 TEACHER ACTIVITY GUIDE EFFECT OF HEAT & ph ON COLOR & TEXTURE OF GREEN VEGETABLES Taken from IFT Experiments in Food Science Series Color plays a key role in establishing consumer acceptability

More information

Experiment 5. Chemical Reactions A + X AX AX A + X A + BX AX + B AZ + BX AX + BZ

Experiment 5. Chemical Reactions A + X AX AX A + X A + BX AX + B AZ + BX AX + BZ Experiment 5 Chemical Reactions OBJECTIVES 1. To observe the various criteria that are used to indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred. 2. To convert word equations into balanced inorganic chemical

More information

Dissolving of sodium hydroxide generates heat. Take care in handling the dilution container.

Dissolving of sodium hydroxide generates heat. Take care in handling the dilution container. TITRATION: STANDARDIZATION OF A BASE AND ANALYSIS OF STOMACH ANTACID TABLETS 2009, 1996, 1973 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Reproduction permitted for education use provided original copyright

More information

The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors 1055 Crupper Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43229 614.888.8320

The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors 1055 Crupper Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43229 614.888.8320 TheNationalBoardofBoilerandPressureVesselInspectors 1055CrupperAvenue Columbus,Ohio43229 614.888.8320 NB-410, Revision 3 Sept, 2015 1 1.0 GENERAL The purpose of this document is to provide basic guidelines

More information

6.8 Measuring the Acidity of Solutions Page 160

6.8 Measuring the Acidity of Solutions Page 160 6.8 Measuring the Acidity of Solutions Page 160 PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES measure substances and solutions according to ph, solubility, and concentration KNOWLEDGE ph is the measure of the tendency

More information

Mixtures and Pure Substances

Mixtures and Pure Substances Unit 2 Mixtures and Pure Substances Matter can be classified into two groups: mixtures and pure substances. Mixtures are the most common form of matter and consist of mixtures of pure substances. They

More information

Experiment 16-Acids, Bases and ph

Experiment 16-Acids, Bases and ph Definitions acid-an ionic compound that releases or reacts with water to form hydrogen ion (H + ) in aqueous solution. They taste sour and turn litmus red. Acids react with certain metals such as zinc,

More information

Stoichiometry Limiting Reagent Laboratory. Chemistry 118 Laboratory University of Massachusetts, Boston

Stoichiometry Limiting Reagent Laboratory. Chemistry 118 Laboratory University of Massachusetts, Boston Chemistry 118 Laboratory University of Massachusetts, Boston STOICHIOMETRY - LIMITING REAGENT -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

More information

Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility

Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Chapter 5 Classification of Organic Compounds by Solubility Deductions based upon interpretation of simple solubility tests can be extremely useful in organic structure determination. Both solubility and

More information

Experiment 3: Extraction: Separation of an Acidic, a Basic and a Neutral Substance

Experiment 3: Extraction: Separation of an Acidic, a Basic and a Neutral Substance 1 Experiment 3: Extraction: Separation of an Acidic, a Basic and a Neutral Substance Read pp 142-155, 161-162, Chapter 10 and pp 163-173, Chapter 11, in LTOC. View the videos: 4.2 Extraction (Macroscale);

More information

ph: Measurement and Uses

ph: Measurement and Uses ph: Measurement and Uses One of the most important properties of aqueous solutions is the concentration of hydrogen ion. The concentration of H + (or H 3 O + ) affects the solubility of inorganic and organic

More information

Q.1 Draw structures for, and name, all carboxylic acids with formula :-

Q.1 Draw structures for, and name, all carboxylic acids with formula :- arboxylic acids F4 1 ARBXYLI AIDS Structure contain the carboxyl functional group includes a carbonyl (=) group and a hydroxyl (-) group the bonds are in a planar arrangement are isomeric with esters :-

More information

Recovery of Elemental Copper from Copper (II) Nitrate

Recovery of Elemental Copper from Copper (II) Nitrate Recovery of Elemental Copper from Copper (II) Nitrate Objectives: Challenge: Students should be able to - recognize evidence(s) of a chemical change - convert word equations into formula equations - perform

More information

Dissolved and precipitated oxalate

Dissolved and precipitated oxalate Accepted 2005 Process liquors from bleach plants Dissolved and precipitated oxalate Using Ion Chromatography 0 Introduction In bleach plants of pulp mills with a high degree of system closure, there is

More information

ECE (A) REFERENCE DETERGENT NO.2

ECE (A) REFERENCE DETERGENT NO.2 ECE (A) REFERENCE DETERGENT NO.2 WITHOUT OPTICAL BRIGHTENER ORDERING INFORMATION - Stock Code: 706-652 Tub (2kg) 706-653 Drum (15kg) PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS COMPONENT QUANTITY % MASS - Linear sodium alkyl

More information

Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes

Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes An understanding of material things requires an understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of matter. A few planned experiments can help you

More information

Introduction. ph = log [H + ]

Introduction. ph = log [H + ] Visualizing ph 2010, 1992 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission granted for classroom use. All reproductions must include original copyright. David A. Katz Chemist, Educator, Science Communicator,

More information

PETER GREVEN Your partner for food/feed, pharma & cosmetic additives (FPC)

PETER GREVEN Your partner for food/feed, pharma & cosmetic additives (FPC) PETER GREVEN Your partner for food/feed, pharma & cosmetic additives (FPC) Our products are used as additives in the food industry which exhibit the following features: Flowability agent Anti-caking agent

More information

Science 20. Unit A: Chemical Change. Assignment Booklet A1

Science 20. Unit A: Chemical Change. Assignment Booklet A1 Science 20 Unit A: Chemical Change Assignment Booklet A FOR TEACHER S USE ONLY Summary Teacher s Comments Chapter Assignment Total Possible Marks 79 Your Mark Science 20 Unit A: Chemical Change Assignment

More information

Name Class Date. What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose electrons? What kinds of solids are formed from ionic bonds?

Name Class Date. What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose electrons? What kinds of solids are formed from ionic bonds? CHAPTER 1 2 Ionic Bonds SECTION Chemical Bonding BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is ionic bonding? What happens to atoms that gain or lose

More information

The Miller Farm Guide to Cold Process Goat Milk Soap Makin

The Miller Farm Guide to Cold Process Goat Milk Soap Makin The Miller Farm Guide to Cold Process Goat Milk Soap Makin Drawing of the Miller Farm dairy goats by Bailey Howard. How It All Started We here at Miller Farm starting running into a problem- if you can

More information

COSMOS-standard. Technical Guide. Version 2.6 : 20 July 2015

COSMOS-standard. Technical Guide. Version 2.6 : 20 July 2015 COSMOS-standard Technical Guide Version 2.6 : 20 July 2015 COSMOS-standard AISBL Rue du Commerce 124 1000 Brussels Belgium E: info@cosmos-standard.org W: www.cosmos-standard.org 1 Table of contents 1.

More information

Calculation of Molar Masses. Molar Mass. Solutions. Solutions

Calculation of Molar Masses. Molar Mass. Solutions. Solutions Molar Mass Molar mass = Mass in grams of one mole of any element, numerically equal to its atomic weight Molar mass of molecules can be determined from the chemical formula and molar masses of elements

More information

MILKING SYSTEM CLEANING AND SANITIZING: TROUBLESHOOTING MILK BACTERIA COUNTS. Alan Monken and Winston Ingalls West Agro, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri

MILKING SYSTEM CLEANING AND SANITIZING: TROUBLESHOOTING MILK BACTERIA COUNTS. Alan Monken and Winston Ingalls West Agro, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri MILKING SYSTEM CLEANING AND SANITIZING: TROUBLESHOOTING MILK BACTERIA COUNTS Alan Monken and Winston Ingalls West Agro, Inc. Kansas City, Missouri The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) regulates

More information

Making Biodiesel in the Classroom

Making Biodiesel in the Classroom Making Biodiesel in the Classroom April Lanotte Big Sandy Schools alanotte@bigsandy100j.org What is Biodiesel? Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil or animal fat (triglycerides) reacted with methanol or

More information

SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE

SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE Prepared at the 28th JECFA (1984), published in FNP 31/2 (1984) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 55 th JECFA (2000). An ADI not specified

More information

Teacher Demo: Turning Water into Wine into Milk into Beer

Teacher Demo: Turning Water into Wine into Milk into Beer SNC2D/2P Chemical Reactions/Chemical Reactions and their Practical Applications Teacher Demo: Turning Water into Wine into Milk into Beer Topics evidence of chemical change types of chemical reactions

More information

conductivity emulsification saponification wetting peptizing dispersion rinsability controlling mineral deposits Sequestration chelation

conductivity emulsification saponification wetting peptizing dispersion rinsability controlling mineral deposits Sequestration chelation ENVH 441 FOOD PROTECTION DETERGENTS AND SANITIZERS Cleaning and sanitizing must both occur for dishware to be safe. These are accomplished by use of a (1) detergent to clean utensil surfaces (remove the

More information

Precipitation Titration: Determination of Chloride by the Mohr Method by Dr. Deniz Korkmaz

Precipitation Titration: Determination of Chloride by the Mohr Method by Dr. Deniz Korkmaz Precipitation Titration: Determination of Chloride by the Mohr Method by Dr. Deniz Korkmaz Introduction Titration is a process by which the concentration of an unknown substance in solution is determined

More information

Acids and Bases: Cabbage Juice ph Indicator

Acids and Bases: Cabbage Juice ph Indicator Acids and Bases: Cabbage Juice ph Indicator Student Advanced Version Acids and bases are found in a variety of everyday items, including food and drink, medicine, and cleaning products. In this lab, we

More information

Optimizing Your On-Premise Laundry Care Program. May 21, 2013 Presented by P&G Professional

Optimizing Your On-Premise Laundry Care Program. May 21, 2013 Presented by P&G Professional Optimizing Your On-Premise Laundry Care Program May 21, 2013 Presented by P&G Professional Table of Contents Cost-Saving Trends The Science of Cleaning Efficient and Effective Practices Sustainable Cleaning

More information

RBS detergents for laboratories

RBS detergents for laboratories RBS detergents for laboratories High performance solutions For reliable and reproducible results Competence & experience RBS products are mainly intended for water-based cleaning processes of glassware

More information

Experiment 12- Classification of Matter Experiment

Experiment 12- Classification of Matter Experiment Experiment 12- Classification of Matter Experiment Matter can be classified into two groups: mixtures and pure substances. Mixtures are the most common form of matter and consist of mixtures of pure substances.

More information

CHM 130LL: ph, Buffers, and Indicators

CHM 130LL: ph, Buffers, and Indicators CHM 130LL: ph, Buffers, and Indicators Many substances can be classified as acidic or basic. Acidic substances contain hydrogen ions, H +, while basic substances contain hydroxide ions, OH. The relative

More information

EXPERIMENT 10 Chemistry 110. Solutions Part 2 ACIDS, BASES, AND ELECTROLYTES

EXPERIMENT 10 Chemistry 110. Solutions Part 2 ACIDS, BASES, AND ELECTROLYTES EXPERIMENT 10 Chemistry 110 Solutions Part 2 ACIDS, BASES, AND ELECTROLYTES PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the properties of solutions of acids, bases and electrolytes. Students

More information

Apparatus error for each piece of equipment = 100 x margin of error quantity measured

Apparatus error for each piece of equipment = 100 x margin of error quantity measured 1) Error Analysis Apparatus Errors (uncertainty) Every time you make a measurement with a piece of apparatus, there is a small margin of error (i.e. uncertainty) in that measurement due to the apparatus

More information

PETER GREVEN Competence in pharma, cosmetics and food stuffs

PETER GREVEN Competence in pharma, cosmetics and food stuffs PETER GREVEN Competence in pharma, cosmetics and food stuffs Partner of industry PETER GREVEN Competence in pharma, cosmetics and food stuffs Oleochemicals rank with the most important raw materials and

More information