Overview of Water Management in Turkey

Transcription

1 Overview of Water Management in Turkey The Istanbul Metropolitan Area case Selmin Burak Environmental Engineer Ph.D. Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences&Management istanbul.edu.tr

2 Overview of institutional&legal framework Centralized and deconcentrated Divided into 81 provinces Each province headed by the Governor Provinces divided into districts, each with their own appointed District Governor or sub-governor within a province

3 Overview of institutional&legal framework Within a province, there are four types of local authorities: Municipalities (3200, more than 2000 inhabitants) Metropolitan Municipalities in n 16 of the main urban areas (incorporate district municipalities) Villages (35 000, less than 2000 inhabitants) Special Provincial Administrations (SPAs( SPAs) 81 SPAs, one in each province. The SPAs cover areas that fall neither within municipal nor village boundaries

4 Overview of institutional&legal framework Widely dispersed responsibilities and authorities loss of enforcement power lack of communication

5 Prime Ministry Treasury State Planning Organization Ministry of Health Ministry of Environment and Foresty Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Public Works and Housing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Ministry of Culture and Tourism Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Ministry of Finance Ministry of Interior General Health Servıces Forest Meteorology Special. Protect. Areas Act No: 3234 Forestry services at national level Act No: 3127, 3254 Meteorology services Decree 383 Related to Specially protected areas Bank of Provinces Act No:1759 Water supply and sewerage General Directorate of Rural Affairs (GDRS) * Act No:3202 Village roads contruction, water supply, electricity, erosion control, irrigation Agricultural Production and Development Aquatic Product and Fishery Act No:1380, 3288 Aquatic Product and fishery protection State Hydraulic Works (DSI) Act No: 6200, 167, 1053, 7478 Inland water resources Electrical Works Planning Administra tion Act No: 2819 Studies, planning and projects related to electrical energy at national level Energy Works General Directorate Decree 505 BOT application s Turkey Electricity Production and Transmission Production, transmission and contracting works since 2001 with three separate companies General Directorat eof Research and Eploration Act No: 2804 Geotherm al energy source investigati on and research Administrativ e Control Province Health Organization Provincial Directorate of Environment and Forestry Greater Metropolitan Municipalities Municipalities Village committee of elders Division Directorate of Control Division Municipalities Municipalities Provinces Greater Metropolitan Municipality Areas Settlements Villages Large settlements >100,000 inhabitants Provincial administration * Being restructured/ Abolished February 2006

6 ORGANISATION LAW M.* OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AFFAIRS M OF COMMERC E M. OF JUSTICE M. OF INTERIOR M. OF HEALT H CABIN ET PRIME MINIS TRY M. OF PUBLIC WORKS AND RESETTLEM ENT (HOUSING) M. OF ENVIRO NMENT AND FOREST RY M. OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES MINISTRY OF JU VILLAGE ACT (1924) HARBOURS ACT (1925) RKISH CIVIL ACT (CIVIL CODE) WATER ACT SANITATION ACT ANNEXE TO WATER ACT TLEMENT ACT protectıon AGAINST FLOODING FOREST ACT GROUND WATER ACT ILLEGAL SETTLEMENT AQUATIC PRODUCT ACT IRONMENT BOSPHORUS ACT AGRICULTURE REFORM ACT

7 Underlying problems Rapid urbanization in the last fifty years: : 65% urban population Congested population due to rural-to- urban migrants mainly in: large cities, along the coast, western parts

8 Overview of institutional&legal framework Municipalities receive significant support from the central government for basic services Substantial progress but further reforms needed the ability of the central government reduced due to macroeconomic fiscal constraints

9 Overview of institutional&legal framework Municipalities unable to provide services for unepectedly high population increase inability to complete already initiated investments high inefficiency in investments, Lack of sufficient financial resources for new investments

10 Present Position Achievements 92% of population have access to public water supply 78% access to public sewer erage systems Shortfalls Waterborne disease in the eastern cities Treatment of waste water remains very low

11 Present Position Policy responsibilities are fragmented across government Competence of water utilities needs improvement

12 Needs? Determine service standards Create sustainable financing mechanisms for the sector, Create sufficient financial resources to cope with the new investment needs, Encourage training Encourage involvement of private sector

13 Institutional Improvement Water and Sewerage Administrations Union of municipalities Delegated management for O&M semi-autonomous entity separate budget

14 Legislation General Approach Water and sewerage charges Environment taes Polluter pays User pays Further improvement epected: Harmonization with the EU-WFD

15 Istanbul Metropolitan Area Black Sea Marmara Sea

16 What do the figures tell about Istanbul? Population: more than 10 million (national 67,8 million) Area 5.2 km2 Density: : 1928 persons/km2 population increase: : 3.3% (national 1.8%) 63% of the population constituted by immigrants 43% contribution to the general budget

17 Population trend in the Ömerli Basin Population Years

18 The Ömerli Basin Man-made water reservoir contributing to 33% of Istanbul s total water supply Located within the municipal boundaries

19 Reasons for failure in protecting the Ömerli Basin Attracted unepectedly high rural immigration twenty-fold in 15 years! similar rural and agrarian features) Sound geological structure (impact of the 1999 Earthquake)

20 Reasons for failure in protecting the Ömerli Basin Overlapping powers and fragmentation ISKI, DSI, Ministry of Environment&Forestry Who is responsible for what? Difficulties in enforcement political interests of local administrators (short-termism) real-estateestate speculations

21 Impact of Illegal Urbanization Loss of state-owned land, degradation of forest and green area

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23 Financial Burden Urgent remedial action at a cost of US$ 150 million

24 Dilemma Option A-Refuse to allocate municipal services? +disincentive for similar situation -Water consumed anyway,receiving medium polluted Option B-Register the inhabitants +income generation for ISKI -GiveGive official status to illegal settlements

25 Eisting Policy Political considerations play a significant role in strategy and policy making

26 What policy to be adopted? Lasting policy in environmental issues continuity in technical administrations stakeholders involvement

27 What policy to be adopted? Timely implementation (the environment cost of delayed infrastructure is very high) Land-use and development plans must be completed prior to any urban development

28 What policy to be adopted? Each resource (i.e. Water basin,, ) has its own particularities this necessitates appropriate management whose basic guidelines are defined at national level The key word = Good governance!

29 THANK YOU!