Linde Engineering. LNG Technology.

Transcription

1 Linde Engineering LNG Technology.

2 2 Contents. 3 Introduction 4 Pretreatment and separation of natural gas 5 LNG plant block scheme 6 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM 1 7 References LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia 8 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM 3 9 References LNG plants in China LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia 10 MFC process (mixed-fluid cascade) 11 LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway 12 Coil-wound heat exchanger 14 Plate-fin heat exchanger 16 Contact MFC and LIMUM are registered trademarks of Linde AG

3 3 Introduction. Natural gas is a mixture of gases containing primarily hydrocarbon gases. It is colorless and odorless in its pure form. It is the cleanest fossil fuel with the lowest carbon dioxide emissions. Natural gas is an important fuel source as well as a major feedstock for fertilizers and petrochemicals. For economic transportation over great distances natural gas can be cooled and liquefied occupying only 1/600 th of its normal volume in gaseous form at a temperature of around -162 C. Linde Engineering has a strong history in the LNG industry having developed, built and started-up over 20 LNG plants world-wide since Linde Engineering s natural gas liquefaction processes can cover LNG plants ranging from 40 thousand to more than 10 million tons per year. 3

4 4 Pretreatment and separation of natural gas. C3+ recovery plant in Kollsnes, Norway (Photo courtesy of STATOIL) Pretreatment of natural gas Prior to liquefaction natural gas often has to be pretreated. Such pretreatment typically consists of mercury removal, gas sweetening and drying. Depending on the downstream processing steps and the concentration of the sour gas components, it may be necessary to remove H 2 S and CO 2 from the natural gas. Scrubbing processes such as MDEA, are offered for this application. Should only minor amounts of sour gas be present, they can be removed by adsorption along with the removal of water. Mercury guard beds are recommended to protect people and equipment. Separation of natural gas Cryogenic processes represent the most economical solutions to reject or to recover natural gas components. NGL, LPG, condensate or the pure components methane, ethane, propane and butane often have higher sales value compared to the pipeline gas itself. Therefore they are frequently extracted and fractionated in tailor made processing plants according to the specific requirements of the regional market. NGL and LPG are ideal feedstocks for steam crackers producing olefins. Removal of nitrogen leads to reduced transportation volumes and an increased heating value. Furthermore it is sometimes required for the usage as fuel gas feeding gas turbines. The gas turbines are installed to provide the required electrical or mechanical power of the LNG plants. Helium recovery is often combined with nitrogen removal. High purity helium is produced by the combination of cryogenic and pressure swing adsorption process steps. All manner of processes for the pretreatment and separation of natural gas as well as the extraction of NGL, LPG, nitrogen and helium are offered by the Engineering Division.

5 5 LNG plant block scheme. A typical LNG plant is comprised of the following units: Feed gas compression, in case the natural gas pressure is low CO 2 removal, mostly by a wash process and drying H 2 O removal by an adsorber (CO 2 and H 2 O would otherwise freeze and cause clogging in the downstream liquefaction equipment) Natural gas liquefaction Refrigeration system and refrigerant make-up unit LNG storage LNG loading stations LNG metering stations Sometimes in addition the following units are required: Condensate stabilisation Fractionation N 2 removal Waste water Sour gas Exhaust gas Hot oil system hot oil Waste heat recovery flue gas Gas turbine hot oil Natural gas Feed gas compression NG Solvent regeneration rich solvent lean solvent NG purification CO 2 removal purified NG hot oil hot oil fuel gas hot oil fuel gas NG purification dryer Refrigeration system vap. refr. liquid refr. Boil-off gas (fuel gas) compression dry NG NG LNG LNG loading LNG LNG LNG station liquefaction storage container LNG meters Refrigerant make-up unit Fire fighting Utilities Flare LNG loading jetty LNG LNG loading station truck LNG LNG meters

6 6 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM 1 LIMUM 1 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying platefin heat exchanger) The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air Both phases of the compressed MR are jointly fed to a brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger, are fully liquefied and subcooled After expansion in a J-T valve the MR if fully vaporized under low pressure providing refrigeration for natural gas liquefaction and fractionation, if required. Basic single flow LNG process for less than 0.5 mtpa LNG NG N 2 Fractionator LP MR HP MR NGL LNG

7 7 References. LNG plant in Kollsnes, Norway Capacity 40,000 tpa Customer Naturgass Vest, now Gasnor Start-up 2003 LNG is distributed by trucks and by small LNG transport ships to satellite stations. One innovative feature of this project is the use of LNG as fuel in ferry boats along the Norwegian coast. There are many advantages replacing diesel with LNG. The exhaust gas of the engines is clean and free of solid particles. NO x and CO 2 emissions are reduced. The engines and therefore the ferries have a reduced noise level. LNG plant in Kwinana, Australia Capacity 62,500 tpa Customer Westfarmers Gas Limited Start-up 2008 LNG is produced from pipeline gas and is then distributed by truck to various customers, such as peak shaving power stations. Here the LNG replaces diesel and other fuels, which are less environmentally acceptable.

8 8 Single mixed refrigerant liquefaction process: LIMUM 3 LIMUM 3 (Linde multi-stage mixed refrigerant process applying coilwound heat exchanger) The LP MR (mixed refrigerant) is compressed in a two stage centrifugal compressor and partially condensed against cooling water or air The heavy, liquid MR fraction os used in a coil-wound heat exchanger to pre-cool natural gas and to condense the light, gaseous MR fraction partially The resulting, intermediately boiling MR fraction serves as liquefaction refrigerant, while the remaining light ends MR fraction sub-cools the liquefied natural gas Advanced single flow LNG process for 0.2 to 1.0 mtpa LNG LNG N 2 Fractionator LP MR HP MR NGL NG

9 9 References. LNG plants in China Capacity 430,000 tpa Customer Xin Jiang Guanghui Start-up 2004 Capacity 430,000 tpa Customer Xin Jiang Ji Munai Guanghui Start-up 2013 Capacity 300,000 tpa Customer Huineng Coal Chemical Co. Ltd. Start-up 2013 Capacity 350,000 tpa Customer Siehuang Tonghei Engery & Technology Dev. Co. Ltd. Start-up 2014 All of these LNG plants are highly flexible and excel due to their robustness. As special feature the plant in Jimunai has a nitrogen removal column integrated into the liquefaction process. This is an economically attractive concept for nitrogen rich feed gases. LNG is transported by trucks to a large number of satellite stations. This LNG scheme creates new gas markets and provides a great improvement in the tight energy supply situation in China. LNG plant in Stavanger, Norway Capacity 300,000 tpa Customer Lyse Gass AS Start-up 2010 Due to the high feed gas pressure and based on the Linde proprietary LIMUM process this LNG plant achieves an outstanding energy efficiency. The plant supplies LNG to both the local industry and AGA, an affiliate of the Linde Gas division. The AGA quota of the produced LNG is first shipped to an import terminal in Nynäshamn, Sweden, which was built as well by Linde Engineering. LNG plant in Bintulu, Malaysia Capacity 650,000 tpa Customer MLNG Start-up 2014 The plant is the world s largest re-liquefaction plant for N2 rich boil-off gases from MLNG s LNG complex in Bintulu, Malaysia.

10 10 MFC process (mixed-fluid cascade). The MFC process is highly efficient due to the use of the three mixed refrigerant cycles. The process is comprised of: Plate-fin heat exchangers for natural gas precooling CWHEs (coil-wound heat exchangers) for natural gas liquefaction and LNG subcooling Three separate mixed refrigerant cycles, each with different compositions, which result in minimum compressor shaft power requirement Three cold suction centrifugal compressors > 10 mtpa LNG can be produced in a single train. MFC (mixed-fluid cascade) process for 3 to 12 mtpa LNG NG LNG SMR SMR E E LMR LMR E

11 11 LNG plant in Hammerfest, Norway. Capacity 4.3 mtpa (million tons per annum) Customer Statoil Start-up 2007 This is Europe s first and the world s northernmost LNG baseload plant. The MFC (mixed fluid cascade) process together with the low cooling water temperature at the site are the basis for the extremely low specific power consumption of the plant (less than 250 kwh/t). This LNG project has another distinguishing feature: the entire LNG baseload plant was preassembled in various shipyards in Europe and transported to its operating location on HLVs (heavy lift vessels). The process plant itself was installed on a barge in a shipyard, transported by HLV and finally grounded in a prepared dock at the site.

12 12 Coil-wound heat exchanger. The ample choice of usable alloys including aluminium and stainless steel allow coil-wound heat exchangers to be used for a wide range of applications in cold as well as warm applications. The coil-wound heat exchanger is the core equipment in large base-load LNG plants. The Engineering Division has numerous references for coil-wound heat exchangers designed and manufactured in its own workshops. Benefits Providing a large heating surface per shell Tolerant against thermal shocks due to its robust design Manufacturing of coil-wound heat exchanger in Linde workshop

13 13 Manhole Baffle plate Pre-distributor Tube bundle pigtail Mandrel Distributor Shroud Refrigerant inlet Lifting trunnion Hand hole Bonnet Transition joint Bundle outlet nozzle Drain Vent Tube bundle with alternating winding direction Platform stubs Insulation support ring Vessel shell Vacuum ring 2 multi nozzle Temperature detector junction box Bundle inlet nozzle Tube sheet Refrigerant outlet Skirt The coil-wound heat exchanger is the core equipment in large baseload LNG plants.

14 14 Plate-fin heat exchanger. The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are key components in many cryogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants. Benefits Compactness, saving installation space and investment costs Many process streams can be handled in a single unit, thus avoiding expensive interconnecting piping of different units Low equipment weight Aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers assembled in Linde workshop

15 15 D A C Stub pipe Distributor fin Header tank Heat transfer fin Partition plate B Side bar Cover plate B Scheme of an aluminium plate-fin heat exchanger C D A The vacuum brazed aluminium plate-fin heat exchangers are key components in many cryogenic process plants. They are the preferred heat exchangers in small LNG plants.

16 Designing processes constructing plants. Linde s Engineering Division continuously develops extensive process engineering know-how for the planning, project management and construction of turnkey industrial plants. The range of products comprises: Petrochemical plants LNG and natural gas processing plants Synthesis gas plants Hydrogen plants Gas processing plants Adsorption plants Air separation plants Cryogenic plants Biotechnology plants Furnaces for petrochemical plants and refineries The Engineering Division and its subsidiaries manufacture: Packaged units, coldboxes Coil-wound heat exchangers Plate-fin heat exchangers Cryogenic standard tanks Air-heated vaporizers Spiral-welded aluminium pipes More than 4,000 plants worldwide document the leading position of the Engineering Division in international plant construction. Linde Engineering Schalchen Plant Tacherting, Germany Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering Dresden GmbH Dresden, Germany Phone Fax [email protected] SELAS-LINDE GmbH Pullach, Germany Phone Fax [email protected] Cryostar SAS Hésingue, France Phone Fax [email protected] Linde CryoPlants, Ltd. Aldershot, United Kingdom Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Impianti Italia S.L.R. Rome, Italy Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Kryotechnik AG Pfungen, Switzerland Phone Fax [email protected] Bertrams Heatec AG Pratteln, Switzerland Phone Fax [email protected] CRYO AB Gothenburg, Sweden Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Process Plants, Inc. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A. Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering North America, Inc. Blue Bell, PA, U.S.A. Phone Fax [email protected] Hydro-Chem Holly Springs, GA, U.S.A. Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engenharia do Brasil Ltda. São Paulo, Brazil Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Process Plants (Pty), Ltd. Johannesburg, South Africa Phone Fax [email protected] Moscow Rep. Office Moscow, Russia Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering RUS, OOO Samara, Russia Phone [email protected] Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd. Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Arabian Contracting Co., Ltd. Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering Middle East LLC Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering India Pvt., Ltd. Vadodara, Gujarat, India Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering Far East, Ltd. Seoul, South Korea Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering (Dalian) Co., Ltd. Dalian, P.R. of China Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, P.R. of China Phone Fax [email protected] Beijing Rep. Office Beijing, P.R. of China Phone Fax [email protected] Linde Engineering Taiwan Branch Taipei, Taiwan Phone Fax [email protected] Linde AG Engineering Division, Head office, Dr.-Carl-von-Linde-Strasse 6-14, Pullach, Germany Phone , Fax , [email protected], LNG/1.1.e/13