Physical Science: Tables & Formulas
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1 Physical Science: Tables & Formulas SI Base Units Base Quantity Unit Name Unit Symbol Amount of substance mole Mol Electric current ampere A Length meter M Luminous intensity candela Cd Mass kilogram Kg Time second S Temperature Kelvin K SI Derived Units Derived Quantity Name (Symbol) Expression in terms of other SI units Area Square meter (m 2 ) Volume Cubic meter (m 3 ) Expression in terms of SI base units Speed/velocity Meter per second (m/s) Acceleration Meter per second squared (m/s 2 ) Frequency Hertz (Hz) s -1 Force Newton (N) m. kg. s -2 Pressure, stress Pascal (Pa) N. m 2 m -1. kg. s -2 Energy, work, quantity of heat Joule (J) N. m m 2. kg. s -2 Power Watt (W) J/s m 2. kg. s -3 Electric charge Coulomb (C) -- s. A Electric potential difference Volt (V) W/A -1 m 2 kg s -3 A Electric resistance Ohm (Ω) V/A -2 m 2 kg s -3 A Prefixes used to designate multiples of a base unit Prefix Symbol Meaning Multiple of base unit Scientific Notation tera T trillion 1, 000, 000, 000, giga G billion 1, 000, 000, mega M Million 1, 000, kilo k Thousand 1, centi c One hundredth 1/100 or milli m One thousandth 1/1000 or micro u One millionth 1/ or Nano n One billionth 1/ or pico p One trillionth 1/ or In general, when converting from base units (m, l, g, etc) or derived units (m 2,m 3, m/s, Hz, N, J, V, etc) to a multiple greater (kilo, mega, giga, or tera) than the base or derived unit- then divide by the factor. For example: 10m = 10/1000km = 1/100 km =.01km. Page 1 of 10
2 When converting from base units or derived units to a multiple smaller (centi, milli, micro, nano) than the base or derived unit- then multiply by the factor. For example: 10m = 10 x 100cm = 1000cm. Subatomic Particles Particle Charge Mass Location Proton +1 1 nucleus Neutron 0 1 nucleus Electron -1 0 Outside the nucleus Common Cations Ion Name (symbol) Ion Charge Lithium (Li) 1+ Sodium (Na) 1+ Potassium (K) 1+ Rubidium (Rb) 1+ Cesium (Cs) 1+ Beryllium (Be) 2+ Magnesium (Mg) 2+ Calcium (Ca) 2+ Strontium (Sr) 2+ Barium (Ba) 2+ Aluminum (Al) 3+ Common Anions Element Name (symbol) Ion Name (symbol) Ion Charge Fluorine Fluoride 1- Chlorine Chloride 1- Bromine Bromide 1- Iodine Iodide 1- Oxygen Oxide 2- Sulfur Sulfide 2- Nitrogen Nitride 3- Common Polyatomic Ions Ion Name Ion Formula Ion Name Ion Formula Carbonate 2- CO 3 Nitrite - NO 2 Chlorate - ClO 3 Phosphate 3- PO 4 Cyanide CN - Phosphite 3- PO 3 Hydroxide OH - Sulfate 2- SO 4 Nitrate - NO 3 Sulfite 2- SO 3 Page 2 of 10
3 Prefixes for Naming Covalent Compounds Number of Atoms Prefix Number of Atoms Prefix 1 Mono 6 Hexa 2 Di 7 Hepta 3 Tri 8 Octa 4 Tetra 9 Nona 5 penta 10 deca Types of Chemical Reactions Type of reaction Generalized formula Specific Example Combustion HC + O 2 H 2 O + CO 2 2C 2 H 6 + 7O 2 6H 2 O + 4CO 2 Synthesis A + B AB 2Na + Cl 2 2NaCl Decomposition AB A + B 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 Single Replacement A + BC AC + B 2Al + 3CuCl 2 3Cu + 2AlCl 3 Double Replacement AX + BY AY + BX Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + K 2 CrO 4 PbCrO 4 + 2KNO 3 The Effects of Change on Equilibrium in a Reversible Reaction (Le Châtelier s Principle) Condition Temperature Pressure Concentration Effect Increasing temperature favors the reaction that absorbs energy (endothermic) Increasing pressure favors the reaction that produces less gas. Increasing conc. of one substance favors reaction that produces less of that substance Common Acids Acid Formula Strength Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid HCl strong Nitric acid HNO 3 strong Sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 strong Acetic acid CH 3 COOH weak Citric acid C 6 H 8 O 7 weak Formic HCOOH weak Common Bases Base Formula Strength Potassium hydroxide (potash) KOH strong Sodium hydroxide (lye) NaOH strong Calcium hydroxide (lime) Ca(OH) 2 strong ammonia NH 3 weak Page 3 of 10
4 ph scale Strong acids more acidic weak acids Neutral Weak bases More basic strong bases Types of Nuclear Radiation Radiation Type Symbol Charge Nuclear Equation Alpha particle 2 4 He Ac Fr He Beta particle -1 0 e C 14 7 N e Gamma γ 0 n/a Equations Density = mass volume (D = m/v) Units: g/cm 3 or g/ml Rearranged: mass = Density x Volume Units: grams or Volume = mass density Units: cm 3 or ml Moles = mass (grams) x Molar Mass (grams / mol) Molar Mass = atomic mass in grams Energy = mass x (speed of light) 2 E = mc 2 Units: joules Speed = distance time v = d t Units: meters / second Rearranged: distance = speed x time Units: meters time = distance speed Units: seconds Momentum = mass x velocity p = m x v Units: kg. m/s Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) time a = Δv t Units: meters / (second) 2 Rearranged: Δv = acceleration x time Units: meters/second time = Δv a Units: seconds Force = mass x acceleration F = m x a Units: kg. m/s 2 or Newtons (N) Rearranged: mass = Force acceleration Units: g or kg acceleration = Force mass Units: meters / (second) 2 Page 4 of 10
5 Weight = mass x gravity (9.8 m/s 2 ) Units: kg. m/s 2 or Newtons (N) Work = Force x distance W = F x d Units: Joules (J) Rearranged: Force = Work distance Units: Newtons distance = Work Force Units: meters Power = Work time P = W t Units: J/s or Watts (W) Rearranged: Work = Power x time Units: Joules (J) time = Work Power Units: seconds (s) Mechanical Advantage = Output Force Input Force (Resistance Force Effort Force) Mechanical Advantage = Input Distance Output Distance (Effort Distance Resistance Distance) Gravitational Potential Energy = mass x gravity (9.8 m/s 2 ) x height GPE = m x g x h Units: Joules Rearranged: m = GPE (g. h) h = GPE (m. g) Kinetic Energy = ½ mass x (velocity) 2 KE =.5 mv 2 Units: Joules Rearranged: m = 2KE v 2 v = Efficiency of a Machine = (Useful Work Output Work Input) x 100 or Temperature Conversions Celsius-Fahrenheit Conversion: Fahrenheit temperature = (1.8 x Celsius temperature) F = 1.8 (C) Celsius temperature = (Fahrenheit temperature 32) 1.8 C = (F 32) 1.8 Celsius-Kelvin Conversion: Kelvin = Celsius Celsius = Kelvin -273 Page 5 of 10
6 Specific Heat Equation Energy = mass x Specific Heat Value x change in temperature E = m. c. Δ t Units: Joules Rearranged: mass = Energy (c x Δ T) Units: kg Δ T = Energy (c x mass ) Units: K or 0 C Wave Speed Equation Wave s Speed = frequency x wavelength v = f x λ Units: m/s Rearranged: Frequency = Wave Speed wavelength f = v λ Units: Hertz Wavelength = Wave Speed frequency λ = v f Units: meters / second Speed of light (in a vacuum) = 3.0 x 10 8 m/s (300,000,000 m/s) Speed of Sound (in air at 25 0 C) = 346 m/s Speed of Sound (in water at 25 0 C) = 1490 m/s Speed of Sound (in iron at 25 0 C) = 5000 m/s Ohm s Law Equation Current = Voltage Resistance I = V / R Units: Amperes (A) Rearranged: Voltage = Current x Resistance V = I x R Units: Volts (V) Resistance = Voltage Current R = V / I Units: Ohms (Ω) Electric Power Equation Power = Current x Voltage P = I x V Units: watts (W) or Kilowatts (kw) Variations: P = I 2 x R P = V 2 / R Rearranged: Voltage = Power Current V = P x I Units: Volts (V) Current = Power Voltage I = P V Units: Amperes (A) Page 6 of 10
7 Electromagnetic Spectrum: Relates the energy, frequency and wavelength of various types of electromagnetic waves (radio, TV, micro, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma). As energy and frequency increase the wavelength decreases. Page 7 of 10
8 Page 8 of 10
9 AM radio kilohertz to 1.7 megahertz Short wave radio - bands from 5.9 megahertz to 26.1 megahertz Citizens band (CB) radio megahertz to megahertz Television stations - 54 to 88 megahertz for channels 2 through 6 FM radio - 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz Television stations to 220 megahertz for channels 7 through 13 Garage door openers, alarm systems, etc. - Around 40 megahertz Standard cordless phones: Bands from 40 to 50 megahertz Baby monitors: 49 megahertz Radio controlled airplanes: Around 72 megahertz, which is different from... Radio controlled cars: Around 75 megahertz Wildlife tracking collars: 215 to 220 megahertz MIR space station: 145 megahertz and 437 megahertz Cell phones: 824 to 849 megahertz New 900-MHz cordless phones: Obviously around 900 megahertz! Air traffic control radar: 960 to 1,215 megahertz Page 9 of 10
10 Global Positioning System: 1,227 and 1,575 megahertz Deep space radio communications: 2290 megahertz to 2300 megahertz Page 10 of 10
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