Stainless Steel in Figures
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1 Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
2 Disclaimer The Interna onal Stainless Steel Forum believes that the informa on presented is technically correct. However, ISSF does not represent or warrant the accuracy of the informa on contained in this document or its suitability for any general or specific use. The material contained herein is by necessity general in nature; it should not be used or relied upon for any specific or general applica on without first obtaining competent advice. ISSF, its members, staff and consultants specifically disclaim any and all liability or responsibility of any kind for loss, damage, or injury resul ng from the use of the informa on contained in this brochure. 2015, Interna onal Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF)
3 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Table of Contents Secretary-General s Message... 5 Sec on 1: History and Compe on Compound annual growth rate of world stainless melt shop produc on... 6 Regional share of stainless steel produc on (2005 versus 2014)... 6 Stainless steel versus plas cs - produc on evolu on ( )... 7 Compound annual growth rate of major metals ( )... 7 Sec on 2: Actual Performance Stainless melt shop produc on ( )... 8 Stainless melt shop produc on by quarter (2013 and 2014)... 9 Stainless steel foreign trade (2013 and 2014) Foreign trade exports of stainless steel (2013 and 2014) Foreign trade exports of stainless steel scrap (2013 and 2014) Apparent stainless steel use by region ( ) Stainless melt shop produc on by region ( ) Stainless melt shop produc on by grade category ( ) Global stainless melt shop produc on by quarter ( ) Sec on 3: Poten al Demand versus real stainless steel use - Europe (Q Q4 2014)...15 Demand versus real stainless steel use - Americas (Q Q4 2014)...15 Demand versus real stainless steel use - Asia, excluding China (Q Q4 2014)...16 Demand versus real stainless steel use - China (Q Q4 2014)...16 Demand versus real stainless steel use - World (Q Q4 2014)...17 Per-capita direct and indirect use of stainless steel (2000, 2005, 2010) Per-capita direct and indirect use of stainless steel (2005 and 2010) GDP PPP per capita versus stainless steel use per capita (2010 and 2014) Comparison of direct versus total stainless steel use (2005 and 2010) Stainless steel use by sector (2013) Sec on 4: Raw Materials Chrome World chrome ore resources and reserves World chrome ore resources by country Page 3
4 Table of Contents Sec on 4: Raw Materials (con nued) Chrome (con nued) Chrome uses Chrome ore produc on by grade Ferrochrome produc on by type Ferrochrome applica ons Chrome ore produc on by region and Chrome ore produc on by region Ferrochrome produc on by country and Ferrochrome produc on by region Ferrochrome produc on by number of producing countries Share of ferrochrome produc on Interna onal HC FeCr spot prices Nickel Nickel resources and reserves Nickel mine produc on by region Primary nickel produc on by region Nickel usage by region World primary nickel balance End of month stocks and average prices ( April 2015) Primary nickel capacity by country Primary nickel, new commi ed developments Molybdenum Molybdenum produc on by region Molybdenum use by region Molybdenum produc on and use First use (excluding recycled Mo in scrap) New molybdenum versus Mo in scrap Recycled molybdenum content in stainless steel Molybdenum end use structure Molybdenum in stainless steel (tonnes Mo content) by end use Molybdenum-grade stainless steel by end use (tonnes stainless steel) Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
5 Secretary-General s Message Dear Members This is the fourth edi on of Stainless Steel in Figures, which has proved to be a popular ready reference for our members. We have broadened the scope of the informa on which is provided this year. For the first we introduce sta s cal data from the raw material associa ons who are members of the Team Stainless network. We hope that this will provide a more useful informa on source for our readers. International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) We record our apprecia on to our partners in the Team Stainless network for their willingness and help in providing data. An analysis of the sta s cal data for stainless steel can be significantly improved by a parallel analysis of the data for the essen al raw materials which give steel its stainless proper es. We are therefore very grateful to the Interna onal Chrome Development Associa on (ICDA), the Interna onal Nickel Study Group (INSG) and the Interna onal Molybdenum Associa on (IMOA) who have kindly agreed that there is relevance for this innova ve joint work for the benefit of their own members as well as the members of ISSF. Stainless steel is a significant market for the producers of chromium (96% for metallurgical grade), nickel (65% of produc on) and molybdenum. The informa on which has been provided about the raw materials is strictly confiden al and is for the use of ISSF members and the members of the contribu ng associa ons only. That informa on should please not be re-published without the express permission of the associa ons. The stainless steel data belongs to the ISSF and our members are welcome to use it as they wish. If any of you have any comments or sugges ons on how this booklet may be improved for future edi ons, please let me know. John Rowe Secretary-General, Interna onal Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Brussels, May 2015 Page 5
6 Section 1: History and Competition Compound annual growth: 5.99% 41.7 Mt (2014) Million metric tonnes (Mt) 1 Mt Figure 1: Compound annual growth rate of world stainless melt shop produc on (slab/ingot equivalent): (in Mt) 3% 1% 39% 34% 22% 17% 7% 13% 11% 52% Figure 2: EU-27 Stainless Steel in Figures 2015 Americas Other Asia (excluding China) China Rest of world Regional share of stainless steel produc on: 2005 (le ) and 2014 (right)
7 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Index: 1990 = Mt (2013) Stainless steel Mt 50 Figure 3: Stainless steel produc on versus plas cs produc on: The produc on evolu on of both is similar, though stainless steel is more vola le. Lead 2.16% Average: 2.54% Copper 2.80% Zinc 2.35% Aluminium 3.71% Carbon steel 2.46% Stainless steel 5.44% Figure 4: Compound annual growth rate of major metals (%/year): Page 7
8 Section 2: Actual Performance Country/Region Belgium 1,471 1,045 1,306 1,241 1,241 1,298 1,388 Finland ,003 1,078 1,080 1,216 France Germany 1,574 1,320 1,509 1,502 1,313 1, Italy 1,471 1,216 1,583 1,602 1,696 1,556 1,457 Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other EU European Union 7,838 5,986 7,494 7,559 7,455 7,147 7,252 USA 1,925 1,617 2,201 2,074 1,977 2,030 2,389 Brazil Americas 2,315 1,942 2,609 2,486 2,368 2,454 2,813 Japan 3,567 2,607 3,427 3,247 3,166 3,175 3,328 South Korea 1,660 1,677 2,048 2,157 2,167 2,143 2,038 Taiwan, China 1,297 1,468 1,514 1,203 1,107 1,067 1,108 China 6,943 8,805 11,256 14,091 16,087 18,984 21,692 India 1,832 1,721 2,022 2,163 2,834 2,891 2,858 Asia 15,299 16,277 20,267 22,861 25,361 28,260 31,025 South Africa Russia Ukraine n/a n/a World 26,218 24,904 31,090 33,621 35,917 38,130 41,686 Table 1: Note: Stainless melt shop produc on (ingot/slab equivalent) in 1,000 metric tonnes: A major correc on of Chinese data in 2011 means data from 2011 onwards is not comparable with earlier years. Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
9 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Western Europe/ Africa Central & Eastern Europe The Americas Asia (excluding China) China World Quarter 1 Quarter 2 First half Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Second half Full year , ,298 4,575 9, , ,371 5,084 10,359 % change , ,253 4,584 9, , ,387 5,603 10,894 % change , ,195 4,551 9,159 19, , ,386 4,757 10,687 21,253 % change , ,284 5,016 9, , ,374 5,336 10,173 % change , ,441 4,809 9, , ,202 5,670 10,259 % change , ,260 4,725 9,825 19, , ,427 4,576 11,005 20,432 % change , ,454 9,279 18,984 38, , ,813 9,333 21,692 41,686 % change Table 2: Stainless melt shop produc on (slab/ingot equivalent) by quarter in 1,000 metric tonnes: 2013 compared to 2014 Page 9
10 Section 2: Actual Performance Semis long 2.6% Hot bars/wire rod 8.5% Cold bars/wire 7.3% Semis flat 1.4% Cold flat 47.3% Hot coils 25.9% Hot plate and sheet 7.0% Figure 5a: Stainless steel foreign trade in 2013 Semis long 2.1% Hot bars/wire rod 8.2% Cold bars/wire 7.2% Semis flat 1.1% Cold flat 47.7% Hot coils 27.0% Figure 5b: Stainless steel foreign trade in 2014 Hot plate and sheet 6.7% Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
11 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Des na on Africa Asia Eastern Europe La n America Middle East NAFTA Australia /Oceania Western Europe Total Africa Asia , , ,880.2 Eastern Europe La n America Middle East* n/a NAFTA Australia/ Oceania Western Europe ,566.8 Total , , , ,661.3 Table 3a: Foreign trade exports of stainless steel in 2013 (1,000 metric tonnes). Includes feedstock material for further processing. Des na on Africa Asia Eastern Europe La n America Middle East NAFTA Australia /Oceania Western Europe Total Africa Asia , , ,182.0 Eastern Europe La n America Middle East* n/a NAFTA Australia/ Oceania Western Europe , ,985.9 Total , , , ,541.1 Table 3b: Foreign trade exports of stainless steel in 2014 (1,000 metric tonnes). Includes feedstock material for further processing. Note: *Indicates imports from that region. Page 11
12 Section 2: Actual Performance Des na on Africa Asia Eastern Europe La n America Middle East NAFTA Australia /Oceania Western Europe Total Africa Asia Eastern Europe La n America Middle East* n/a NAFTA Australia/ Oceania Western Europe , ,037.8 Total 1.8 1, , ,759.1 Table 4a: Foreign trade exports of stainless steel scrap in 2013 (1,000 metric tonnes). Des na on Africa Asia Eastern Europe La n America Middle East NAFTA Australia /Oceania Western Europe Total Africa Asia Eastern Europe La n America Middle East* n/a NAFTA Australia/ Oceania Western Europe , ,499.4 Total 0.3 1, , ,349.7 Table 4b: Foreign trade exports of stainless steel scrap in 2014 (1,000 metric tonnes). Note: Stainless Steel in Figures 2015 *Indicates imports from that region.
13 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Western Europe Central/Eastern Europe Americas Asia (excl. China) China Others Figure 6: Apparent stainless steel use by region: ,000 40,000 35,000 31,094 30,000 28,706 28,146 26,218 24,570 24,546 24,904 25,000 22,840 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 *Major correc on of Chinese e data for 2011, 1 not comparable a with previous years. 41,686 38,506 35,917 33, * Western Europe/Africa Central/Eastern Europe Americas Asia (excl. China) China Figure 7: Stainless melt shop produc on (slab/ingot equivalent) by region: (in 1,000 metric tonnes) Page 13
14 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Section 2: Actual Performance *Major correc on of Chinese data for 2011 and Not fully comparable with previous years (especially CrMn grades) * Q1 Q2 Q3 Q CrNi grades (300 series) CrMn grades (200 series) Cr grades (400 series) Other/not known Figure 8: Stainless melt shop produc on (slab/ingot equivalent) by grade: *Major correc on of Chinese data for 2011, not comparable with previous years. Figure 9: Stainless Steel in Figures 2015 Stainless melt shop produc on (slab/ingot equivalent) by quarter: (in 1,000 metric tonnes)
15 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Section 3: Potential Figure 10: Stainless steel demand versus real stainless steel use - Europe (Q to Q4 2014p) Where demand exceeds use, subs tu on of stainless steel by other materials may be occurring. Figure 11: Stainless steel demand versus real stainless steel use - The Americas (Q to Q4 2014p) Page 15
16 Section 3: Potential Stainless Steel Demand Index: Aggregated produc on index weighted by main stainless-using industrial sectors, and by market size. Figure 12: Stainless steel demand versus real stainless steel use - Asia, excluding China (Q to Q4 2014p) Real stainless steel use: Portion of apparent stainless steel use which is really used to produce goods containing stainless steel. Figure 13: Stainless Steel in Figures 2015 Stainless steel demand versus real stainless steel use - China (Q to Q4 2014p)
17 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Figure 14: Stainless steel demand versus real stainless steel use - World (Q to Q4 2014p) Figure 15: Comparison of per-capita direct and indirect use of stainless steel - selected countries , 2005 and 2010 (kg/capita). Source: IMF, Yale. Page 17
18 Section 3: Potential Figure 16: Per-capita direct and indirect use of stainless steel (kg/capita) for selected countries (top) and 2010 (bo om). Source: IMF, Yale. Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
19 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Figure 17: GDP PPP per capita versus stainless steel use per capita in 2010 (top) and 2014 (bo om). Source: IMF, ISSF, Yale. Page 19
20 Section 3: Potential Figure 18: Stainless Steel in Figures 2015 Comparison of direct stainless steel use (mill products) versus total stainless steel use (plus trade balance of stainless containing goods) in 2005 (top) and 2010 (bo om). Source: IMF, Yale, Vale Inco.
21 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Figure 19: Stainless steel use by sector Page 21
22 Section 4: Raw Materials - Chrome Russia 0.5% Brazil 0.2% India 0.9% Turkey 0.9% Finland 1.6% Kazakhstan 5.0% Others 6.9% Zimbabwe 12.0% South Africa 72.0% Figure 20: World chrome ore resources and reserves Figure 21: World chrome ore resources by country Figure 22: Chrome uses Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
23 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Foundry grade 2% Chemical grade 2% Refractory grade 0.2% LC FeCr 4% MC FeCr 2% Metallurgical grade 96% HC FeCr and Ch. Cr. 94% Figure 23: Chrome ore produc on by grade Figure 24: Ferrochrome produc on by type Other steels 4% Engineering and alloy steel 19% Stainless steel 77% Figure 25: Ferrochrome applica ons Page 23
24 Section 4: Raw Materials - Chrome Middle East 1% Americas 3% Middle East 4% Americas 2% Western Europe (including Turkey) 13% Western Europe (including Turkey) 11% Asia and Australia 8% Africa 38% Asia and Australia 12% Africa 55% Eastern Europe 37% Eastern Europe 16% Figure 26: Chrome ore produc on by region Figure 27: Chrome ore produc on by region Figure 28: Chrome ore produc on by region Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
25 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Figure 29: Ferrochrome produc on by country Figure 30: Ferrochrome produc on by country Figure 31: Ferrochrome produc on by region Page 25
26 Section 4: Raw Materials - Chrome Figure 32: Ferrochrome produc on by number of producing countries Figure 33: Share of ferrochrome produc on Figure 34: Interna onal HC FeCr spot prices (January 2013 = 100) Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
27 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Section 4: Raw Materials - Nickel Figure 35: Nickel resources and reserves Page 27
28 Section 4: Raw Materials - Nickel Figure 36: Nickel mine produc on by region Figure 37: Primary nickel produc on by region Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
29 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Figure 38: Nickel usage by region Figure 39: World primary nickel balance Page 29
30 Section 4: Raw Materials - Nickel Figure 40: End of month stocks and average prices (LME Nickel) Figure 41: Primary nickel capacity by country Figure 42: Primary nickel, new commi ed developments Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
31 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Section 4: Raw Materials - Molybdenum Figure 43: Molybdenum produc on by region Figure 44: Molybdenum use by region Figure 45: Molybdenum produc on and use Page 31
32 Section 4: Raw Materials - Molybdenum Figure 46: First use (excluding recycled Mo in scrap) Figure 47: New molybdenum versus Mo in scrap Figure 48: Recycled molybdenum content in stainless steel Figure 49: Molybdenum end use structure Stainless Steel in Figures 2015
33 International Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF) Figure 50: Molybdenum in stainless steel (tonnes Mo content) by end use Figure 51: Molybdenum-grade stainless steel by end use (tonnes stainless steel) Page 33
34 Data Sources Unless otherwise indicated, all data in this booklet has been provided by the Interna onal Stainless Steel Forum (ISSF). Data has also been provided by: 1. Interna onal Chromium Development Associa on (ICDA) 2. Interna onal Molybdenum Associa on (IMOA) 3. Interna onal Monetary Fund (IMF) 4. Interna onal Nickel Study Group (INSG) 5. Vale Inco 6. Yale University: School of Forestry and Environmental Studies (Reck et al.)
35 Further Information For more informa on about the ac vi es of ISSF, or the sta s cs in this booklet, please contact: Secretary-General, ISSF Rue Colonel Bourg 120 B-1140 Brussels, Belgium T: +32 (0) F: +32 (0) E: info@issf.org Website More informa on about the work of ISSF can be found at worldstainless.org. Extranet Members can access the worldstainless Extranet at: h p://extranet.worldstainless.org Please note: you must have a valid user ID and password to access this site. For more informa on about the worldstainless Extranet, please contact Jo Claes (claes@issf.org).
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