DATA & TRENDS EUROPEAN FOOD AND DRINK INDUSTRY

Transcription

1 DATA & TRENDS EUROPEAN FOOD AND DRINK INDTRY 0-05

2 EU FOOD AND DRINK INDTRY FIGURES TURNOVER VALUE ADDED, billion Largest manufacturing sector in the EU.8% of EU gross value added (GVA) CONSUMPTION % of household expenditure on food and drink products EMPLOYMENT. million people Leading employer in the EU NUMBER OF COMPANIES 8,000 SMEs.% of food and drink turnover.% of food and drink employment EXTERNAL TRADE.7 billion Exports. billion Imports 7. billion Trade balance 8% EU market share of global exports R&D EXPENDITURE.8 billion Sources: Eurostat, UN COMTRADE, OECD 0 data 0 data 0 data For definition, see page

3 INTRODUCTION This year s edition of the Data & Trends of the European Food and Drink Industry report offers a comprehensive picture of the structure and economics of Europe s food and drink sector. The EU food and drink industry is a key pillar of the EU economy, outperforming a large number of other EU manufacturing sectors. It is the largest manufacturing industry in the EU in terms of turnover, value added and employment. The Data & Trends report provides in depth analysis of the EU single market, world markets, and a European and global ranking of food and drink companies. Flash the code below for the interactive content of the report This report covers the whole EU-8 food and drink industry, which is identified by the NACE rev codes C0 (food products) and C (drinks). CONTENTS 0 EU food and drink industry figures World markets EU single market Contribution to the EU economy Employment Small and medium-sized enterprises Sub-sectors at EU level Sub-sectors at national level The national picture R&D and innovation Consumption Food supply chain Trade figures Trade figures by sub-sector 05 trade trends EU food and drink market share Food and drink industries worldwide Global trends in R&D Future challenges and opportunities Key food and drink companies Global ranking European ranking Glossary

4 EU single market CONTRIBUTION TO THE EU ECONOMY The largest manufacturing sector in terms of turnover, value added and employment.8% Contribution of the food and drink industry to EU gross value added (GVA) 5% Share of food and drink turnover in manufacturing.8% Share of food and drink value added in manufacturing The food and drink industry is a major contributor to Europe s economy, ahead of other manufacturing sectors, such as the automotive industry. The industry maintains the characteristics of a stable, resilient and robust sector. In 0, the production of the sector was higher than any previous annual production since 008. The EU food and drink industry turnover exceeded. trillion (0) and value added reached 0 billion (0). Recent developments in turnover, value added and employment 0 0 % change 0-0 Turnover ( billion),0, 7. Value added ( billion) Number of employees (million) Number of companies (,000 units) Sources: Eurostat (SBS), FoodDrinkEurope calculations For definition, see page 0 EU single market

5 Contribution of the food and drink industry to the EU economy (0,%).8% Food and drink manufacturing industry Share of turnover in the EU manufacturing industry (0,%) 5% Food and drink products. Industry. Other manufacturing industries Public services Financial and real estate activities Construction Agriculture Services and culture. Other industries Automotive Coke and petroleum products Machinery and equipment Others Source: Eurostat (SBS) Source: Eurostat (SBS) Production in the EU manufacturing industry (008-0) Share of value added in the EU manufacturing industry (0,%) % change Pharmaceutical Food and drink Automotive Manufacturing Machinery and equipment.8% Food and drink products Machinery and equipment.8 Fabricated metal products. Automotive 5. Others Source: Eurostat (STS) Source: Eurostat (SBS) 0 EU single market

6 EMPLOYMENT Share of employment in the EU manufacturing industry (0,%) Labour productivity (0,,000/person) Leading employer in the EU. million Total number of employees 5% Share of food and drink industry employment in manufacturing Compared to other manufacturing sectors, the EU food and drink industry is a key job provider and a relatively stable employer. On average, labour productivity in the food and drink industry is lower than in most manufacturing sectors Fabricated metal products Machinery and equipment Automotive Others Source: Eurostat (SBS) 5% Food and drink products Employment in the EU manufacturing industry Chemicals Automotive Machinery and equipment Manufacturing Fabricated metal products Textiles Source: Eurostat (SBS) Food and drink products Average number of persons employed per company (0) 8 % change 0 Food and drink products Food industry Manufacturing Automotive Pharmaceutical products Machinery and equipment 8 Automotive Chemicals Machinery and equipment Manufacturing Fabricated metal products For definition, see page 05 EU single market Sources: Eurostat (STS), FoodDrinkEurope calculations Source: Eurostat (SBS)

7 SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES Key role of SMEs 58 billion Turnover billion Value added. million Employees.% of food and drink companies.% of food and drink turnover 8.% of food and drink value added.% of food and drink employment SMEs in the EU food and drink industry (0,% by company size) The food and drink industry is a highly diversified sector with many companies of different sizes. SMEs generate almost 50% of the food and drink industry turnover and value added and provide two thirds of the employment of the sector. The food and drink industry counts more than 80,000 SMEs. Contribution of SMEs and large companies to the EU food and drink industry (0,%) Large companies SMEs Turnover 50.. Source: Eurostat (SBS) Value added Number of employees.7. Number of companies 0.. Turnover Value added Number of employees Number of companies Micro-companies (0- employees) 78.8 Small companies (0- employees) Small companies (0- employees) Medium-sized companies (50- employees) Sources: Eurostat (SBS), FoodDrinkEurope calculations For definition, see page 0 EU single market

8 SUB-SECTORS AT EU LEVEL A diverse food and drink industry Turnover, value added, number of employees and companies in food and drink industry sub-sectors (0,%) Turnover Value added % Share of the meat sector turnover % Share of employees working in the bakery and farinaceous sector The EU food and drink industry is diverse, with a variety of sectors ranging from fruit and vegetable processing to dairy production and drinks. The top 5 sub-sectors (bakery and farinaceous products, meat sector, dairy products, drinks and various food products category) represent three quarters of the total turnover and more than 80% of the total number of employees and companies. Number of employees 8 Labour productivity (0,,000/person) 5 8 Number of companies 8 5 Labour productivity varies by sub-sector. For drinks, animal feeds and various food products it is higher than for overall manufacturing. For definition, see page Sources: Eurostat (SBS), FoodDrinkEurope calculations Manufacturing Food and drink industry Meat products Various food products Drinks Dairy products Bakery and farinaceous products Animal feeds Processed fruits and vegetables Oils and fats Grain mill and starch products Fish products 07 EU single market

9 SUB-SECTORS AT NATIONAL LEVEL Top sub-sectors by production value in EU Member States (0, billion) Meat products Dairy products Animal feeds Oils and fats Austria Belgium... Croatia Czech Republic.5.. Denmark Finland.5.. France... Germany... Greece.5..7 Hungary.. 0. Ireland Poland. 7.. Portugal Romania Bakery and farinaceous products Italy Drinks Netherlands Spain Sweden Sources: Eurostat (SBS), FoodDrinkEurope calculations 0 08 SMEs EU single market United Kingdom

10 THE NATIONAL PICTURE A key industry in the economies of EU Member States # employer The food and drink industry is the biggest employer in manufacturing in more than half of the Member States % Share of turnover of the EU s 5 largest food and drink producers The food and drink industry ranks among the top three manufacturing industries in terms of turnover and employment in most Member States. Germany, France, Italy, the UK and Spain are the largest EU food and drink producers by turnover. The industry is an essential part of national economies. The share of the food and drink industry employment exceeds 5% in more than half of the Member States. Food and drink industry data as published by FoodDrinkEurope National Federations (0) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany 5 Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom 5 Employment ranking in manufacturing - Or by Eurostat Companies with more than 0 employees 0 data Small food and drink producers excluded Companies with more than 0 employees Turnover ( billion) Value added ( billion) Number of employees (,000) Number of companies,88,8 5,8,0 8,5 0 0,7 5,788 5,0,0,57 07,850 5,8 5,05,8 0, 8,5,7,8 7,,78,00 0 EU single market

11 R&D AND INNOVATION Consumer expectations driving innovation # Soft drinks is the most innovative food sector in Europe Pleasure Leading driver of food innovation Drivers of innovation can be divided into 5 trends, grouped along five axes, corresponding to general consumer expectations: pleasure, health, physical, convenience and ethics. Pleasure, including variety of senses and sophistication, is by far the leading axis with a 5% share in 0. The soft drink sector is the leader in innovation in 0, pushing dairy products to second place. Savoury frozen products follow, ranking third. Food innovation trends in Europe Food innovation trends in Europe (0-0,%) Variety of senses Sophistication Easy to handle Natural Medical Time saving Fun Slimness Exoticism Nomadism Energy, well-being Vegetal Solidarity Ecology Cosmetic Exoticism Sophistication Variety of senses Fun Vegetal Slimness Cosmetics Natural Medical Energy, well-being Easy to handle.. Time saving Nomadism Solidarity Pleasure Health Physical Convenience Ethics 0..5 Ecology Drivers of innovation in Europe (0-0,%) Pleasure Health Convenience Physical Ethics The 5 most innovative food sectors in Europe (0,% of total European food innovation) Soft drinks Dairy products Savoury frozen products Ready made meals Appetiser grocery products Meat, delicatessen, poultry Biscuits Alcoholic beverages, appetisers Chocolate products Condiments and sauces Cheeses Desserts Beers, ciders Ice-creams Cereals Source: XTC World Innovation Panorama 05 Copyright XTC 05, SMEs 0 EU single market

12 CONSUMPTION Food and drink products: the second largest household expenditure % Share of EU household expenditure on food and drink products,0 billion EU household expenditure on food and drink products In 0, the share of household expenditure on food and drink products remained stable compared to the previous year. Across EU Member States, household expenditure on food and drink products varies from % to %. Household consumption expenditure on food and drink products by Member State (0,% of total expenditure) Portugal United Kingdom Ireland Spain France 5 Denmark Netherlands Belgium 5 Luxembourg Sources: Eurostat (National accounts), FoodDrinkEurope calculations Price developments in the food chain (price indices, 00=00) 0 Sweden Germany Czech Republic Austria Slovenia 7 Italy Malta 5 5 Poland 5 Croatia 7 Finland Estonia Lithuania 0 Slovakia Hungary Latvia Romania Bulgaria 8 Greece Breakdown of EU household consumption expenditure (0,%) Cyprus Since 00, food manufacturing prices have risen at a lower rate than agricultural prices. Food manufacturing prices reflect agricultural raw material prices and other input costs % Food and drink products Over the past 5 years, food prices paid by consumers (i.e. retail prices) have grown by % per year on average, in line with inflation. EU single market Inflation Agricultural prices Food manufacturing prices Food consumer prices Sources: Eurostat (Prices) and DG Agriculture and Rural Development 5 Housing, water and energy Transport Recreation and culture 8 Restaurants and hotels Others Source: Eurostat (National accounts)

13 FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN Driving forces in the food supply chain: agriculture, the food and drink industry, wholesale and retail % Share of the food supply chain in EU gross value added % Share of the food supply chain in EU employment In 0, there were million people employed in the food supply chain. The total turnover exceeds.8 trillion and value added almost reaches 80 billion. Around million professionals work in the extensive food supply chain across the EU, from agriculture and the input industry to food and drink services. Structural overview of the food supply chain (0) Employment in the extensive food supply chain (0,%) Turnover ( billion) Value added ( billion) Number of employees (million) Number of companies (,000 units) Agriculture 0 08.,8 Food and drink industry, Wholesale of agricultural and food products, Food and drink retail, 0. 8 Turnover, value added, employees and companies in the food supply chain (0,%) Turnover Value added Number of employees Number of companies % Food and drink industry Agriculture Food and drink industry Wholesale of agricultural and food products Food and drink retail 8 0 Input industry Agriculture Wholesale of agricultural and food products Food and drink retail Food and drink services 00 data Source: Eurostat (National accounts, SBS, FSS, Economic Accounts for Agriculture) EU single market

14 World markets TRADE FIGURES Record trade surplus of 7. billion.7 billion Exports. billion Imports EU food and drink exports doubled over the past decade to reach.7 billion in 0. More than one quarter of European food and drink exports are sold to non-eu countries and at a growing rate. EU exports to most key markets increased in 0, with the exception of Russia. EU food and drink imports increased by a moderate % in 0, in value and volume. NAFTA remains by far the EU s largest trading partner by region, followed by EFTA, ASEAN, the ACP group of countries and Mercosur. Evolution of EU food and drink trade balance (00-0, billion) Total intra and extra EU exports of food and drink products (0) Trade surplus Imports. billion Sources: Eurostat (Comext), FoodDrinkEurope calculations 8% 7% Extra EU exports Intra EU exports Exports and imports refer to extra EU trade, unless otherwise specified For definition, see page World markets

15 EU food and drink trade by region (0, million) Exports Imports Total trade NAFTA 8,08,,07 Andean Group 57,,58 EFTA 8,88 7,00 5,0 Mediterranean countries 5,,0 7,5 Balkans,85 7, GCC 5, 5,55 CIS 7,5,75,0 ASEAN 5,7,757 5,5 MERCOSUR,,57, ACP 8,50 5,,88 Top EU trading partners (0, million) Exports,5 China 5,58 Japan,07 Norway, Australia,8 Imports Brazil,70 Argentina, China,55 Thailand,5 Norway,8 Russia,5 Switzerland 5,0 Hong Kong, Canada,5 Saudi Arabia,,85 Switzerland,7 Indonesia,7 Turkey,505 Malaysia,75 Sources: Eurostat (Comext), FoodDrinkEurope calculations World markets

16 TRADE FIGURES BY SUB-SECTOR Diversity of EU food and drink trade 5% Combined export market share of the drinks, dairy and meat product sectors % Combined import market share of oils and fats, fish and seafood products, processed fruits and vegetables Top best performing exports: dairy products +0%, chocolate and confectionery +%, grain mill and starch products +%. Top best performing imports: chocolate and confectionery +7%, dairy products +0%, prepared animal feeds +0%. The combined exports of European drinks, dairy and meat products totalled 7.8 billion in 0. Export market share by sector (0,%) Exports and imports by sector (0, million) 5 Drinks Various food products Dairy products Meat products Processed fruits and vegetables Oils and fats Bakery and farinaceous products Fish and seafood products Prepared animal feeds Grain mill and starch products 8 Drinks of which: spirits wine mineral waters and soft drinks Various food products of which: chocolate and confectionery processed tea and coffee Meat products Dairy products Processed fruits and vegetables Oils and fats Prepared animal feeds Bakery and farinaceous products Fish and seafood products Grain mill products and starch products 0 5,88,0,0,, 5,,07 0,857,07 5,78,800,,887,5,07 Exports % change ,07,, 87 0,8,8,007, 87 8,5, ,5,77 Imports % change Sources: Eurostat (Comext), FoodDrinkEurope calculations 5 World markets

17 05 TRADE TRENDS Highest first quarter exports Trends in EU food and drink exports (00-05, billion) % Export growth of EU food preparations.8 billion First quarter EU food and drink exports During the first quarter of 05, EU food and drink exports increased by %, compared to the same quarter in 0 and exceeded the level of the previous five years. The top best performing exports include: food preparations, meat products, oils and fats. Imports of chocolate and confectionery products, as well as processed fruits and vegetables, increased most significantly. Sources: Eurostat (Comext), FoodDrinkEurope calculations Trade exports and imports (Q 05, million) Exports Q 0 Q 05 % change 0-05 Meat products Dairy products Spirits Wine Processed fruits and vegetables Oils and fats Chocolate and confectionery Food preparations Bakery and farinaceous products Prepared meals and dishes Imports Fish and seafood products Oils and fats Meat products Wine Processed tea and coffee Grain mill and starch products Sugar Spirits Q Q Q Q Processed fruits and vegetables Chocolate and confectionery,0,88,8,8,0,5, ,7,75,8,07,,0,, Q 0 Q 05,757,850,, ,,87,8, % change World markets

18 EU FOOD AND DRINK MARKET SHARE Number exporter and number importer of food and drink products in the world 8% EU share in global food and drink exports % EU share in global food and drink imports Worldwide, total exports almost tripled in the period The EU remains the world s largest exporter of food and drink products ahead of the, China and Brazil. EU share in global food and drink exports is currently below the 00 level, but recovering from a low in the 00-0 period. The EU ranked as the second largest importer just after the, followed by Japan, China and Russia. EU market share in China s food imports recorded steady growth over the past decade. Share in global food and drink exports (00-0,%) 00 0 Market share of food and drink imports (00-0,%) Market share of China s food and drink imports (00-0,%) European Union China Brazil India Thailand Indonesia Argentina Canada EU evolutionary Canada Mexico China Thailand Australia EU evolutionary New Zealand Malaysia Indonesia Australia Sources: UN COMTRADE, FoodDrinkEurope calculations 7 World markets

19 FOOD AND DRINK INDTRIES WORLDWIDE Top food and drink producers: the EU, the and China # The EU is the leading food and drink producer in terms of turnover Trust The food and drink industry is more trusted than business worldwide The global comparison shows that the EU food and drink industry plays a key role in terms of turnover, employment and total number of companies. Distribution of turnover, number of employees and companies in food and drink industries worldwide (0/0) EU China Japan Brazil Mexico Russia India Canada Australia South Korea New Zealand 0 data 00 data Turnover ( billion), % of total manufacturing turnover Source: FoodDrinkEurope compilation, based on official national statistics and industry reports Trust in the food and drink industry vs. business worldwide (0,%) Food and drink industry Business 5 Employees (,000) 7 5,00 7,0,70,,7,, Number of companies 8,000 00,000 5,78 5,58,000 70,000,0,88,5 7,507,,0 The EU ranks sixth in terms of contribution of food and drink manufacturing to total manufacturing turnover, behind New Zealand, Australia, Brazil, Canada and Russia. China heads up the ranking as the country with the largest number of food and drink manufacturing companies (00,000) The global trust in the food and drink industry is significantly higher than trust in business. Global Brazil Ireland UK Sweden Netherlands Germany France Spain Italy Poland Turkey Russia S. Africa UAE India China Source: Edelman Trust Barometer 8 World markets

20 GLOBAL TRENDS IN R&D Sustained levels of R&D investment 0.7% EU R&D private investment as a share of food and drink output Out of the top,000 leading companies worldwide in R&D, 5 operate in the food and drink sector. Together, these companies invested 8. billion in R&D in 0,. billion out of which were invested by food and drink companies based in the EU. Distribution of the EU food and drink companies: The Netherlands and United Kingdom ; Germany ; France ; Denmark, Belgium and Ireland. The EU food and drink industry has a lower R&D investment intensity compared to other food and drink industries worldwide. R&D investment intensity varies within the EU, with higher levels in Northern countries. R&D private investment in the food and drink industry listed in the world s top,000 companies (0) EU Switzerland Japan South Korea New Zealand Total R&D investment ( billion) Share of world regions (%) Number of companies Private investment of the food and drink industry in R&D as a percentage of output (0,%) Source: The 0 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, JRC.7. Private investment of the food and drink industry in R&D as a percentage of output in the EU (00-0,%) Netherlands Finland Portugal United Kingdom Denmark Belgium France Ireland EU Sweden Slovenia Germany Spain Austria Hungary Italy Greece Estonia Czech Republic Slovak Republic Poland Romania Including tobacco Data refer to of the 8 EU Member States 00 data for Japan, 00 for Korea and the Japan Norway Korea EU Sources: OECD STAN and Eurostat (National Accounts), FoodDrinkEurope calculations World markets

21 FUTURE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Trends and players driving change worldwide billion Global population in 050 0% Increase in global demand for food by 050 In 0, one hectare of land fed people while in 050 one hectare of land will be required to feed 5 people. Natural resources, upon which food production relies, will come under increased pressure in the future to meet a growing demand for food worldwide. Climate change increases the likelihood of more extreme temperatures and unpredictable weather events, which affect food production. By 00 China is expected to overtake the and become the largest economy in the world. In 050 the top three economies in the world (China, the and India) will each be richer than the next five (Indonesia, Japan, Germany, Brazil and Mexico) put together. Top 0 economies in 050 (nominal GDP, $ billion) China India Indonesia Japan Germany Brazil Mexico UK France Ranking in 0 5,,7, 0,,8,8,7 5 Source: The Economist Intelligence Unit ,,8 05, Past and projected global temperature change Global mean temperature change ( C relative to 8 005) 0 Scenarios Observed Very high GHG emissions Below C increase Arable land per capita (hectares in use per person) World Developed countries Developing countries Future global challenges (% increase) +0% Demand for food by % Demand for energy by 00 +0% Demand for water for agriculture by Source: World agriculture towards 00/050: the 0 revision, FAO At market exchange rates Source: Climate Change 0: Synthesis Report, IPPC Sources: The Future of Food and Farming (0), FAO and Foresight 0 World markets

22 KEY FOOD AND DRINK COMPANIES The EU food and drink industry is comprised of large companies and SMEs. Large companies account for 50.% of EU food and drink turnover, 5.% of value added and.7% of employment in the sector. Ranking of global agri-food companies by global food and drink sales Name Headquarters Sales ( billion) Main sectors Cargill Nestlé PepsiCo, Inc. Bunge JBS Anheuser-Busch InBev The Coca-Cola Company Archer Daniels Midland Company Tyson Foods DuPont Mondelez International Mars Unilever Heineken Danone Suntory SABMiller Lactalis General Mills Inc. Fonterra Kraft Foods Group Kirin Holdings ConAgra Foods Inc. Asahi Group Diageo Royal FrieslandCampina CH BR NL/UK NL FR JP FR NZ JP JP UK NL beverages, snacks meat, dairy beer beverages cereal processing meat confectionery, snacks, dairy prepared foods, confectionery beer dairy, water, baby & medical nutrition alcoholic beverages beer dairy prepared foods dairy beer, alcoholic beverages prepared foods beer, alcoholic beverages alcoholic beverages dairy Figures have been converted to Euro with ECB bilateral annual exchange rates series, but only figures in the original currency are relevant Key food and drink companies

23 Ranking of European agri-food companies by global food and drink sales Name Headquarters Sales ( billion) Main sectors Nestlé Unilever Heineken Danone Lactalis Diageo Royal FrieslandCampina Arla Foods DSM Carlsberg Ferrero Associated British Foods Pernod Ricard Danish Crown Südzucker Kerry Group Parmalat Oetker Group Red Bull Vion Barry Callebaut Agrokor Bongrain / Savencia Tereos LVMH Tate & Lyle CH NL/UK NL FR FR UK NL DK NL DK IT UK FR DK DE IE IT DE AT NL CH HR FR FR FR UK , beer dairy, water, baby & medical nutrition dairy alcoholic beverages dairy dairy beer confectionery sugar, starch, prepared foods alcoholic beverages meat sugar, dairy, fruit beverages beverages meat, ingredients chocolate dairy sugar, Figures have been converted to Euro with ECB bilateral annual exchange rates series, but only figures in the original currency are relevant Key food and drink companies

24 GLOSSARY Abbreviation of world regions ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific group of countries Andean Group Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam Balkans Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, F.Y.R.O.M, Montenegro and Serbia CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine EFTA (European Free Trade Area) Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates Mercosur Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Canada, Mexico and the EU For trade data (pages to 8), EU refers to the European Union as follows: EU-5 from 5, EU-5 from 00, EU-7 from 007, EU-8 from 0. For other pages, EU refers to the 8 Member States. Gross value added (GVA) The gross value added is the value of goods and services produced by a sector minus the cost of the raw materials and other inputs used to produce them. GVA measures the contribution to the economy of each individual sector. Labour productivity Labour productivity is calculated as the gross value added (GVA) divided by the employed population. Labour productivity provides a measure of the efficiency of the workforce to produce goods and services. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) From Eurostat s Structural Business Statistics database: micro = less than 0; small = 0 to ; medium-sized = 50 to ; large = more than 50 employees (the SBS size-class data are solely based on the definition relating to the number of employees and not to the turnover level). Value added The value added at factor costs is the gross income from operating activities after adjusting for operating subsidies and indirect taxes. It can be calculated as the total sum of items to be added (+) or subtracted (-): turnover (+); capitalised production (+); other operating income (+); increases (+) or decreases (-) of stocks; purchases of goods and services (-); other taxes on products which are linked to turnover but not deductible (-); duties and taxes linked to production (-). Glossary

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