Prehľadné články. Elena Bolješíková Katedra radiačnej onkológie SZU a Onkologického ústavu sv. Alžbety, Bratislava

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1 RÁDIOTERAPIA K ARCINÓMU PRSNÍK A Elena Bolješíková Katedra radiačnej onkológie SZU a Onkologického ústavu sv. Alžbety, Bratislava Neoddeliteľnou súčasťou multimodálnej liečby karcinómu prsníka je liečba žiarením. Rádioterapeutický manažment je veľmi komplexný a zložitý a neustále sa vyvíja. Menia sa indikácie liečby žiarením, technické vybavenie pracovísk aj radiačné techniky. Hlavným cieľom rádioterapie je dosiahnutie maximálne možnej lokoregionálnej kontroly ochorenia ako aj znižovanie nežiaducich účinkov liečby žiarením. Stále existuje množstvo otázok a problémov, ktoré zostávajú otvorené. Cieľom tohto príspevku je pokúsiť sa nájsť odpoveď na niektoré z nich a upozorniť na kontroverzie v tejto oblasti. Kľúčové slová: nádor prsníka, štádium, indikácie rádioterapie. Kľúčové slová MeSH: nádory prsníka rádioterapia; karcinóm; staging nádorov. Radiotherapy of Breast Cancer Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of breast carcinoma. Radiotherapeutic approach is complicated and still changing. Treatment strategy, radiation methods and equipment are developing. The main purpose of radiotherapy is to reach high local control and decrease side effects. But some questions still remain unresolved. The aim of our article is to point out some radiotherapeutic controversies on this field. Key words: breast cancer, stage, indication of radiotherapy. Key words MeSH: breast neoplasms radiotherapy; carcinoma; neoplasm staging. Onkológia (Bratisl.), 2006, roč. 1 (3): Úvod Karcinóm prsníka patrí medzi najčastejšie sa vyskytujúce malígne nádorové ochorenie u žien. V Slovenskej republike bolo v roku 2002 diagnostikovaných 1945 nových prípadov (ženy 70,3/ , muži 0,71/ ) (1). I keď sa incidencia neradí medzi najvyššie v Európe, mortalita na toto ochorenie je stále vysoká. Dôvodom je neskoré zachytenie ochorenia, asi u 40 % je nádor diagnostikovaný v III. a IV. klinickom štádiu. Jednou z ciest ako zlepšiť liečebné výsledky je včasné záchytenie ochorenia. Systematický skríning pomocou mamografie a klinického vyšetrenia napomáha včasnej diagnostike zhubného nádoru prsníka a redukuje mortalitu o 20 až 30 % u žien starších ako 50 rokov a pravdepodobne redukuje mortalitu aj u žien medzi 40. a 50. rokom života. American Cancer Society a National Cancer Institute odporúčajú ročnú skríningovú mamografiu u žien starších ako 40 rokov. U žien s mutáciou BRCA 1 a BRCA 2 by mal začať skríning už v 25. roku života. Asi u 5 % žien s karcinómom prsníka je preukázaná mutácia génu BRCA 1 alebo BRCA 2. Incidencia zhubného nádoru prsníka rastie s vekom. Medzi rizikové faktory patrí včasná menarché (pred 12. rokom života), neskorá menopauza (po 45. roku života), nulipara, fibrocystická dysplázia prsníka, zhubný nádor prsníka v anamnéze, dlhodobé užívanie estrogénov (viac ako 10 rokov), ožiarenie prsníka (hlavne u žien mladších ako 30 rokov). Medzi prognostické a prediktívne faktory patrí TNM klasifikácia, histopatologický grading, resekčný okraj, hormonálne receptory estrogénové, progesterónové, proliferačná aktivita. Aplikácie rádioterapie Rádioterapia môže byť pri karcinóme prsníka aplikovaná: po prsník zachovávajúcej operácii pre DCIS (duktálny karcinóm in situ) alebo invazívny karcinóm, ako BOOST (doplnková) dávka na lôžko tumoru, po mastektómii na hrudnú stenu, na regionálne uzliny (axila, supraklavikula), pri paliatívnom zámere pre pokročilé ochorenie. Invazívny karcinóm včasné štádiá V liečbe včasných štádií má významnú, i keď zďaleka nie jedinú úlohu lokálna liečba chirurgický výkon a pooperačná rádioterapia. Radikálna mastektómia je nahradená konzervatívnymi výkonmi šetriacimi prsník. Lumpektómia, kvadrantektómia, sektorová resekcia s kontinuálnou alebo diskontinuálnou disekciou axily s následnou rádioterapiou celého prsníka sú súčasťou liečebného postupu. Limitovaný chirurgický zákrok má tieto kontraindikácie: preferencia pacientky, multicentrický tumor, difúzna mikrokalcifikácia, nepomer medzi veľkosťou nádoru a veľkosťou prsníka, tehotenstvo, medicínska kontraindikácia rádioterapie, stav po predchádzajúcej rádioterapii prsníka. Prsník zachovávajúci chirurgický výkon s pooperačnou rádioterapiou je štandardnou liečbou včasných štádií (I, II) karcinómu prsníka. Prospektívne randomizované štúdie preukázali, že miera lokálnych recidív po limitovaných chirurgických výkonoch s následnou rádioterapiou je rovnaká ako po vykonaní mutilujúcej radikálnej mastektómie (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Celkové prežitie, rovnako ako aj riziko vzniku vzdialených metastáz, je totožné s pacientkami po radikálnej mastektómii (bez pooperačnej rádioterapie) a po prsník zachovávajúcom výkone s rádioterapiou (7, 8, 9, 10). Metaanalýza 36 randomizovaných štúdií, ktorá porovnáva pooperačnú rádioterapiu u pacientok so včasným nádorom prsníka ( pacientok liečených mastektómiou) so samostatným chirurgickým výkonom, odhalila až trojnásobné zníženie rizika vzniku lokálnych recidív pri použití adjuvantnej rádioterapie, ale nesignifikantný rozdiel v desaťročnom prežití (11). Nesignifikantný rozdiel sa našiel pri porovnaní radikálnej mastektómie a limitovanom zákroku s rádioterapiou. Veľmi podobné výsledky môžeme nájsť vo Fisherovej práci (12). Tieto negatívne závery sú však v príkrom rozpore so závermi iných veľkých randomizovaných štúdií: Danish 82b a 82c trialu a British Columbia štúdie (13, 14, 15). Tento rozpor sa snažil vyriešiť Van de Steene (16). Výsledkom analýzy bolo potvrdenie signifikantného vplyvu pooperačnej rádioterapie na prežitie, pokiaľ sú použité súčasné techniky žiarenia a štandardná frakcionácia. Podobne analýza Levitta potvrdila vplyv rádioterapie na celkové prežitie u pacientok s negatívnymi resekčnými okrajmi a negatívnymi uzlinami (17). Pooperačná rádioterapia je štandardne aplikovaná na prsník po limitovanom zákroku v dennej dávke 1,8 2,0 Gy do 50 Gy za 5 6 týždňov. Doožarovanie lôžka nádoru dávkou Gy (BOOST dávka) závisí od veľkosti nádoru a resekč- 160

2 Obrázok 1. CTV (Clinical target volume) na rádioterapiu po prsník zachovávajúcom výkone. Obrázok 2. Dávkové rozloženie pri technike 2 tg polí na prsník 6 MV x-lúče. Obrázok 3. Dávkové rozloženie pri technike 2 x 2 tangenciálne polia na prsník 6 MV x-lúče. ných okrajov. Výnimkou môžu byť nádory do 1 cm s voľnými okrajmi resekátu a nízkym histopatologickým gradingom. Vhodné je označenie lôžka klipmi. Na upresnenie lokalizácie BOOST dávky pomáha aj snímková dokumentácia spred operácie (mamografia, ultrazvuk, magnetická rezonancia). Indikáciou na BOOST dávky t sú tieto rizikové pacientky: (< 50 rokov, tu > 3 cm, pozit. resekčný okraj, G2 3). Najčastejšie sa používa na doožarovanie lôžka nádoru elektrónový zväzok. Jeho výhodami v porovnaní s intersticiálnou brachyterapiou sú ľahké použitie a nízka cena, pričom výsledky sú porovnateľné s brachyterapiou. Radiační onkológovia preferujúci brachyterapiu poukazujú na zníženie dávky na kožu a potenciálne rádiobiologické výhody. Aplikácia BOOST dávky redukuje recidívy v pomere 3,6 : 7,3 %. Na intersticiálnu implantáciu sú najvhodnejšími kandidátkami ženy s objemnejšími prsníkmi, nádorom umiestneným v hĺbke (viac než 4 cm pod kožou) a pacientky s pozitívnymi alebo tesnými resekčnými okrajmi, u ktorých nebola urobená reexcízia. Zákrok sa robí v celkovej alebo lokálnej anestézii, zvyčajne 2 týždne po ukončení externej rádioterapie. Používajú sa plastikové alebo kovové katétre s využitím šablóny (template). Sú však pracoviská, ktoré aplikujú katétre peroperačne (počas primárnej operácie prsníka). Existuje veľa nerandomizovaných štúdií porovnávajúcich efekt elektrónového BOOST-u s intersticiálnou brachyterapiou (18, 19). Päť- a desaťročná lokálna kontrola je spravidla nesignifikantne vyššia pri použití elektrónového zväzku. Kozmetický efekt oboch spôsobov ožiarenia je veľmi dobrý. Kratšie hypofrakcionačné režimy pri ožarovaní prsníka sú predmetom ďalších štúdií. Práce z posledných rokov ukazujú snahu skrátiť dĺžku trvania adjuvantnej rádioterapie, eventuálne vytipovať skupinu pacientok s veľmi nízkym rizikom vzniku lokálnej recidívy, u ktorých pooperačná rádioterapia nemá žiadny prínos (20, 21, 22). Štúdia BASO II (British Association Surgical Oncology) porovnáva dve skupiny pacientok s limitovaným chirurgickým výkonom (pt1, G1) a pooperačnou rádioterapiou alebo bez ožiarenia (23). V oboch skupinách bolo veľmi malé percento lokálnych recidív (okolo 1 %). Doba sledovania je pomerne krátka na jednoznačné závery. Alternatívnym riešením je selekcia pacientok s nízkym rizikom na realizáciu samostatnej brachyterapie (> 40 rokov, tu < 2 cm, negatívny resekčný okraj, G1, nie EIDC, /extenzívny intraduktálny kom- 3 / 2006 onkológia / 161

3 Obrázok 4. Verifikácia polí na simulátore a portálová verifikácia na lineárnom urýchľovači. ponent/, No, enormne veľký prsník nevhodný pre externú rádioterapiu). Odporúčaná dávka HDR Ir 192 je 32,0 Gy (ekv. 50 Gy) pri dennej dávke 4 Gy so 6 hodinovým intervalom medzi frakciami. Aj na vyhodnotenie týchto štúdií treba dlhšiu dobu sledovania. Obrázok 5. Dávkové rozloženie pri ožarovaní odvodných lymfatických ciest (6 MV x-lúče) technikou 2 protiľahlých polí. Duktálny karcinóm in situ Donedávna bol duktálny karcinóm in situ (DCIS) indikáciou na mastektómiu. Hlavnými dôvodmi bola až 30 % incidencia multicentrického ochorenia, % riziko vzniku lokálnej recidívy po konzervatívnom chirurgickom výkone, z toho asi v polovici prípadov išlo o invazívny karcinóm. Až v poslednej dobe sa v liečbe DCIS presadili aj parciálne výkony. Úlohu rádioterapie v liečbe duktálneho karcinómu in situ sa snažila objasniť EORTC štúdia 10853, v ktorej boli porovnávané pacientky s konzervatívnym chirurgickým výkonom bez rádioterapie a s rádioterapiou. Rádioterapia redukovala signifikantne riziko vzniku lokálnej recidívy. Najvýznamnejším faktorom pre lokálnu recidívu u DCIS bola šírka okrajov excízie. Pacientky, kde okraj bol väčší ako 10 milimetrov, mali extrémne nízke riziko recidívy. Obrázok 6. Dávkové rozloženie pri ožarovaní odvodných lymfatických ciest (6 MV x-lúče) technikou 3 klinových polí. Pooperačná rádioterapia v oblasti axily a supraklavikuly Väčšina autorov dnes súhlasí s názorom, že u chorých s adekvátne urobenou disekciou axily bez patologického nálezu nie je potrebné ožiarenie axily (24). Ožiarenie regionálnych lymfatických uzlín je indikované pri prerastaní karcinómu puzdrom uzliny, pri pozitivite viac než 4 uzlín. Dôvodom obmedzených indikácií na rádioterapiu je snaha znížiť morbiditu (lymfedému končatiny) v prípade kombinácie chirurgického výkonu a ožiarenia axily. Rádioterapia zvyšuje rozvoj lymfedému. Ožiarenie regionálnych lymfatických uzlín je indikované vždy v štádiu pt3, pt4, TD Gy/5t. Rádioterapia po mastektómii Rádioterapia je indikovaná po mastektómii na oblasť hrudnej steny pri pt3, pt4 (TD Gy), keď redukuje riziko lokálnych recidív o 10 %. Ideálny časový interval na začatie rádioterapie po chirurgickom zákroku je 4 týždne. Pri kombinovanej terapii (chemo- a rádioterapii) nie je definovaná optimálna sekvencia. Väčšina pracovísk dáva prednosť aplikácii chemoterapie pred rádioterapiou. Chemoterapia podávaná súčasne s rádioterapiou môže viesť k nárastu nežiaducich účinkov liečby. Výraznejšie sú akútne kožné reakcie, vyššie riziko radiačnej pneumonitídy, leukopénie... Pri ordinovaní hormonálnej terapie a rádioterapie je liečba podávaná súčasne alebo sa hormonálna terapia zahajuje po ukončení rádioterapie. 162

4 Obrázok 7. Dávkové rozloženie pri ožarovaní hrudnej steny elektrónmi (6 MeV). Obrázok 8. Dávkové rozloženie pri ožarovaní hrudnej steny technikou 2 tangenciálnych polí (6 MV x-lúče). Radiačné techniky Cieľom všetkých radiačných techník je homogénne ožiarenie požadovaného objemu pri redukovanom zaťažení zdravých tkanív srdce, pľúca, kontralaterálny prsník. Najčastejšie používané energie x-lúčov sú 6 10 MV, radiačnou technikou pri ožarovaní prsníka sú 2 protiľahlé tangenciálne polia (mediálne a laterálne) pri použití kompenzačných klinov k homogenizácii dávky. Pri značne deformovaných prsníkoch možno kombinovať 2 páry 2 tangenciálnych polí s rôznymi klinmi pri asymetrickom nastavení. Úprava polí sa realizuje individuálnymi vykrývacími blokmi alebo viaclamelovým kolimátorom. Z náročnejších techník je možné použiť IMRT (ožarovanie modulovanou intenzitou zväzku). Podkladom na plánovanie sú rezy z CT v hrúbke 1 2 cm. Radiačná technika na hrudnú stenu po mastektómii závisí od jej hrúbky, zakrivenia a uloženia jazvy. Pri plochom hrudníku možno použiť priame elektrónové pole, pri hrubšej stene techniku 2 tangenciálnych polí podobne ako pri prsníku. Pri ožarovaní regionálnych uzlín (axily, supraklavikuly) najčastejšie používame techniku priameho ventrálneho poľa s dosýtením axily zo zadného poľa. U objemnejších pacientok používame 3 klinové polia. Šetríme miechu a pľúca (obrázky 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). K ďalším možným indikáciám rádioterapie v rámci paliácie patria lokálne pokročilý inoperabilný karcinóm prsníka, recidívy neriešiteľné chirurgicky a vzdialené metastázy (kosti, mozog, retina, koža, podkožie, lymfatické uzliny). Radiačné techniky sú jednoduché, TD sa pohybuje od 8 30 Gy. Záver Karcinóm prsníka napriek pokroku v diagnostike a liečbe predstavuje aj v súčasnosti problém v dôsledku stúpajúcej incidencie a stále malého počtu pacientok zachytených vo včasných štádiách. Ťažiskovou lokálnou liečbou zostáva liečba chirurgická, ktorá je doplnená rôznymi radiačnými technikami, ožiarením na lineárnom urýchľovači s použitím dynamických klinov, ev. IMRT, intersticiálnou brachyterapiou... Obrázok 9. Brachyterapia karcinómu prsníka pri použití plastikových katétrov. Kontroverznými otázkami zostáva presnejšia identifikácia nerizikových pacientok, keď je možné upustiť od adjuvantnej rádioterapie. Otvorenou zostáva aj optimalizácia chemo- a rádioterapie. h. doc. MUDr. Elena Bolješíková, CSc. Katedra radiačnej onkológie Slovenskej zdravotníckej univerzity a Onkologického ústavu sv. Alžbety Heydukova 10, Bratislava eboljesi@ousa.sk Literatúra 1. Incidencia zhubných nádorov v Slovenskej republike Národný onkologický ústav, Ústav experimentálnej onkológie SAV, Národný onkologický register Slovenskej republiky v Bratislave. Bratislava, Clark RM, Whelan T, Levine M, et al. Randomized clinical trial of breast irradiation following lumpectomy and axillary disection of node-negative breast cancer. An update. J National Cancer Inst, 1996; 88: Fischer B, Anderson S, Redmond CK, et al. Reanalysis and results after 12 years of follow-up a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy with lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 1995; 333: Forrest PA, Stewart HJ, Everington D, et al. On behalf of Scotish Cancer Trials Breast Group. Randomized controlled trial of conservation therapy for breast cancer: 6-year analysis of Scottish trial. Lancet, 1996; 348: Lilegren G, Holmberg L, Adami HO, et al. Sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I Breast cancer. Five-year results of a randomized trial-uppsala-orebro Breast Cancer Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1994; 86: Veronesi U., Luini A., Del Vecchio M, et al. Radiotherapy after breast-preserving surgery in women with localized cancer of the breast. N Eng J Med, 1993; 328: / 2006 onkológia / 163

5 7. Blichert-Toft M, Rose C, Anderson JA, et al. Danish randomized trial comparing breast-preserving therapy with mastectomy: Six years of life table analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1992; 11: Fisher B, Redmond C, Poisson R, et al. Eight year results of randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 1989; 320: Jacobson, JA, Danforth DN, Cowan KH, et al. Ten-year results of a comparison of conservation with mastectomy in the treatment of stage I and II breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 1995; 332: Veronesi U, Banfi A, Salvadori B, et al. Breast conservation is the treatment of choice in small breast cancer. Long-term results randomized trial. Eur J Cancer, 1990; 26: Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group: Effect of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer: An overview of the randomized trials. N Engl J Med, 1995; 333: Fisher B, Anderson S, Redmond CK, et al. Reanalysis and results after 12 years of follow up in a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy with lumpectomy with or treatment of breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 1995; 3 33: (22), Overgaard M, Hansen PS, Overgaard J, et al. Postoperative radio-therapy in high-risk premenopausal woman with breast cancer who receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82b Trial. N Engl J Med, 1997; 337: Overgaard M, Hanse PS, Overgaard J, et al. Postoperative radio-therapy in high-risk postmenopausal breast cancer patients given adjuvant tamoxifen. Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group 82c Trial. Lancet, 199; 353: Ragaz J, Jackson S, Le N, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemo-therapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 1997; 337: Van de Steene J, Soete G, Storme G. Adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer significantly improves overall survival: the missing link. Radiother Oncol, 2000; 55: Levitt SH, Aepli DM, Nierengarten ME. The impact of radiation on early breast carcinoma survival. A Bayesian analysis. Cancer, 1996; 78: Touboul E, Belkacemi Y, Lefranc JP. Early breast cancer: Influence of type Boost (electrons vs iridium 192 implant) on local control and cosmetis after conservative surgery and radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol, 1995; 34: Mansfield CM, Komanicky LT, Schwartz GF. Ten year results in 1070 patients with stages I and II breast cancer treated by conservative surgery and radiation therapy. Cancer, 1995; 75: Liljegren G, Lindgren A, Bergh J, et al. Definition of a subgroup not requiring radiotherapy. Ann Oncol, 1997; 8: Likljegren G, Holmberg L, Adami HO, et al. Sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I breast cancer: Five-year results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1994; 86: Schnitt SJ, Hayman J, Gelman R, et al. A prospective study of conservative surgery alone in the treatment of selected patients with stage I breast cancer. Cancer, 1996; 77: Blamey R. British Association of Surgical Oncology (BASO) II trial: Comparing wide local excision alone with wide local excision plus radiotherapy in small well differentiated breast cancers. The European Journal of Cancer, 2000; 36: suppl Yarnold JR. Selective avoidance of lymphatic irradiation in the conservative management of breast cancer. Radiother Oncol, 1984; 2: Detský hospic Plamienok organizuje pod vedením zahranièných odborníkov v rokoch roèný akreditovaný vzdelávací program v detskej paliatívnej starostlivosti Program je urèený lekárom, zdravotným sestrám, sociálnym pracovníkom, duchovným, pedagógom a študentom. Prihlášky posielajte do Bližšie informácie a prihlášky nájdete na 164

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