Hereditary Multifocal Breast Cancer. Farin Amersi M.D., F.A.C.S Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery Cedar Sinai Medical Center
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1 Hereditary Multifocal Breast Cancer Farin Amersi M.D., F.A.C.S Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery Cedar Sinai Medical Center
2 CASE STUDY 30 year old Ashkenazi Jewish woman Nulliparous Felt left breast mass while showering Gynecologist referred for mammo and U/S Mammogram: no architectural distortion or mass Ultrasound: solid mass in left breast at 3 o clock
3 CASE STUDY Physical Examination: Palpable 5 cm mass left breast No left axillary adenopathy No masses right breast or axillary adenopathy core biopsy of palpable mass
4 Left breast core biopsy High grade ductal carcinoma in situ
5 FAMILY HISTORY OC, d. 58 = Cancer 58 BC, dx. 41 BC, dx. 42 OC,dx
6 Case Study Core biopsy: DCIS High grade, without necrosis ER 96%/ 3+ and PR 69%/2+ Risk factors: Multiple family members with breast and ovarian cancer BRCA testing: positive for BRCA 2 mutation Further Imaging: Breast MRI PET/CT
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11 CASE STUDY MRI and PET/CT findings: 4 or 5 lesions suspicious for invasive cancer Next Steps? Biopsy all other lesions in breast? Proceed to mastectomy? Unilateral vs bilateral? Procedure: bilateral mastectomy pathology
12 Mass #1 Upper Inner Size = 1.1 cm ER+/ PR-/ Her2 + MBR = II/III Tubules 1 Grade 3 Mitosis 2
13 Mass #2 Lower Inner Size = 1.5 cm ER-/PR-/Her2 - MBR III/III Tubules 3 Grade 3 Mitosis 3
14 Mass #3 Mid lateral Size 3.0 cm ER+/PR+/HER2- MBR III/III Tubules 2 Grade 3 Mitosis 3
15 Mass #4 Upper Outer Size 3.0 ER+/PR+/Her2+ MBR Tubule 1 Grade 3 Mitosis 2
16 DCIS Intermediate and high grade, solid and cribriform Multifocal admixed with and away from invasive components Margins negative Lymph nodes negative
17 Right breast
18 CASE STUDY 4 separate primary breast cancers, LN- 3cm, grade III ER+/PR+/Her2 + 3cm, grade II- ER+/PR+/Her2-1.5 cm, grade III- ER-/PR-/Her2-1.1 cm, grade II- ER+/PR-/Her2 + What is her risk of recurrence? Risk of local recurrence? Risk of distant metastases?
19 CASE STUDY Risk of distant recurrence at 10 yrs (AdjuvantOnline) A) 3cm, grade III - 60% (or 40% no recurrence) B) 3cm, grade II - 50% C) 1.5 cm, grade III 44% D) 1.1 cm, grade II 35% What is her risk of any recurrence? Metastatic spread of any tumor (independent events) Probability of no recurrence p(a) x p(b) x p(c) x p(d) Probablity of any recurrence = 1- p (courtesy of Jim Mirocha, Biostatistics)
20 CASE STUDY Risk of distant recurrence at 10 yrs (AdjuvantOnline) A) 3cm, grade III - 60% (or 40% no recurrence) B) 3cm, grade II - 50% C) 1.5 cm, grade III 44% D) 1.1 cm, grade II 35% What is her risk of any recurrence? Probability of no recurrence p(a) x p(b) x p(c) x p(d).4 x.35 x.56 x.65 =.07 Probability of ANY recurrence =.93, or 93%
21 CASE STUDY Risk of distant recurrence at 10 yrs (AdjuvantOnline) A) 3cm, grade III - 60% (or 40% no recurrence) B) 3cm, grade II - 50% C) 1.5 cm, grade III 44% D) 1.1 cm, grade II 35% What is her risk of any recurrence? Probability of no recurrence p(a) x p(b) x p(c) x p(d).4 x.5 x.56 x.65 =.07 Probability of ANY recurrence =.93, or 93%
22 CASE STUDY Risk of distant recurrence at 10 yrs (AdjuvantOnline) A) 3cm, grade III - 60% (or 40% no recurrence) B) 3cm, grade II - 50% C) 1.5 cm, grade III 44% D) 1.1 cm, grade II 35% What is her risk of any recurrence? Probability of no recurrence p(a) x p(b) x p(c) x p(d).4 x.5 x.56 x.65 =.07 Probability of ANY recurrence =.93, or 93% Risk reduced by Tam + 3 rd gen chemotx + Herceptin~ 70%
23 Tamoxifen Approved 1986 Hormone receptor (ER and PR) positive breast cancers Antagonistic and agonistic actions on the estrogen receptor (ER) Adjuvant endocrine agent of choice for premenopausal, ER/PR positive patients
24 Her-2/Neu Positive Breast Cancers Over expression of Her-2/neu protein or amplification of Her-2 gene occurs in 15 to 25% of breast cancers More aggressive tumor biology Herceptin (Trastuzumab) therapy established as beneficial in metastatic disease Monoclonal antibody against anticellular domain of HER2
25 Breast Cancer Most frequently diagnosed cancer in women ACS reports 182,460 new cases of invasive breast cancer, and 67,770 cases of in-situ breast cancer in in 7 will develop breast cancer in their lifetime Second most common cause of cancer death in women
26 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Age Family history of breast cancer Inheritance of a genetic mutation Radiation to the chest History of atypical ductal hyperplasia on a breast biopsy Long menstrual history Nulliparous (never having children) Use of oral contraception/hormonal therapy after menopause
27 Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer Abnormality of mammogram Palpable, painless mass Skin thickening Skin dimpling Skin redness, ulceration, scaling Nipple ulceration, scaling Spontaneous bloody nipple discharge
28 General Features of Hereditary Cancer Cancer diagnosed at a young age (<50) Uncommon/unusual cancers (e.g. ovarian, male breast) Multiple primary cancers in the same individual Combination of certain cancers in a family (e.g. breast and ovarian, colon and uterine, melanoma and pancreatic)
29 Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer 15-20% BRCA1 (52%) Other genes BRCA2 (16%) (32%) Sporadic Hereditary Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:676-89
30 A BRCA Mutation Increases Breast and Ovarian Cancer Risks 100 Up to 87% General Population BRCA Mutation Risk of Cancer (%) % Up to 50% 7% <2% Up to 44% Breast cancer by age 50 Breast cancer by age 70 Ovarian cancer by age 70
31 A BRCA Mutation Increases Risk of Second Cancer 60 General Population BRCA Mutation Up to 64% Risk of Cancer (%) * * no statistic available * no statistic available 16% Ovarian Cancer ~5% Up to 27% Breast Cancer after 5 yrs Up to 11% Breast Cancer by age 70
32 Prevalence of BRCA Mutations Family History Patient s History No breast cancer <50 or ovarian cancer Breast cancer <50, no ovarian cancer Ovarian cancer in one relative, no breast cancer <50 No breast or ovarian cancer 2.8% 4.5% 5.6% Breast cancer <50 9.8% 15.8% 16.9% Ovarian cancer, no breast cancer 14.8% 23.1% 26.1%
33 Prevalence of Mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish Individuals Family History Patient s History No breast cancer <50 or ovarian cancer Breast cancer <50, no ovarian cancer Ovarian cancer in one relative, no breast cancer <50 No breast or ovarian cancer 6.9% 13.7% 15.6% Breast cancer < % 24.2% 38.8% Ovarian cancer, no breast cancer 22.2% 37.0% 42.0%
34 Red Flags for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Breast cancer before age 50 Ovarian cancer at any age Male breast cancer at any age Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry Every woman with simultaneous breast cancers Every woman who develops a second breast cancer Every first degree relative in a family where a positive test has been found Science 2003;302:
35 Surveillance for Breast Cancer Procedure Age to begin Frequency Breast self-exam 18 yrs Monthly Clinical breast exam 25 yrs Twice a year Mammography 25 yrs Yearly MRI 25 yrs Yearly Cancer 2004;100: NEJM 2004;351:427-37
36 Prophylactic Mastectomy Greater than 95% breast cancer risk reduction in BRCA carriers NEJM 2001;345: JNCI 2001;93: JCO 2004;22: BJC 93(3):287-92
37 Surveillance for Ovarian Cancer CA-125 Pelvic exams Transvaginal ultrasound Additional screening techniques under investigation due to limited efficacy of current options J Clin Oncol Mar 10; 23(8):
38 Prophylactic Oophorectomy Recommend bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) at age 35 or after childbearing is complete ~98% ovarian cancer risk reduction in BRCA carriers Can reduce breast cancer risk by up to 68% for both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers JAMA. 2006;296: Clin Oncol Mar 10;23(8): NEJM 2002;346:
39 Surgical Options for the Breast Mastectomy Radical Mastectomy Modified Radical Mastectomy Total Mastectomy Breast Conservation Therapy (BCT) Quadrantectomy Segmental Mastectomy
40 Halstedian Theory 1890 s Breast cancer spreads in step-wise fashion: primary tumor regional lymphatics distant sites Radical resections advocated
41 Radical Mastectomy En bloc resection Breast Skin Nipple Areola Pectoralis muscle Axilla Full axillary lymph node dissection
42 Radical Mastectomy
43 Fisher s Theory 1960 s and 1970 s Argument: Systemic disease from inception Challenged necessity of radical procedures
44 Modified Radical Mastectomy En bloc resection: Breast Skin Nipple Areola Axilla Full axillary lymph node dissection Pectoralis muscle spared
45 Modified Radical Mastectomy
46 NSABP B to year follow-up published in 2002 Fisher B, Jeong JH, Anderson S, et al. Twenty-five Year Follow-up of a Randomized Trial Comparing Radical Mastectomy, Total Mastectomy, and Total Mastectomy Followed by Irradiation. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002; 347: Comparison of radical versus total mastectomy
47 NSABP B-04 Clinically node negative patients: Radical mastectomy Total mastectomy with axillary radiation Total mastectomy without radiation Clinically node positive patients: Radical mastectomy Total mastectomy with axillary radiation
48 NSABP B-04 Equivalency among all groups: Disease-free survival Distant-disease-free survival Over-all survival Variations in local and regional treatment- from radical to conservative- all involving removal of the breast, result in the same outcome.
49 Total Mastectomy En bloc resection Breast Skin Nipple Areola Axilla Sentinel node biopsy Axillary lymph node dissection if SLND positive
50 Total Mastectomy
51 Breast Conservation Therapy (BCT) Removal of cancer without sacrifice of remainder of breast negative surgical margins radiation therapy to breast Terminology: Quadrantectomy Lumpectomy Partial Mastectomy
52 Segmental Mastectomy
53 1976 to treatment arms: NSABP B-06 Total mastectomy and axillary node dissection Lumpectomy and axillary node dissection with/without breast irradiation 20 year follow-up published in 2002 Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year Followup of a Randomized Trial Comparing Total Mastectomy, Lumpectomy, and Lumpectomy Plus Irradiation for the Treatment of Invasive Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002; 347:
54 NSABP B-06 Mastectomy and lumpectomy equivalent: Disease-free survival Distant-disease-free survival Overall survival Breast irradiation required after lumpectomy
55 In-Breast Recurrence Breast conservation therapy Mastectomy Risk 10 to 15% 1 to 3%
56 BCT Contraindications Absolute: Multicentric disease Multifocal disease Prior breast irradiation Persistent positive margins after resection Patient choice History of collagen vascular disease Active SLE scleroderma Relative: History of other collagen vascular diseases Large tumor in a small breast Breast size Pregnancy
57 Post-Mastectomy Reconstruction Two main types of constructs: Expander, followed by implant Autologous tissue transfers: TRAM flap DIEP flap Latismus dorsi flap Gluteal flaps
58 Expander Reconstruction
59 Tissue Reconstruction
60 TRAM Flap Reconstruction
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