Soil Properties soil texture and classes heat capacity, conductivity and thermal diffusivity moisture conductivity
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1 Lecture 33 Lecture on Soil Physics, part 1 Soil Properties soil texture and classes heat capacity, conductivity and thermal diffusivity moisture conductivity porosity and diffusion i Theory, Heat Transfer Heat transfer, Fourier s equation Observations Temperature profiles Daily patterns, Phase lags and Amplitudes of soil temperature Seasonal Patterns Soil Heat Flux Daily patterns Seasonal Patterns
2 Ode to Soil Darkle, darkle, little grain, I wonder how you entertain A thousand creatures microscopic. Grains like you from pole to tropic Support land life upon this planet I marvel at you, crumb of granite! Dr. Francis Hole, Soil Scientist ( )
3 Soil Profile
4 Clay Soil Components < mm Crystal lattices, Si, Al, O, OH Silt 0.05 to mm Sand 2to005mm 0.05 Gravel >2mm
5 Soil Texture Triangle
6 Porosity, P,, is a function of the volumes of air, v a a,, water, v w and solid, v s va vw P v v v a w s It is also a function of the soil bulk density, b P b 1 s Mass of soil per unit volume b m v s t vs s v t
7 Soil Physical Properties Soil type Bulk density, kg m-3 Porosity, percent Peat Ideal soil Clay Silt Medium to coarse sand Uniform sand Fine to medium sand Gravel After Tyndall et al
8 Soil Moisture w m w vw w b m v s s s l Mass ratio, Mass of water to mass of solid
9 Volumetric water content v v w t b w w Note: We need to know the Bulk Density!!!
10 Fourier Soil Heat Budget Equation: Time rate of Change in Soil Temperature Is a function of the Flux Divergences of Soil Heat Flux, G s C s T G t z G k T z s, soil density C s, specific heat of soil k, thermal conductivity
11 Fourier Heat Transfer Eq C T ( k T ) s C s t z z 2 T T 2 t z Thermal Diffusivity k C s s
12 Soil Heat Capacity is a Weighted function of the Mineral Organic and Water components C C C C s s m m m o o o w w w Approximation of Campbell C s b
13 Soil Heat Capacity K -1 Cp, heat capa acity, J kg -1 K clay sand loam silt clay litter Soil Moisture content Which Material is the Best and Worst Store of Heat?
14 Soil Thermal Properties material Density (Mg m -3 ) Specific Heat (J g -1 Thermal K -1 ) conductivity (W m - 1 K -1 ) Soil minerals Granite Quartz Organic matter Water Ice air Campbell and Norman, 1998
15 Thermal Conductivity is a function of soil texture and moisture Thermal Conductivity ( W m -1 K -1 ) clay sand loam silt clay litter volumetric water content
16 Soil Temperature Profiles 0.0 ponderosa pine de epth (m) am 9 am 12 pm 430 pm Soil Temperature ( o C) Where do we place the Wine Cellar?
17 T ( z, t ) T A ( 0 ) exp( z / D ) sin( ( t t0 ) z / D ) Soil Temperat ture (C) Temperate Deciduous Forest D180, cm 4 cm 8 cm 16 cm 32 cm Time (hours) Damping Depth D 2 is angular frequency (radians per second) is period of fluctuation
18 Summer, Dry CA Grassland Day 204, 2001, Vaira Grassland 40 So oil Temperatur re 35 2 cm 4 cm 8 cm cm 32 cm Time (hours)
19 (C) Temperate Deciduous Forest D80, 1997, dormant 2 cm 4 cm 8 cm 16 cm 32 cm So oil Temperature Time (hours)
20 Less Ideal, Heterogeneous Site 45 young ponderosa pine Soil Temper rature 40 2 cm 4 cm 35 8 cm 16 cm cm Time
21 2 L NM z2 z1 ln( A / A 1 2 O QP 2
22 3.0 Amplitude Method 1 K -1 ) therma al diffusivity (W m Vaira grassland, 2002 Verhoef method 2 to 16 cm 2 L NM z2 z1 ln( A / A 1 2 O QP volumetric soil 10 cm (cm 3 cm -3 )
23 Annual Course in Soil Temperature 30 Air temperature, daily average Soil temperature, daily average Temperature Day
24 Mean Soil Temperature Scales with Mean Air Temperature FLUXNET Database 18 Tso oil: annual (C) b[0] b[1] r ² Tair:annual (C)
25 Wheat G modelled d (W m-2) Time (hours)
26 30 25 Deciduous Forest Soil Heat Flux D ensity, G (W m -2 ) Time (hours)
27 30 20 Temperate Deciduous Forest -2 ) Soil He at Flux Dens sity, G (W m Day
28 Summary Points Soils consist of a mixture of silt, sand and clay and organic matter. Together, these components affect the soil s s texture, water holding capacity and heat capacity and conductivity. Sand has the highest heat capacity and conductivity and litter/organic matter the lowest, when dry. Heat capacity and conductivity it of all soils increase in a non-linear manner with soil moisture. The amplitude of the temporal course of temperature (daily/annual) decreases and becomes more lagged (relative to air temperature) with soil depth. Soil heat flux averaged over the course of a day or year is close to zero There is a close correspondence between mean soil temperature and mean annual air temperature.
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