Efficiency, Dispersion and Straylight Performance Tests of Immersed Gratings for High Resolution Spectroscopy in the Near Infra-red
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1 Changing the economics of space Efficiency, Dispersion and Straylight Performance Tests of Immersed Gratings for High Resolution Spectroscopy in the Near Infra-red J. Fernandez-Saldivar 1, F. Culfaz 1, N. Angli 1 I. Bhatti 1, D. Lobb 1, B. Touzet 2, F. Desserouer 2 and B. Guldimann 3 1 SSTL, 2 Horiba Jobin Yvon SAS, 3 ESA ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 1
2 Outline Introduction: The need for Immersed Gratings Grating and Prism Requirements and Design Grating Immersion Prism Optical Contacting Test Setup Optical Mechanical Measurements Dispersion Wavefront Efficiency Bidirectional Scatter Distribution Function (BSDF) Conclusions ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 2
3 Need for Immersed Gratings Remote sensing the atmosphere O 2 A spectral band (NIR nm) is used to derive cloud top altitude, air mass and aerosols New immersed grating technology is needed particularly for use in imaging spectrometers (ESA s Sentinel 4 and Sentinel 5 missions) Spectral resolution required in the order of 0.1 nm Dispersions >0.30 /nm -1 and >70% efficiency are required Very low stray light is a must! ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 3
4 Immersed Grating An Immersed Grating is a grating operating in reflection that is illuminated and diffracted in a dielectric medium (with refractive index n > 1) then the spectral resolution is increased by a factor n compared to the spectral resolution of the grating in air / vacuum. IG designed and manufactured in Fused Silica substrate (n=1.45) Grating substrate is optical contacted (immersed) in a fused silica prism Angle of incidence in silica entrance medium of Optimised for Spectral range 750nm-775 nm (O2A Band) Spectral dispersion goal > 0.32 /nm in air. Prism Substrate Grating ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 4
5 Grating specifications The grating was etched on a large rectangular fused silica substrate 120 x 120 mm The grating specifications are: N= lines/mm h=450 nm c/d=0.6 Slope=85 Sampling point Measured Fitted values h c/d p ( ) Average Required ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 5
6 Immersed Grating Under Test Antireflection coating was applied on input face of the prism 3 Coats of black paint (Aeroglaze 306) applied on top face Face was angled to minimise ghost effects and stray light After this preparations optical contacting was achieved ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 6
7 Optical Contacting Optical contact time lapse ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 7
8 Optical Contacting and Grating Defects Optical contacting with visible contamination Grating with visible patterns Apparent gap in Corner ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 8
9 Test Setup Uses a Tunable laser ( nm) Provides a collimated square beam to sample 40mm x 40mm Area of the Immersed Grating Allows measurement of Dispersion Efficiency Stray Light Uses a super-polished reference mirror to 'calibrate' setup Allows Straylight to be measured to +/- 6 degrees from main diffracted spot Minimum angle to be measured ~0.1 degree (limited by diffraction of the square aperture defining the collimated beam) Angular resolution 0.05 degrees (limited by the spot size) ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 9
10 Performance Test Setup CCD Camera Optics Power Meter / ND Filters Input Prism Immersed Grating Stray light Plane / Crosshair Reference Mirror ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 10 Spherical Mirror
11 Opto-Mechanical Setup Output Plate Input Plate Spherical Mirror Mount Immersed Prism ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 11
12 Test Setup (continued) Setup during alignment View from top View from back View from front ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 12
13 Spot Diagrams Shapes and sizes at Straylight Plane (for scale: square is ~218 m across) Theoretical Spot Size 750nm 762.5nm 775nm Power [ADU] Measured Spot Size Spot size must be equal to 220 microns at the Stray Light Plane for an equivalent angular sampling of 0.05 degrees As the SLP is relayed onto the imaging optics a box of 10x10 pixels allow the 0.05 degree sampling ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 13
![5nm 775nm Power [ADU] Measured Spot Size Spot size must be equal to 220 microns at the Stray Light Plane](/docs-images/43/19740846/images/page_13.jpg "for an equivalent angular sampling of 0.")
14 Tuning Wavelength Changing the wavelength in the Tunable laser ( nm) changes the location of the spot on the image plane Refocusing of the spot at each wavelength is necessary At each position, the diffracted spot can be blocked using an adjustable cross-hair to allow stray-light measurements. Similar measurements are also taken with the reference mirror Crosshair positions blocking the spot at 775, and 750nm ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 14
15 Dispersion Dispersion is obtained by tuning the laser to produce small changes of wavelength(+/- 0.5 nm) around the wavelength under test. The change in spot location at the image plane is then calculated, this distance is then converted to the equivalent angle Dispersion in air [deg/nm] Wavelength Zemax measurement Dispersion in Air [deg/nm] Zemax Measur ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 15
![[deg/nm] Wavelength Zemax measurement 750 0.303 0.308 762.5 0.322 0.327 775 0.349 0.361 Dispersion in Air [deg/nm] 0.4 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.36 0.](/docs-images/43/19740846/images/page_15.jpg "35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.3 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.")
16 Wavefront Budget Contributor Input/output surface, 2 passes Surface/bulk error Wavefronterrort 750nm rms 0.5 fringe rms (633nm) 0.2 Bulk inhomogeneity, 20cm path 0.1 waves rms 0.1 Prism contact face Substrate differential flatness 0.25 fringe rms (633nm) fringe rms (633nm) 0.2 Grating phase errors 0.25 period rms 0.25 Total wavefront aberration, rms waves 0.45 Aberrations will be produced as a result of non-homogeneity A budget of 0.5λ was considered on the wavefront aberration generated by the Immersed Grating (excluding tilt and focus). The round trip path length through the prism is estimated at 200mm and 20mm for the substrate Fused Silica homogeneity of grade Schott H5 (Maximum Deviation of Refractive Index ± 5x10-7 ) on the Schott scale was used for the prism. Grade H3 (Max. Dev. of Refractive Index ±2x10-6 ) was used for the subtrate ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 16
17 Wavefront Measurements The configuration used for the IG wavefront measurement requires Littrow condition. The wavefront setup was calibrated using an optical flat prior to measurements with the Immersed Grating. Wavefront aberration was measured using a Fisba μ- Phase Interferometer fromtrioptics. A μlens Plano 100 lens objective was used. It allows a sample diameter of up to 101.6mm. Wavefront error achieved 0.17 waves RMS (@ 633nm) ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 17
18 Grating Efficiency Expected Efficiencies are >70% for the wavelength range 750nm-775nm The efficiency peak is expected at ~762.5 nm Grating design was chosen to avoid polarisation dependence so efficiency is approximately the same for TE and TM mode at central wavelength. Efficiency measurements on sample areas of the grating only, show efficiencies >70% are met. Initial results suggest a lower efficiency than predicted with efficiencies <70% for 750nm in both polarisations. Because of total internal reflection in input prism in the test setup, the polarisation dependency of the setup needs to be taken into account. ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 18
19 Efficiency ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 19
20 BSDF The Bidirectional Scatter Distribution Function, BSDF, is used to describe the scatter distribution for the immersed grating An ABg model is used to calculate the BSDF. A = 1.2x10-5 B = 1x10-8 g =1.75 These ABg values give a Total Integrated Scatter (TIS) of Equivalent to a mirror with a 0.7nm RMS surface roughness Equivalent to a lens surface with a 4.5nm RMS surface roughness The aim is to measure from 0.1º to 8.5º at 0.05º resolution BSDF= ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 20 A B+θ s g = P s /Ω s P i cosθ s P s is the scattered power P i is the incident power Ω s is the solid angle over which the scattered light is being measured θ s is the angle between the scatter direction and the surface normal. It should be noted that the dominant source of scatter for a lens is from subsurface scatter and not surface scatter
21 Stray Light Measurements Theoretical Stray Light Measured Stray Light Mirror Theoretical Diffraction Grating ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 21
22 Immersed Grating 1 ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 22
23 Reference Mirror ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 23
24 Testing of Immersed Grating BSDF from Mirror, Grating and Grating minus Mirror at 750nm wavelength using 10 pixel centre width and 20 pixel edge width crosshair mask. ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 24
25 Testing of Immersed Grating-Errors 1.E+03 BSDF of the Immersed grating and super polished mirror with error lines log(bsdf) (1/sr) 1.E+02 1.E+01 1.E+00 1.E-01 1.E-02 Angle (deg) IG2 IG2 Error Mirror Mirror Error Model 1nm surface roughness 5nm surface roughness 1.E-03 1.E-04 1.E ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 25
26 Stray Light Features Ring-like shaped features were identified on the stray light of the immersed Grating which are not observed in the measurements with the reference mirror. These features were probably caused by stray light during the holographic process of creating the grating. Measured Straylight Mirror Grating ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 26
27 Stray Light Patterns Ring pattern with camera and cross hair moved through the focus of the spot at 750nm wavelength ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 27
28 Conclusion An Immersed Grating has been designed with O 2 A spectral band in mind The optical setup to test the IG allows the measurement of an 80mm beam diameter to derive Immersed Grating performance Wavefront (0.14 waves Spectral Dispersion (~ 0.32 degree / nm) Efficiency (>70 % grating only) BSDF (From with angular res. of 0.05 Measurements have confirmed some of the theoretical performance of the immersed grating Efficiency measurements are currently under analysis Interesting features have been identified in BSDF measurements. This requires further analysis. ICSO 2012, 9-12 October, Ajaccio, Corsica, France 28
29 Changing the economics of space Thank You ICSO 2012, Surrey 9-12 Satellite October, Technology Ajaccio, Ltd. Corsica, France 29 Tycho House, 20 Stephenson Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU27YE, United Kingdom Tel: +44(0) Fax:+44(0) Web:
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