Introduction to Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) (Micro)structural aspects of martensitic transformations (MT) Thermodynamic issues of MT Self-accomodation
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1 Introduction to Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) (Micro)structural aspects of martensitic transformations (MT) Thermodynamic issues of MT Self-accomodation modes Detwinning One-way shape memory effect Superelasticity Two-way shape memory effect Superelasticity Pseudoelasticity Nitinol alloys Applications
2 (Micro)structural aspects Thermally induced martensitic transformation BAIN STRAIN SMAs
3 (Micro)structural aspects SMAs
4 (Micro)structural aspects austenite martensite SMAs
5 (Micro)structural aspects AUSTENITE: Cubic (B2) high simmetry MARTENSITE: Monoclinic (B19) low simmetry SMAs
6 (Micro)structural aspects SMAs
7 Thermodynamic issues M s M f M s A s A f
8 Thermodynamic issues M f M s A s A f Main features of the MT: First order Athermic Non diffusive Reversible
9 Thermodynamic issues
10 Thermodynamic issues
11 Thermodynamic issues
12 Thermodynamic issues
13 Thermodynamic issues s M s s s A s M s
14 Thermodynamic issues
15 Thermodynamic issues
16 Thermodynamic issues
17 Thermodynamic issues % di fase austenitica riscaldamento raffreddamento Temperatura
18 Thermodynamic issues % di fase trasformata Temperatura ( C) % di fase martensitica % di fase austenitica
19 Thermodynamic issues
20 Self accommodation modes
21 Self accommodation modes INVARIANT SHEAR STRAIN: Mechanisms for accommodating shape and/or volume changes SLIP
22 Self accommodation modes INVARIANT SHEAR STRAIN: Mechanisms for accommodating shape and/or volume changes TWINNING
23 Self accommodation modes
24 Self accommodation modes TWINNING: Thermally reversible strain! Some features of twins: Low energy High mobility No break of chemical bonds
25 Self accommodation modes SEVERAL VARIANTS... i.e., ORIENTATIONS
26 Self accommodation modes
27 Self accommodation modes
28 Self accommodation modes About thermal hysteresis: a comparison between transformation nature THERMOELASTIC (Au-Cd) Fully MARTENSITIC, i.e., no THERMOELASTIC (Fe-Ni) Au-Cd: A->M - nucleation/growth M->A - inversion Fe-Ni: A->M & M->A nucleation/growth
29 Self accommodation modes Result of self accommodation: the shape is preserved.
30 Detwinning DETWINNING
31 Detwinning MACRO & MICROSCOPIC ASPECTS of DETWINNING
32 Detwinning
33 Detwinning T<M f
34 Detwinning T<M f
35 Detwinning Tension Compression Tension Compression
36 Detwinning
37 Detwinning Compression 4% Tension 4%
38 One-way shape memory effect 1) 3) 2) 1) austenite->martensite (thermally induced) 2) deformation of martensite 3) martensite->austenite (thermally induced) SHAPE RECOVERY!
39 One-way shape memory effect
40 One-way shape memory effect Requirements for shape recovery: Twinning as accommodation mode of Martensite; Very small or nil volume changes involved in the A<->M transformation (<<1%).
41 One-way shape memory effect FIRST CICLE A M M A SECOND CICLE A M Shape change occurs just once: One Way Shape Memory Effect (OWSME) Leghe a memoria di forma
42 One-way shape memory effect
43 Superelasticity Mechanically induced martensitic tranformation OWSME
44 Superelasticity
45 Superelasticity T>A f
46 Superelasticity
47 Superelasticity SUPERELASTICY: elevated strains (8%)... Fully recoverable (reversible)
48 Superelasticity dσ dt = ΔH M >A ΔV def T t
49 Superelasticity
50 Superelasticity
51 Superelasticity Superelastic range Sistema Isteresi Ms Range NiTi C -60/60 C NiTiCu 5-10 C 30 C/50 C AgCd 15 C -80 C CuZnAl 10 C -20/50 C CuAlNi 35 C 80/130 C NiTiNb C -20/-50 C Leghe a memoria di forma
52 Superelasticity
53 Superelasticity One-way shape memory effect
54 Superelasticity One-way shape memory effect
55 Superelasticity - Pseudoelasticity T<M f T>A f T M d T>M d
56 Superelasticity - Pseudoelasticity T<M f T>M d
57 Superelasticity - Pseudoelasticity
58 Superelasticity - Pseudoelasticity
59 Superelasticity - Pseudoelasticity 1.2% T<M f 4% 6% 0% Leghe a memoria di forma
60 Two-way shape memory effect: phenomenology One-Way SME A M M A Two-Way SME A M A...
61 Two-way shape memory effect: training High strain of martensite One-way shape memory cycles Superelastic (mechanical) cycles
62 Two-way shape memory effect: training Two Way Shape Memory Effect (TWSME) A M A...
63 Two-way shape memory effect: training
64 Two-way shape memory effect: decay of the effect Allungamento % Num ero cicli termici Sforzo (MPa) Allungamento % Allungamento % Num ero cicli termici
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