Water Resource Engineering Modeling Applications Overview
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1 Water Resource Engineering Modeling Applications Overview Sean L. Smith, P.E. Chief, Water Resources Engineering Branch Jacksonville District January 26-27, 2012 Climate Resilient Infrastructure Workshop Kingstown, St. Vincent and the Grenadines US ARMY CORPS US ARMY OF CORPS ENGINEERS OF ENGINEERS JACKSONVILLE Jacksonville DISTRICT District
2 Getting The Water Right Quantity Quality Q: How do we know if we can get the water right? Timing Distribution A: Models!
3 Why Use Models? Integration of data (visualization and use) More complete understanding of study area and sensitive parameters Guide future data collection Simulate specified scenarios (design/ prediction) Hydrologic/hydraulic stresses (rainfall, GW pumping, etc) Effects of land use changes etc. Project alternative comparisons Presentation of outputs and associated evaluations
4 Why Use Models? Provides best estimate of represented system given data limitations Model results are only as reliable as the accuracy and completeness of the field data, i.e. the ability of the data to represent the hydrologic and hydraulic system being modeled Simply stated the outputs (results) are only as good as the worst piece of input (data)!!!!!!!!!!!!
5 The Rainfall Runoff Process
6 Orographic Effects on Rainfall Topography of foothills/ mountains causing air mass to rise, drop in temperature, exceed dew point, and precipitate. Orographic effects are observed on many Caribbean Islands with prevailing moist, easterly winds and central mountain ridges. Maximum rainfall tends to occur on windward (north and east) side and near peak of mountains. Rainfall is lower on the landward (south and west) side of the mountains due to rainshadow effect.
7 Orographic Effects on Puerto Rico Rainfall Majority of Puerto Rico s rainfall is orographic in nature Cordillera Central mountains run east-west over island. Due to pronounced orographic effect of these mountains, rainfall is distributed rather unevenly over the island. Annual rainfall ranges from in northern coastal plains, in northeast tropical rainforest, to less than 39 in the southwest.
8 HEC-HMS
9 GeoHMS Hydrologic Parameters Define modeling methods Parameterize model using GIS data Develop a distributed model
10 GeoHMS Create HEC-HMS Input Input files generated by HEC- GeoHMS include the basin model file, which contains the physical description of the study area and parameter data estimated using GIS datasets, and background maps.
11 Streamflow Hydrograph
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14 HEC-RAS
15 Digital Terrain Model HEC-GeoRAS can utilize both a TIN or GRID representation of the ground surface for data extraction and inundation mapping
16 Floodplain Mapping Floodplain boundary follows edge of grid cells Smooth Floodplain Delineation option Important along linear features
17 HEC-ResSim Reservoir System Simulation Geo-referenced System Schematic Reservoirs Routing Reaches Control Points Rules represent the goals and constraints on reservoir releases Flood Control Constraints Conservation Goals Hydropower & Pump-back Storage Tandem & Parallel System Operation Credit Storage
18 The Watershed Analysis Tool (HEC-WAT) Hydrology Flood Damage Reservoir Hydraulics
19 A Differing Perspective Surface water models typically focus on short-term storm events with very simplified representation of groundwater and between storm conditions. Groundwater models typically view surface water processes as a boundary condition. The continuous (i.e. during and between storm events) simulation of the land-based phase of the hydrologic cycle is required for more complete understanding of hydrologic processes.
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21 The U.S. Geological Survey Finite- Difference Modular Flow Model (MODFLOW) Most widely used/validated groundwater flow model. Public Domain Cell-Centered, 3D, finite difference model Steady state or transient saturated flow Various packages can be added to simulate specific applications (i.e. simple streamflow, reservoirs, recharge from precipitation etc.)
22 USGS MODFLOW t h S W z h K z y h K y x h K x s zz yy xx = # $ % & ' ( # + $ % & ' ( # + $ % & ' ( I J K
23 Interactive Surface Water-Groundwater System 2-D O/L Reservoir Well Recharge Estuary 3-D GW 1-D Canal
24 Coupling Approaches Loose Coupling - each model is run independently and information is exchanged following completion of model runs. Tight Coupling models are run independently, information is exchanged within the model runs; such as during each time step, or the larger of the time steps in the 2 models. (e.g., MIKESHE) Fully Integrated All flow equations are solved simultaneously. (e.g., WASH123D) Lots of hybrid approaches
25 What is MODBRANCH? MODBRANCH is a hydrologic model that results from coupling the USGS Groundwater model MODFLOW and the USGS Stream/ River model BRANCH Simulates hydrology and water management of sub-regions Highly refined and variable grid spacing Simulates 3D groundwater and canal flow Used for short term simulations (~1year) Developed by USGS and USACE- Jacksonville Uses SFWMM2x2 results for boundary conditions Scale, x10,000 feet
26 Conceptual model development Initial Plans Processes to be included Hydrologic Hydraulic Control structures Hydrostratigraphic Hydro-geologic Operations
27 MODHMS Concept Fully Integrated Hydrologic and Water Quality Numerical Modeling System developed by HydroGeologics, Inc. MODFLOW-Based Surface water hydrology & water quality Density dependent flow & transport Unsaturated zone flow & transport Rigorous Coupling and Mathematical Formulation and Efficient Numerical Solutions Schemes
28 RAS-HMS-MODFLOW Coupling of HEC-RAS with MODFLOW began by USACE-HEC in mid 2000 s Pilot Application to Highly Urbanized C-4 Basin in Miami-Dade County Now Incorporating HEC- HMS Rainfall/Runoff Module Hydraulic Canal Routing/ Control Structures/ Operating Rules Ideal for Flood Event Simulations Beta Version in CY 2012 Anticipated wide use by USACE and public (Heimlich, FAU, 2009)
29 RAS-MODFLOW Both HEC-RAS and MODFLOW are considered to be the standards of the profession. The coupling of these two models, in conjunction with a practical, user-friendly interface, will provide a much-needed, state-of-the-art, non-proprietary tool. Field Applications where changes in channel stage have direct impacts on groundwater where stresses (such as groundwater pumping) affect flow in adjacent stream and channels where hydraulic design influences adjacent groundwater backwater effects low-flow simulations.
30 MIKE SHE - Integrated Modelling MIKE SHE is an integrated but physically distributed hydrological model developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) Encompasses all major components of hydrologic cycle: overland flow, unsaturated flow, recharge, groundwater flow, etc. Can be run in an interactive/ integrated fashion with DHI s channel network MIKE 11 model
31 Tidal Caloosahatchee Real Cross Sections and Weir Elevations Interbasin Transfer Interbasin Transfer Gate Openings
32 WASH123D: Overview Developed by George Yeh (University of Central Florida) and his colleagues A Finite Element Model for Flow and Transport Represents Variably Saturated Variable-Density Water Flow (i.e., can address saltwater intrusion) Simulates Sediment and Reactive Chemical Transport Represents Watershed System as a Combination of 1D River/ Stream network, 2D Overland, and 3D subsurface sub-domains
33 TABS Numerical Models RMA 2 A 2-D depth-averaged hydrodynamic model originally developed by the USACE in 1973SED2D SED2D A 2-D numerical model for depth-averaged transport of cohesive or non-cohesive sediments RMA 4 A 1-D/2-D numerical model for depth-averaged transport of one to six constituents TABS-MDS (RMA 10) A 3-D hydrodynamic numerical model - includes flow, constituent transport and sediment transport
34 Curvilinear-grid Hydrodynamic model in 3-D (CH3D) A 3-D finite difference model developed jointly by USACE Engineering Research and Development Center and Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research Can simulate hydrodynamics, salinity, sediment, eutrophication (DO, N, P, phytoplankton, and zooplankton), etc. Model can be used to investigate sedimentation, dredging, and channel evolution
35 An Array of Applications US ARMY CORPS US ARMY OF CORPS ENGINEERS OF ENGINEERS JACKSONVILLE Jacksonville DISTRICT District
36 Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) Surface Water Storage Reservoirs 180,000 acres Orlando Aquifer Storage & Recovery 330 wells Kissimmee River Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) 36,000 acres Reuse Wastewater 2 Regional plants Seepage Management Removing Barriers to Sheetflow 240 miles Operational Changes (USACE, 2010) Caloosahatchee River Ft. Myers Lake Okeechobee Big Cypress National Preserve Florida Bay WCAs Everglades National Park St. Lucie River West Palm Beach Fort Lauderdale Miami
37 Global Climate Change Quartet (SFWMD, 2011)
38 Variation in South FL Rainfall THUNDERSTORMS HURRICANES DROUGHT (Heimlich, FAU, 2009)
39 Sea Level Rise USACE 2009 Method Low SLR Rate Based on Historic Key West rate, 9.3 inches by 2100 Modified NRC I and III Curves consider IPCC Adopted as unified SE Florida projection Subject to 2012 revision (IPCC) (SFWMD, 2011)
40 SLR Impacts Ocean Avenue, A1A Direct Impacts (storm surge) Flood Protection (urban flooding) Water Supply (saltwater intrusion) Natural System (coastal ecosystems) (SFWMD, 2011) (FAU, 2008)
41 SLR IMPACTS DIRECT IMPACTS INUNDATION OF BARRIER ISLANDS AND COASTAL INFRASTRUCTURE COASTAL FLOODING & ECOSYSTEM CHANGES BEACH EROSION (FAU, 2008) (SAHA, FIU, 2011)
42 SLR Impacts FLOOD PROTECTION reduced discharge from coastal structures (Heimlich, FAU, 2009) (SFWMD, 2011)
43 Southern Louisiana Lake Borgne Houma 43
44 Modeling Methodology PBL TC96 Wind Field Wind Stresses Surge Model Wave Models Coupling Unified Grid Surge model: ADCIRC Offcoast Waves: WAM Nearshore Waves: STWAVE 44
45 Hurricane Storm Parameters & Storm Tracks Storm Number Central Pressure mb Radius of Max Winds nm Forward Velocity, kts Storms produced approximately 100-yr water levels in southeastern Louisiana (LACPR & FEMA studies) 45
46 Maximum Surge Envelope Base Storm 17 Cp = 900 mb, Rmax = 14.9 nm, Vf = 11 kts SLR0.5 SLR1.0 46
47 Lower St. Johns River Basin Jacksonville Harbor Deepening Project BARTRAM ISLAND BLOUNT ISLAND BUCK ISLAND MILE POINT MAYPORT NAVAL STATION MILL COVE US US ARMY CORPS OF OF ENGINEERS Jacksonville District
48 Navigation Concerns IWW Perpendicular Ebb Current St. Johns River Ebb Current Insufficient Channel Depths and Widths Difficult Currents Not Enough Turning Basins BARTRAM ISLAND BLOUNT ISLAND BUCK ISLAND MILE POINT MAYPORT NAVAL STATION MILL COVE US US ARMY CORPS OF OF ENGINEERS Jacksonville District
49 Environmental Considerations Evaluate Potential Project Impacts Threatened/Endangered Species Wetlands Wildlife Resources Water Quality Upstream Salinity Impacts - Potential Water - Withdrawals - Salt Marshes Expansion of Off-Shore Disposal Areas - Mile Point Widener - Trout River Cut Widener BARTRAM ISLAND BLOUNT ISLAND BUCK ISLAND MILE POINT MAYPORT NAVAL STATION MILL COVE US US ARMY CORPS OF OF ENGINEERS Jacksonville District
50 Field Measurements and Modeling PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Water Velocities Levels and Flows Salinity Channel Shoaling Ship Wakes Coastal Shoreline Impacts Bathymetric Survey MEASUREMENTS Water Level Salinity and Gages Suspended Sediment Sensors Acoustic Doppler Velocity and Flow Meters Measurement Plan Wave Gages Modeling Design Impacts Field Measurements Hydro- Forcing Ship Sim Design Salinity Shoaling Coastal Modeling
51 Modeling Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) Models Coastal water levels and velocities Adaptive Hydraulics Modeling (ADH) 2-d and 3-d currents (velocities and flows) for the 20 mile project area Modeling Design Impacts Field Measurements Hydro- Forcing Ship Sim Design Salinity Shoaling Coastal Modeling
52 Local Model Applications - Regional ADCIRC Boundary Conditions Tidal and Meteorologic o Channel Design o Salinity o Coastal Modeling Design Impacts Field Measurements Hydro- Forcing Ship Sim Design Salinity Shoaling Coastal Modeling
53 Time Series Validated (in terms of elevations and velocities at two stations) Fernandina Beach ODMDS ADCP Jacksonville ODMDS ADCP Jacksonville ODMDS Elevations Modeling Design Impacts Field Measurements Hydro- Forcing Ship Sim Design Salinity Shoaling Coastal Modeling
54 Channel Design ADH Ship Simulator Existing Condition Validates Alternative Refines Modeling Design Impacts Field Measurements Hydro- Forcing Ship Sim Design Salinity Shoaling Coastal Modeling US US ARMY CORPS OF OF ENGINEERS Jacksonville District
55 Project Impacts Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) In coordination with SJRWMD; salinity levels along the Lower St. Johns River Adaptive Hydraulics Modeling (ADH) Sediment transport and shoaling along the Federal channel Coastal Modeling System Sediment budgets and sediment transport for coastal shoreline 10 miles south and north of the project area Modeling Design Impacts Field Measurements Hydro- Forcing Ship Sim Design Salinity Shoaling Coastal Modeling
56 Comparison of Model and Obs Salinities Dry and Wet Calibration Period Dry Season Dames Point (Surface) Observation SJRWMD JAX Harbor Model Calibration Wet Season Dames Point (Surface) Observation SJRWMD JAX Harbor Model Calibration Salinity (ppt) Time (days) Salinity (ppt) Time (days) Dames Point (Bottom) Observation SJRWMD JAX Harbor Model Calibration Dames Point (Bottom) Observation SJRWMD JAX Harbor Model Calibration Salinity (ppt) Time (days) Salinity(ppt) Time (days) Acosta Bridge (Surface) Acosta Bridge (Surface) 20 Observation SJRWMD JAX Harbor Model Calibration 8 Observation SJRWMD JAX Harbor Model Calibration 15 6 Salinity (ppt) 10 5 Salinity (ppt) Time (days) Time (days) Modeling Design Impacts Field Measurements Hydro- Forcing Ship Sim Design Salinity Shoaling Coastal Modeling US US ARMY CORPS OF OF ENGINEERS Jacksonville District
57 PROJECT OVERVIEWS Coastal Work Caribbean
58 Aguadilla Breakwater, PR Designed and constructed by SAJ
59 El Morro Breakwater & Revetment Designed and Constructed by SAJ
60 Protective Revetment along Veteran s Drive, Charlotte Amalie, U.S.V.I. Designed by SAJ, Construction underway by Local Government
61 Ft San Geronimo, PR Riprap protection designed by SAJ; to be constructed by SAJ this FY.
62 Post-Hurricane Inspection of Dolosse Revetment along main airport runway, St Thomas, U.S.V.I., by SAJ personnel
63 PROJECT OVERVIEWS Coastal Work Florida
64 Before After Dade County Beach Erosion Control Project (Miami Beach, FL)
65 Miami Beach Reef Ball Breakwater Project Test lift of one breakwater module
66 Reef Balls in place in Caribbean, being used as an artificial reef structure
67 Tarpon Springs, FL Existing Conditions
68 Tarpon Springs, FL Proposed Revetment Design
69 Final Thought A model is a tool to aid in our application of evolving science and founded engineering fundamentals. Any individual can generate a data set sufficient to run a model. Yet, understanding model strengths/limitations and the adequacy or appropriate range of sensitivities within modeling parameters is where the engineer plays the biggest role. Data is the driver in all modeling codes and modeling code applications. The biggest key point to understand is a model is only as good as its worst piece of data and must be properly applied.
70 Sean L. Smith, P.E. Chief, Water Resources Engineering Branch USACE, Jacksonville District 701 San Marco Blvd. Jacksonville, Florida (904) (904)
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