Toward a framework for an ambition index and online calculator
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1 Toward a framework for an ambition index and online calculator Sivan Kartha Stockholm Environment Institute 2nd Working Group Meeting, Globally-networked Carbon Markets Paris, Wednesday 12 February 2014
2 Caveats: Toward : Merely preliminary! a framework for : Not intended to generate one set of definitive numbers. Key choices and parameters are user-specified. an : Could certainly be others, though this one aims to be quite flexible and encompassing. ambition index : A.k.a. equity reference framework, cost-sharing method, fair shares approach, etc. and online calculator : A data-driven, quantitative exercise, but rests on fundamentally normative, value- laden choices.. 2
3 Two broad approaches to fair shares : Resource-sharing: share the available carbon budget in accordance with specified equity principles Effort-sharing: share the required effort (tons of reductions, cost) in accordance with specified equity principles. 3
4 Underlying principles Key design principles Effectiveness consistent with a specified environmental objective Efficiency consistent with minimizing cost, (i.e., equal marginal cost of GHG reductions). Parsimony simple but defensible (Einstein s dictum) Key equity principles Capability Responsibility 4
5 Principles, Article 3.1, UNFCCC, 1992 The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
6 Principle 7, Rio Declaration, 1992 In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technologies and financial resources they command.
7 Allow a progressive definition of capacity: e.g., exemption up to a specified income level Traditional poverty line? $1/day? $2/day? ( destitution line and extreme poverty line of World Bank, UNDP, etc.) LDC threshold? Empirical analysis? $16/day? ( global poverty line, after Pritchett (World Bank (2006)) For indicative calculations, consider development threshold 25% above global poverty line about $20/day ($7,500/yr; PPP-adjusted) 7
8 Income, exemption and capacity: distributions within countries Data: IMF, UNU-WIDER, Pritchett (World Bank/Harvard Kennedy School) 8
9 National responsibility and capacity index Population % GDP per capita ($US PPP) Capacity % Responsibility % RCI (obligations) % EU , EU , EU , Norway , United States , China , India , South Africa , LDCs , Annex I , Non-Annex I , High Income , Middle Income , Low Income , World 100% 9, % 100 % 100 % 9
10 National responsibility and capacity index Population (% of global) GDP per capita ($US PPP) Capacity (% of global) Responsibility (% of global) RCI (% of global) RCI (% of global) EU , RCI (% of global) - EU , EU , Switzerland , United states , Japan , Russia , China , India , South Africa , Mexico , LDCs , Annex I , Non-Annex I , High Income , Middle Income , Low Income , World 100% 9, % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %
11 Allocating global mitigation obligations among countries according to RCI 11
12 Allocating global mitigation obligations among countries according to RCI 12
13 Example: United States 13
14 Example: United States 14
15 Example: United States 15
16 Example: United States 16
17 Online calculator: initial choices 20
18 Online calculator: overview (195 countries) 21
19 Online calculator: select global mitigation level 22
20 Online calculator: select year 23
21 Online calculator: select country (e.g., United States) 24
22 Online calculator: select country (e.g., United States) 25
23 Online calculator: select country (e.g., United States) 26
24 Online calculator: country details (e.g., United States) 27
25 28
26 final comments 1. An ambition index is not impossible. Very active discussions among some Parties, and within civil society. 2. An online tool is not impossible. The key tradeoff is between comprehensiveness and comprehensibility. 3. That said, such an index and tool necessarily involves normative and value-laden judgments. So, this is not a way to the bypass the normative discussion, but to structure it, make assumptions more transparent, and demonstrate the implications. 29
27 some questions 1. Through what process is such an index developed? Who convenes it? Who participates? 2. Is an ambition index applied to suppliers only, or also applied to buyers? 3. Is a widely shared common framework on ambition possible? If not, what are the alternatives? 30
28 Thank you Online tool: Please note: This is a beta (preliminary) version, released for comment. Changes can be expected, and results should not yet be cited. Please direct inquiries and provide feedback to: [email protected] 31
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