Guidelines to Renewable Energies. People s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Energy and Mining. New and Renewable Energies Departement

Transcription

1

2

3 People s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Energy and Mining Guidelines to Renewable Energies Edition 2007 New and Renewable Energies Departement Design : BAOSEM Sarl Phone/Fax. :

4 Within the framework of national energy policy, the misssion assigned to the energy sector is to provide the whole population throughout the nation with energy under the best conditions, in terms of quality and continuity of service. Meeting these needs is contingent on optimizing the cost of making energy available, so as to safeguard national resources. Owing to the wide availability of hydrocarbons and their low supply cost compared with renewable energies, Algeria's needs are met almost exclusively by oil and natural gas. This does not exclude an interest in renewable energies, which is generated by the following advantages : They are widespread in nature. They may therefore be used wherever they are. Their importance, especially of solar energy, in which Algeria is the top source in the Mediterranean basin. Their non-polluting nature. Because of these advantages and the constraints that characterise them, namely cost, the role assigned to renewable energies, within the framework of national energy policy, is to meet energy demand in isolated areas far from the power and natural gas networks. It is within this framework that several programs have been carried out both at the level of energy sector (solar electrification of 18 villages in the deep south, telemetry etc ) and in other sectors of the national economy (road signing, water pumping, etc ) The technological prospects of a cost reduction in the long term, the changes in world energy situation marked by a continuous price increase of oil which is expected to continue, and lastly the obligation to preserve the environment have imposed on Algeria a review of its strategy of renewable energy development towards a stronger commitment of the authorities to their promotion and development. The pieces of legislation adopted over recent years (law on energy conservation, law on the promotion of renewable energy within a framework of sustainable development, law on electricity with its accompanying decree on the costs of diversification) reveal the will of the state to make

5 these energies, the energies of the future for the country, by encouraging a greater contribution to the national energy mix. The will of the authorities to promote renewable energies in the energy sector was also highlighted by the launch of a second electrification program utilising solar energy in 16 villages throughout the country's provinces. This second phase is complementary to the first electrification program covering 18 solar villages, and carried out in 1995 and Moreover, a company capable of becoming the core of a truly national industry in the field of renewable energies has been in place since 2002 through a joint venture between Sonatrach, Sonelgaz and a private industrial group (SIM). It is within this framework of promoting and developing renewable energies that the second edition of the Guidelines to Renewable Energies is conceived and prepared. First published in 2002, these guidelines are ideally suited to presenting both the technological background and the institutional framework of renewable energies in Algeria. Further, this second edition of the Guidelines to Renewable Energies affords a greater knowledge of the players operating in Algeria and details the achievements and ambitions of our country in this field. The idea of publishing a second edition came as a result of the evolution of the context of renewable energies in Algeria and the great enthusiasm with which the various players welcomed the first edition. I hope that users in their various fields (researchers, investors, administrators etc ) will appreciate the information made available to them in this work. Dr Chakib KHELIL Minister of Energy and Mines

6

7 Branches of Renewable Energies

8

9 The different Branches of Renewable Energies Solar energy Passive use - (bio air-conditioning) Photovoltaic Rural electrification Thermal Solar water-heaters, distillation, steam production Geothermics Biomass Wind energy Wood energy biogas biofuels High temp. 150 C to 320 C (power production) Low temp. 50 C to 90 C (urban heating, greenhouses, balneotherapy ) Medium temp. 90 C to 150 C (urban heating and hot water for hygiene) Windmills over 2m/s (mechanical pumping) Aerogenerators over 6m/s. 9

10 SOLAR 1. Thermal solar energy a) Thermal solar collector Heat is recovered thanks to a heat carrier fluid (water + antifreeze or air) which warms up while circulating in an absorber placed under a glass pane. This lets the solar light penetrate and minimises losses thanks to infrared radiation of the absorber, using the greenhouse effect. Moreover, the glass pane limits heat exchange with the atmosphere. Solar collectors will be more efficient to the extent the coating of the absorber has a high absorption coefficient and a low emission coefficient. Those materials that present such characteristics are called «selective». Performance of the collector is also improved by isolating the rear side of the module. b) Solar water heaters A solar water heater is made up of three main elements : Glass thermal collectors that receive the sun's rays, A storage tank for sanitary water, A regulator set. 10

11 The glycolated water that is warmed by the solar collector, transfers its heat to the sanitary water of the warming drum thanks to an exchanger. The water in the warming drum is transferred to an auxiliary drum where an annex system (heater, electrical resistance) heats the water to the desired temperature. The collectors are placed outdoors and are capable of collecting heat from the sun's rays in order to heat the water. C) Thermal solar plants With a thermal solar plant, the sun's energy can be used on an industrial scale for power production. In this way solar radiation is converted into heat. With cylindrical parabolic solar-tower concentrators, by concentrating the sun's light a temperature level is reached that enables the use of turbines connected to the plant. The concentrating collector systems may reach working temperatures of around 1000 C and are indispensible because the plate or vacuumtube collectors cannot reach the necessary level of temperature without a high concentration. The final transformation of calorific energy into electrical energy follows the same process as is used in steam or gas turbine plants. The «drum» is installed inside the house. It serves for storing the water heated by the collectors. These two elements are linked by a hydraulic circuit. 2. Photovoltaic solar energy The sun's light can be directly transformed into power by photovoltaic panels without rotating parts or any noise. The power so produced can either be stored in batteries, or converted by an inverter to be supplied according to the standards of the network. Owing to its flexibility and easy installation and maintenance, photovoltaic energy is undoubtedly an economical and technical solution 11

12 suited to remote places. It also has a societal advantage because by bringing power to those very areas, it contributes to limiting the phenomenon of rural depopulation. Such systems are very well adapted to light power demand, where the public network is inaccessible due to high connection costs. Moreover, they encompass a wide range of applications : from telecommunications, signalling on land (roads), at sea (lighthouses and beacons) and in the air, pumping, rural electrification, and urban utilities (parking meters, bus shelters ) and finally consumer appliances (watches, calculators ) In the home, be it for autonomous installations or facilities connected to the network, a global approach to managing energy is first needed (changing refrigerators with a low efficiency, replacing halogens and incandescent bulbs with of low energy lamps, equipping standby devices with long extension cables with integrated switches, and above all jettisoning electrical heaters ). Electrical grid usage should be reserved for more noble applications such as lighting, information technology, television, hi-fi, electric engines 12

13 Solar Potential The biggest potential in Algeria is solar. It is the greatest in the entire Mediterranean basin : TWh/year times Algeria's power consumption. 60 times the consumption of Europe's 15 members (estimated at Two/year) Average energy received in kwh/m_/year : Coastal areas Highlands Sahara

14 WIND ENERGY A propeller driven by the wind enables the production of mechanical or electrical energy wherever there is enough wind. The applications of wind energy are many, but the most important one is providing power. This is done by means of clusters of aerogenerators or wind farms. They utilise machinery of medium and high power. (200 to kw). Autonomous systems from 500W to multiples of ten kw are viable for electrifying remote sites, which cannot be connected to the power network (islands, villages). 14

15 1. Producing mechanical energy from the wind Mechanical windmills often serve for pumping water. A propeller drives a piston which raises water from underground. Such a technique is well adapted to meeting the water needs of isolated villages (agriculture, food, hygiene). 2. Power production by aerogenerators The figure below presents the main elements of the machinery. The power of the wind captured on the propeller blades drives the rotor coupled to the generator, which converts mechanical energy into power. This is then supplied according to the standards of the network via a transformer. 15

16 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy works by extracting the energy contained in the soil and using it as a heating device for electrical power. Wherever one starts, the earth's temperature increases as one travels from the surface towards the core. Depending on situation, the increase of temperature with depth may be higher or lower and it changes by an average of 3 C per 100m to 15 C, or even 30 C. This heat is mainly produced by the natural radioactivity of the rocks that constitute the earth's crust. It also comes in small measure from thermal exchanges with the inner zones of the earth where temperatures range from C to C. However, it is only possible to extract this heat where the rock formations in the sub soil are porous or permeable and contain aquiferous layers (underground water tables with water or steam.) There are four levels of geothermal energy : high, medium, low and very low energy. 1. High and medium energy geothermals The geothermic values of high energy (>180 C) and medium energy (temperatures from 100 C to 180 C) can harness geothermal resources as electrical power. 2. Low energy geothermals The geothermic value of low energy (temperatures ranging from 30 C to 100 C) is used for a wide range of purposes : urban heating, greenhouse heating, and use of heat in industrial and balneotherapy processes Compared to other renewable energies, geothermal energy has the advantage that it does not depend on atmospheric conditions (sun, rain, wind), nor on the availability of raw materials, as would be the case for biomass. It is therefore a reliable energy and remains stable over time. However, it is not a totally inexhaustible energy in the sense that the calorific yield of a well diminishes with time. Though geothermal energy facilities are technologically advanced, and the energy they produce is free, their costs remain in some cases very high. 16

17 3. Very low energy geothermal : heat pumps The principle of heat pumps (HP) that use the heat contained in the soil to feed a heated floor was discovered twenty years ago and has undergone significant technical developments that enable it to compete with «traditional» heating. However, a non-negligible part of the energy produced by an HP is of electrical origin. The Hip's operating principle begins with underground collectors Installation of heat pump made up of a network of tubes in which a heat carrier fluid circulates : this is a refrigerant fluid of an HCFC type derived from Freon or glycolated water. In order to release this heat into the heating floor of a house, there are several solutions. The most common consists of using a «transfer module» composed of a compressor, and one or two exchangers. The recommended collecting surface ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 times the surface of the house to be heated. An HP can be reversible and enables the floor to become cool in summertime. For 1 kwh of power consumed, a heat pump produces on average 2 to 4 kwh. An HP is therefore a more efficient form of electrical heating. The two main advantages of this type of heating stem from the mode of heat dispersal through a low-temperature heating floor, and the proportion of free energy used (both are advantages in direct solar floors too.) On the other hand, problems of premature freezing may appear on some types of soil where collectors are buried in shallow ground. Likewise we may notice drying-up in the summer when the cooling function is used. Moreover, the cooling fluids are harmful to the ozone layer (and some of them are prohibited). 17

18 SMALL HYDRAULIC PLANTS (SHP) Small hydraulic plants exist throughout the world, but making an inventory of them seems to be difficult. Worldwide installed capacity is estimated at MW. In the case of «high fall», water from a spring or a brook is collected by an improvised water intake. It is then piped to a turbine located downstream. The water flow makes the turbine turn and drives a power generator. The power generated may either be used directly or stored in accumulators. Finally the water is released back into the river. In the case of «low fall», a pipe is not used. The water is diverted into a canal on which an SHP is set up. Source ADEME 18

19 BIOMASS Through photosynthesis, plants use the sun's energy to collect carbon dioxide and store it in the form of carbohydrates while at the same time ensuring their growth. Indeed early mankind, though they knew nothing of this physical and chemical process soon understood the advantages of «biomass» for heating. Used to describe any living matter, the term 'biomass' has very recently begun to be applied to all vegetables used as source of energy. Firewood is of course the oldest of such sources. Today, can be added so-called «humid biomass», such as agricultural organic wastes, green wastes, residual mud from purification processes, domestic wastes which constitute a lower-level source of energy. However these may not be very ecological. 19

20 1. Wood Wood is undoubtedly the most viable source in the field of renewable energies. Today, everyone is aware of the damage resulting from the deforestation of the tropics. Wood is therefore a source of renewable and relatively clean energy. Without straying into more technical discussions, it is worth underlining that burning a tree (or decaying it as soil) releases into the atmosphere the quantity of carbon dioxide it absorbed in growing up, no more and no less. Therefore in a country practising forestry and where the number of trees planted is the same as those cut down, the ecological balance works out at zero. 2. Biofuel The other advantage of biomass is the possibility of manufacturing biofuels. These are of two types : ethanols and biodiesels. Ethanols are destined for gasoline engines, and obtained from various plants such as wheat, corn, beet and sugar cane. The process consists in extracting sugar from the plant to obtain ethanol after fermentation. As for biodiesels, these are extracted from oilseed (colza, sunflower, soja etc ). The esters of oil so obtained can be mixed with gasoil. As a rule these biofuels are mixed with classic fuels, such as gasoline and gasoil. They therefore yield a small reduction in carbon monoxyde wastes, which are the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect. However, biofuels carry one huge disadvantage : they divert agricultural land from the production of food crops. 20

21 3. Biogas Biogas is a mixture composed mainly of methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Depending on its origin, it contains various proportions of water, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), oxygen, aromatic substances, organo-halogenated (chloride and fluorine) and heavy metals, these last three chemical families being present as traces. Biogas is the product of anaerobic fermentation of animal or vegetable organic matter which takes place in three phases (hydrolysis, cacogenic and methanogenic) under the action of some bacteria. It occurs spontaneously in town waste-disposal centres, but can be induced in a space called a «digester» where both solid or liquid organic wastes and bacteria culture are introduced. This technique of voluntary methanation can apply to : Gross domestic wastes or to their fermenting part, Mud residues of purifying stations in urban industrial waste water, Industrial organic wastes (leather, hides, chemicals, parachemicals ), Agricultural and breeding wastes (dung, manure, stable litter). The uses of biogas are : simple heat, simple electricity, co-generation, automobile fuel, injection into a natural gas network. 21

22 HYDROGEN Hydrogen could be the energy vector of the future. This is because, on the one hand the reserves of fossil fuels are not eternal, and on the other hand we know that the hydrogen engine is much more respectful of the environment than the thermal engine since it by-passes both carbon dioxide emission and the greenhouse effect. The heart of the hydrogen engine is a fuel cell operating on the model of a power plant with an intake of hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen being drawn directly from the outside air. During its chemical contact with oxygen, hydrogen produces water. This process releases energy in the form of power that drives the engine. The principle of the fuel cell has been known since 1839, when the British engineer William Robert Grove built the first model in a laboratory. In 1953, the works of the Briton F.T. Bacon led to the first prototype that enabled the construction of the hydrogen cells of the Apollo space programme. The hydrogen cell is now at an advanced phase of development, thus making a reality of the old dream of a «clean» and lasting energy. 22

23 RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE WORLD

24

25 SOME FIGURES Globally, the share of renewable energies in power generation still remains low. 20% of the power generated in the world is of renewable origin. The majority still comes from fossil fuels such as oil or coal (62.7%) and nuclear energy (17.1%). These figures hide the disparities between the different sources of renewable energy. Hydroelectric power alone generates 92.5% of the power coming from renewable energies. Use of biomass generates 5.5% of the world's «green» current, geothermal energy 1.5%, wind energy 0.5% and solar techniques represent only 0.05%. The figures however vary widely from one country to another. In fact, everything depends on the availability of renewable energy deposits. Thus, 99.2% of power in Norway (an oil-producing country) is generated by dams. However the Netherlands, a country very sensitive to environmental issues, uses very little renewable energy to generate its power : less than 5%. 25

26 WHAT ADVANTAGES? These two last decades, renewable energies have mainly been used to supply remote areas (mountains or deserts) or in countries where power generation from renewable energy is subsidized. Now, the factor encouraging the use of clean energies is different, since the main issue is protecting the climate. According to the Kyoto Protocol, the most industrialised countries must reduce (by no later than 2012) their greenhouse gas emissions (GGE) by 5% compared to their emissions in The problem is that at the same time consumption will rise. In order to produce more rapidly and to pollute less, it is therefore imperative to resort massively to renewable energies, these being the only ones (with nuclear power) to release no GGE. Many rich countries are developing vast clean-energy programmes mainly consisting of windmills. Between 1997 (the year when the Kyoto protocol was signed) and 2000, Spain for instance quadrupled its wind power generation. France's windmill plan will enable it to save each year the emission of 2 to 5 million tons of carbon (the gas mainly responsible for the greenhouse effect) i.e. 12.5% to 31.2% of the French commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But the struggle against climate change is not the only factor that makes for development of renewable energies. Locked in by unfavourable geography, many regions of the world are not served by electrical networks. It is estimated in total that two billion people on earth have no access to electricity. However, most of these people live in developing countries where the financial resources do not permit the construction of mighty and costly power plants (which may cost millions of dollars) or the indispensable transport and distribution network of power. To such a centralised (and costly) vision of power transport and distribution, renewable energies offer a partial solution, mostly by enabling communities to generate power locally. Installed on houses or in the vicinity of villages, windmills or photovoltaic cells supply power directly to their users without it being necessary to set up large and costly networks. 26

27 PROSPECTS The coming years hold much promise for clean energies. The struggle against climate change, the decentralised development and generation of power and technical progress should give an enormous boost to these new technologies. Many experts consider however that even though the share of renewable energies might increase in the coming years, it will remain generally low, for two reasons. Firstly, resources of fossil fuel are still huge : 40 years of proven oil reserves, 62 years for gas, 400 years for coal. Secondly renewable energies will probably still remain more costly than classic energies as long as the price of the latter does not take into account their environmental costs. 27

28

29 NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

30

31 NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES National policy for the promotion and development of renewable energies is governed by laws and regulations. The main texts governing the renewable energies are : The law on energy conservation, The law on the promotion of renewable energy within a framework of sustainable development, The law on power and public distribution of gas with its accompanying decree on costs of diversification. This policy relies on a whole network of organisations and business companies each one dealing with the development of renewable energies. Three organisations within the sector of higher education and scientific research have been active since 1998 : Centre for the development of renewable energies. (CDER), Unit for the development of solar equipment. (UDES), Unit for the development of silicium technology (UDIS). Within the energy sector, the activity relating to the promotion of renewable energies is handled by the Ministry of Energy and Mines and the Agency for the promotion of the rationalisation of the use of energy (APRUE) set up in 1987 and which has a department dedicated to this activity. Moreover, the centre for Research and Development of power and gas (CREDEG), a subsidiary of Sonelgaz Group, deals with the construction and maintenance of solar facilities constructed within the framework of the national programme of rural electrification. Turning to the agricultural sector, there is a High Commission for Development of the Steppe (HCDS) which carries out ambitious programmes in the field of water pumping and electrification by solar energy for the benefit of the steppe regions. Regarding economic operators, several companies are already very active in renewable energies. There are dozens of private operators that work with renewable energies. In order to constitute a core where all the efforts of research will be focussed, and to have an efficient instrument to implement 31

32 national policy on renewable energies, the Ministry of Energy and Mines has set up in a joint venture between Sonatrach, Sonelgaz and the SIM Group, a company called NEAL (New Energy Algeria) and was created in Its task is the development of RE in Algeria on an industrial scale. The global objective requires a committed involvement of the various players (both industrial and economic) that will encourage the expansion of renewable energy resources. The objective of developing renewable energies in Algeria is to reach by 2015 a 6% share of these energies (including cogeneration) in the national power mix. Introduction of renewable energies will result in : A greater exploitation of available potential, A bigger contribution to the reduction of CO 2, A reduction of the share of fossil fuels in the national energy balance sheet, A development of national industry, Job creation. Such an introduction of renewable energies calls for large investments of several billion dinars for the period The costs associated are partly to be borne by the consumers and partly by the state. 32

33 Legislative framework

34

35 Some texts have been adopted to frame the field of renewable energies, essentially : The law n of July 28th 1999 on energy control. The law n of February 5th 2002 relating to power and public distribution of gas by pipeline. The law n of August 2004 relating to the promotion of renewable energy within a framework of sustainable development. LAW RELATING TO ENERGY CONTROL (LAW N OF JULY 28TH 1999 OFFICIAL GAZETTE N 51) This law adopted in 1999 frames national policy in the field of controlling energy and defines the means of achieving it. To this end, the promotion of renewable energies is registered as one of the instruments for controlling energy by savings it may achieve in conventional energies. Article 33 of this law stipulates that tax advantages in terms of customs duties may be granted for projects promoting renewable energies. Within the framework of this law, a national fund for control of energy (FNME) has been created. It finances projects for conserving energy. Actions dealing with renewable energies are to be financed within this framework under the National Plan of control of energy (PNME) These are operations dealing with the residential and tertiary sectors. Regarding tertiary industries, the plan is to install 400 solar water heaters for the production of. For the residential sector, the plan involves 20 programmes for installing solar equipment for hot water for hygiene and for heating. The entire programme would save 6 GW/H for an investment of 90 million dinars. 35

36 LAW RELATING TO POWER AND PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION OF GAS BY PIPELINE (LAW N OF FEBRUARY 5TH 2002 O.G N 8) The law on power and public distribution of gas that liberalizes this sector makes provisions for promoting power generation from renewable energies and their integration into this network. Within this framework, the decree on costs of diversification has been recently promulgated. It provides for granting preferential rates for the power generated from renewable energies. The connection costs of related facilities will be borne by the company that exploits the transport and/or distribution network. The granted bonus may be up to 300% of the normal rate. The decree on the costs of diversification promulgated within the framework of this law provides that for power generated from facilities using thermal solar energy in a solar-gas hybrid system, bonuses will amount to 200% of the price of a kwh of power produced by the market operator, this price being defined in the same law, on condition that the minimum contribution of solar energy represents 25% of primary energies as a whole. Regarding contribution of solar energy below 25% the said bonus is granted under the following conditions : - For a solar contribution of 20 to 25% : the bonus is 180%, - For a solar contribution of 15 to 20% : the bonus is 160%, - For a solar contribution of 10 to 15% : the bonus is 140%, - For a solar contribution of 05 to 10% : the bonus is 100%, - For a solar contribution of 0 to 5% : the bonus is nil. LAW RELATIVE TO THE PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY WITHIN A FRAMEWORK OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (LAW N 04-9 OF AUGUST 14TH 2004, OG N 52) This law provides for a national programme for promoting renewable energies. It also provides initiatives for developing renewable energies and for setting up a monitoring body of renewable energies charged with promoting and developing renewable energies. 36

37 NATIONAL POTENTIAL IN RENEWABLE ENERGIES

38

39 SOLAR POTENTIAL Owing to its geographic situation, Algeria has one of the greatest solar deposits in the world. The duration of the sun exposure on almost all the nation's land exceeds hours yearly and reaches hours (highlands and Sahara). The energy received daily on a horizontal surface of 1m 2 is of 5 kwh on most of the nation. That is around kwh/m 2 /year in the north and kwh/m 2 /year in the southern part of the country. Solar potential in Algeria Regions Coastal regions Highlands Sahara Area (%) Average duration of sun exposure (hours/year) Average energy received (Kwh/m 2 /year)

40 Daily global irradiance received on horizontal plane in July Daily global irradiance received on horizontal plane in December Daily global irradiance received on normal plane in December Daily global irradiance received on normal plane in July 40

41 WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL The resources in wind energy in Algeria vary widely from one place to another. This is mainly due to a very diversified topography and climate. In fact, our vast country is divided in two large distinct geographical zones. The northern Mediterranean area is distinguished by a coastline of 1.200km and mountainous terrain represented by the two chains, the Tellian Atlas and the Saharan Atlas. Between these are plains and highlands with a continental climate. The South is characterised by a Saharan climate. The map below shows that the South is marked by higher wind velocities than the North ; this is particularly true in the South-West where velocities are more than 4m/s and exceed 6m/s in the Adrar region. Regarding the North, it appears that the average velocity is not very high. However, we notice microclimates in the coastal areas of Oran, Béjaïa and Annaba, on the highlands of Tiaret and Kheiter, as well as in the region bounded by Béjaïa in the North and Biskra in the South. Medium speed plot at 10 m of the ground CDER Source 41

42 GEOTHERMIC POTENTIAL The Jurassic limestone of North Africa which represent important geothermic reservoirs are at the origin of more than 200 hot springs mainly located in the North-East and the North-West regions of the country. Such springs have temperatures often over 40 C, the hottest being that of Hammam Meskhoutine (96 C). Deeper in the South, the continental rock formation constitutes a great geothermal reservoir extending over several thousand km 2. This reservoir commonly called the «albian table» is exploited through drilling, at more than 4 m 3 /s. This water table has an average temperature of 57 C. If we combine the exploitation flow of the albian table with the total flow from the hot springs we obtain in terms of power more than 700 mw. CDER Source These natural outflows which are generally leakages from existing reservoirs have a flow of more than 2 m 3 /s of hot water. This represents only a very small part of the production possibilities of the reservoirs. 42

43 Possibilities for using the hot water of the albian aquiferous Temperature of the water ( C) Possible uses 70 Refrigeration (lower limit) 60 Breeding of aquatic animals 50 Mushroom culture, greenhouse heating by aerial pipe 40 Urban heating lower limit 30 Fermentation, greenhouse Heating by radiant mulching 20 Fish breeding 43

44 Characteristics of some hot springs in the North of Algeria Spring Place Chemical Dry residue Emerg Flow facies mg\l temp ( C) l/s H. Chellala Ex. Meskhoutine Guelma Ms H. Guerfa Sedrata Sc H. Beni salah Guelma Sb H. El mina Bouchgouf Cs H. Tassa Guelma Bs H. Oulèd Ali Guelma Sc H. Salhine Guelma Sm H. Sillal Béjaia Cs H. Sidi yahia Akbou Cs H. Kiria Sidi Aich Bc H. Mesrane Djelfa Cs H. Charef (Salihine) Djelfa Cc H. Essalihine Khenchela Cs H. Sidi trad Bou Hadjar Bs H. Boutaleb Sétif Cs H. El Biban Cs H. Soukhna El Eulma Cs H. Ibainan Cs H. Sidi Mansour Ain-Oulmane Sm H. Ouled Yelles Sétif Ss H. Beni Guechat Ferdjioua Cs H. Ouled Achour Ferdjioua Cs H. Kséna Ain Bessam Cs H. Régha Méliana Sc H. Sidi El Hadj Batna Ss

45 Characteristics of some hot springs in the North of Algeria (continued) H. Guerjima Batna Cs H. Ben Haroun Constantine Cs H. Bou Hallouf Constantine sulphate H. Delaa M'sila Ss H. El Djenia Relizane Cs H. Sidi Bou Abdellah Relizane Cs H. Rabi Saida Cs H. Sidi Aissa Saida Ss H. Benchaa Tlemcen Cs H. Boughrara Tlemcen bicarbonate H. Sidi Ayad Ain timouchent Cs H. Bouhadjar A.Timouchent Cs H. Bouhanifia Mascara bicarbonate H. AinHammama Mascara bicarbonate H. Ain Ouarka Naâma Cs H. Sidi Slimane Tissemsilt Cs H. Serguine Tiaret chlorinated H. Guergour Bejaia Cs H. Ben Hachani Guelma Sc H. Zatout Bou Hadjar bicarbonate H. Safia Bou Hadjar Sc H. Oued Hammamine Annaba Sc Ms : Magnesium sulphate Sc : Sodium chloride Bs : Sodium Bicarbonate Cs : Calcium Sulphate Cb : Calcium bicarbonate Cc : Calcic chloride S : Sulfate Ss : Sodium Sulphate B : Bicarbonate C : Chlorinated 45

46 Preliminary geothermal Atlas of the North of Algeria Temperature map of the hot springs C.D.E.R/ Laboratory of the energy potential 46

47 BIOMASS POTENTIAL Forest potential Algeria is divided into two parts : The wooded areas which extend about hectares or a little more than 10% of the total area of the country. The Saharan areas covering almost 90% of the territory. In the North of Algeria, which represents 10% of the area of the country or hectares, forests cover hectares and the forest formation deteriorated to scrub, hectares. Maritime pine and eucalyptus are particularly good plants for energy use : now they cover only 5% of the Algerian forest. Livestock population in Algeria Animal Quantity (number) Sheep Cattle Goats Camels Horses Mules Donkeys Animal waste matter The harnessing of organic wastes, mainly animal wastes, for biogas production could be considered as an economic solution : it is decentralized and ecological since it delivers energy autonomy, and allows sustainable development of rural areas. 47

48 HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL Farm of the production The share of hydraulic capacity in power production is 5% or 286mW. Such low capacity is due to the insufficient number of hydraulic sites and to the non-exploitation of existing hydraulic sites. Plant Installed power (MW) Draguina 71,5 Ighil emda 24 Mansoria 100 Erraguene 16 Souk el djemaa 8,085 Tizi meden 4,458 Ighzenchebel 2,712 Ghrib 7,000 Gouriet 6,425 Bouhanifia 5,700 Oued fodda 15,600 Beni behdel 3,500 Tessala 4,228 Total

49 ASSESSMENT OF ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

50

51 POWER INSTALLED BY THE WILAYA Wilayas Instaled capacity (KWc) ALGER 47 ADRAR 235 BATNA 8 BECHAR 48 BISKRA 5 BLIDA 6 BORD BOU ARERIDJ 2 BOUIRA 3 CONSTANTINE 2 DJELFA 115 El-BAYADH 79 EL-OUED 31 GHARDAIA 33 ILLIZI 154 KHENCHLA 13 LAGHOUAT 93 MASCARA 1 MEDEA 5 M SILA 46 NAAMA 88 OUARGLA 61 OUM EL BOUAGHI 13 TAMANRASSET 579 TEBESSA 64 TIARET 90 TINDOUF 96 51

52 POWER INSTALLED BY THE WILAYA (CONTINUED) Wilayas Instaled capacity (KWc) TIPAZA 2 TIZI OUZOU 6 TLEMCEN 55 SAIDA 40 SETIF 5 SIDI BEL ABBES 39 SOUK AHRAS 6 AURES ACHIEVMENTS (NON SHARED) 288 TOTAL 2353 Bilance sheet of the achievement by wilaya 52

53 DISTRIBUTION OF THE INSTALLED CAPACITY BY APPLICATION Applications Installed capacity (KWc) Electrification 1353 Pumping 288 Public lighting 48 Telecommunication 498 Others 166 TOTAL

54 DISTRIBUTION OF THE INSTALLED CAPACITY BY RESOURCE Resource Installed capacity (KW) SOLAR 2280 WIND 73 TOTAL

55 PROJECTS COMPLETED

56

57 ELECTRIFICATION BY SOLAR ENERGY OF 18 ISOLATED VILLAGES IN THE DEEP SOUTH OF ALGERIA Important features of the 18 solar villages Wilaya Municipality Village Date of commis sionning Tindouf Gara djebilet Gara djebilet August -99 Oum el assel Hassi Mounir February 2000 Tindouf Daya el khadra October -99 Adrar Metarfa Hamou moussa March -00 Timimoun Tala March -00 Illizi Illizi Ifni May -00 Imehrou May -00 Oued samen June -00 Tamadjart October -99 Tihahiout June -00 Tamanrasset Tamanrasset Tahifet September -99 Tahernanet November -00 Ain delegh September -99 Idles Amgud October -00 Ain amguel Moulay lahcen August -98 Arak November -99 Tazrouk Ain blet September -00 Tin tarabine September

58 MINI PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT OF THE CENTRE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE RENEWABLE ENGINES (CDER) CONNECTED TO THE NATIONAL POWER NETWORK On June 21th 2004, the centre for development of renewable engines (CDER) commissioned the first Photovoltaic power plant with a capacity of 10 kw connected to the Sonelgaz network (internal distribution). This project was within the framework of Spanish-Algerian cooperation. The project completed in the central region allows production of 200 kw for a duration of 15 hours. The system consists of a PV generator and inverters that connect the generated direct current and inject it into the network (220 V). It is a photovoltaic system with generators made of 90 photovoltaic modules called I-106 coupled with three ingecon

59 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT OF THE CDER Lowest input voltage DC Maximum input voltage DC Maximum input current DC Nominal output capacity AC Maximum output capacity AC Nominal output voltage Harmonic distortion 125 V 450 V 16 A 2500 W 2700 W 220/230 Vac < 5% (THD) Cos(ø) 1 selection (0,9-1) ) Maximum efficiency 94 % Consumption in operation Night consumption 10 W 0 W Synoptic scheme of the mini power plant connected to CDER network 59

60 SOME SOLAR BATH HEATERS FACILITIES FOR SONELGAZ The Technical School in Blida Supply of hot water to the refectory of the school. The main elements : A collector field of a total area of 18.8 m 2 on a concave roof. A polar storage volume composed of two drums of 500 litres each, equipped with thermal exchangers enabling the transfer of the heat recovered in the collectors towards the hygienic use water. Gas boiler for the auxiliary. Differential thermostat. Solar cover rate of 63%. Annual solar contribution kwh/year. Facility in the Ben Aknoun Training Center Supply of hot water to the school's refectory. The main elements : A collector field of a total area of 4x4 m 2 on a horizontal terrace. A solar storage volume composed of four drums of 300 litres each equipped with thermal exchangers enabling the transfer of the heat recovered in the collectors towards hygienic water. Solar cover rate 64%. Annual solar contribution of 9000 kwh/year. 60

61 SUPPLY OF SOLAR ENERGY TO NAFTAL SERVICE STATION OF LA BRIDJA, STAOUELI The first service station functioning exclusively on solar energy was inaugurated on at a place called La Bridja in Staoueli (Algiers) by the Minister of Energy and Mines Mr Chakib Khelil, accompanied by the Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research Mr Rachid Harraoubia. The research and execution of this project were awarded to the university Department of Development of Polar System Equipements (UDES Bouzareah). The operation was completed in thirteen weeks and includes the perimeter lighting as well as the gasoline pump meters, using a photovoltaic system. The total installed capacity is of 6.6 kwc. 61

62 PROJECTS OF THE HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STEPPE The High Commission for the Development of the Steppe is an institution of administrative nature with a technical and scientific brief, created by decree N of December 12 th Its main task is the implementation of national policy in the field of integrated development of steppe and pastoral zones. Achievements of the HCDS in the renewable energies until the end of 2005 : - House solar kits : 3080 corresponding to a total capacity of 493 kwc, - Kheima (tent) solar kits : 250 corresponding to a total capacity of 40 kw, - Solar pumps : 83 corresponding to a total capacity of 83 kwc, - Windmills : 53 mobilizing 480 m 3 /day of water. 62

63 PROJECTS UNDERWAY

64

65 APRUE PROJECTS UNDERWAY In January 2007, began a project for «developing the market for the use of solar energy in Algeria for hygienic hot water» financed by the UNDP. This project will enable to upgrade the PNME program and it is planned to equip 5500 households with SWH and to install an area of m 2 in the industrial tertiary sector. 65

66 PROJECTS OF NEW ENERGY ALGERIA (NEAL) The project of solar gas hybrid power plant of 150 MW The project of solar gas hybrid power plant of 150 MW : 125 MW combined cycle and 25 MW in the solar field ; i.e. 5% minimum produced from solar energy. 1. Location Hassi R'mel, wilaya of Laghouat, 60 km from the wilaya of Ghardaia. 2. Technical description of the project The technology consists of giant parabolic mirrors placed over an area of m 2 with solar panels of 100 meters. The project will be sited next to the existing gas turbine power plant of Tilghemt (2 x 100 MW). Technical features of the project 1. First hybrid power plant project in Algeria. 2. Construction and management of the power plant on the basis of Builder Operator Owner (B.O.O.). 3. Power generating from a solar field (5%). 66

67 3. Uses of the power plant Water : Hassi R mel region recycles water in a treatment station that affords around to m 3 a day. Gas supply : sufficient gas supply for the project from the largest gas field in Algeria. Power : access to the national electrical power network and presence of a power plant (Tilghemt 2 x 100 MW). 7. Signing of the contact package of the project All the contracts relating to this project were signed on in presence of the minister of Energy and Mines. 4. Financial data Option chosen for the financing of the project : local investment cost of the project : million. 5. Selected bidder The chosen bidder is the Spanish company ABENER. 6. Structure of the company A company was created to manage the operation and maintenance of a joint venture between : ABNER 66%, NEAL 20% and a bank consortium (BEA-CPA and BNA) 14% of which the leader is BEA. SPP1 : $ 80 million. The construction time of the hybrid power plant is 33 months. 67

68 Project of a Diesel/Wind hybrid power plant of 10 MW in Tindouf Location : Tindouf. Reasons for choosing this site : - Highly windy area. - High growth of demand (the present capacities of power generation are outdated). - Good communication links to the location chosen for the plant. Estimates of the investment costs : around $16 million. Study of wind potential. Study of wind farm of Tindouf completed by the Research and Development centre of power and gas, (Sonelgaz subsidiary). Option chosen for financing the project : recourse to local financing. 68

69 PROJECT OF SOLAR ENERGY ELECTRIFICATION OF 16 VILLAGES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PROGRAM ( ) The electrification of 16 isolated villages with photovoltaic solar energy is planned. The table below gives some details of these villages. N Wilaya Municipality Center Households Network distance (KM) 1 Illizi Illizi Ikabren Tarat Illizi Djanet Arrikine Illizi Djanet Issendiline Illizi Bordj el Haoues Dider Tamanrasset Idles Abdnizi Tamanrasset Tazrouk Ait Ouklan Tamanrasset Abalessa In Azarou Tamanrasset Tamanrasset Tigannouine Tamanrasset Tamanrasset Idikel Tamanrasset Tamanrasset Tit Loukten Tamanrasset Tamanrasset Ilamane Tamanrasset Tamanrasset Tensou M'Sila Sidi Aissa Zbiret Ouledabdellah Laakala 14 El Oued Douar El Ma El Ghanemi El Oued Benguercha El Maklia Ghardaia El Menaa Hassi Ghanem Total

70

71 TASKS OF MAIN INSTITUTIONS & OPERATORS IN THE RENEWABLE ENERGY FIELD

72

73 AGENCY FOR PROMOTING AND RATIONALISING THE USE OF ENERGY (APRUE) It is the government's statutory instrument for hastening implementation of energy management policy. Its main role is coordinating and following-up the mechanism of energy management policies, and carrying out co-ordinated programmes within this framework with all the sectors (industry, building, transport, agriculture etc ). 73

74 NEW ENERGY ALGERIA (NEAL) NEAL's tasks are as follows : Promoting and developing new and renewable energies ; Identifying and carrying out projects related to new and renewable energies of mutual benefit for partners within and outside of Algeria ; Creating a 'research node' for solar energy to include existing training and / or research centres ; Share-holding, acquisition, management of shares, or share portfolios in the fields of generation, transport and distribution of new and/or renewable energies as well as their marketing both in Algeria and abroad. 74

75 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE OF POWER AND GAS (CREDEG) The tasks of the CREDEG are the following : Consulting and assisting in the industrial field, Accrediting electrical and gas appliances for the general public, Testing electrical and gas material and equipments, Meteorology, Certification, Introducing new techniques and technologies through study, trials and applied research, Developing and promoting the use of renewable energies, Managing, tracking and circulating technical and technological reference works (standards, technical, guides, bulletins etc ). 75

76 UNIT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR EQUIPMENT (UDES) The UDES is in the charge of developing solar equipment namely, executing technical and economic studies, engineering, as well as building prototypes, pre-set and pilot-productions concerning : Solar equipment with thermal effects for residential, industrial, and agricultural uses, Solar equipment with photovoltaic effects for residential, industrial and agricultural uses, Mechanical, thermal, electrical systems and mechanisms and other related to the development of solar equipment and to the use of solar energy. 76

77 THE CENTRE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES (CDER) The mission of the CDER is the following : The collecting, treating and analysing of data for a precise evaluation on solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass deposits, Creating research projects designed to develop the production and use of Renewable Energies, Improving the technical processes, mechanisms, material and measuring instruments necessary for exploiting and using Renewable Energies, Working on standards for site qualification, Working on manufacturing and usage standards of equipment in the field of Renewable Energies. 77

78 THE HIGH COMMISSION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STEPPE (HCDS) The High Commission for the Development of the Steppe's main mission is implementing the national policy of integrated development of steppe and pastoral zones. 78

79 LIST OF THE OPERATORS WORKING IN THE FIELD OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGIES

80

81 Public organisations MEM Ministry of Energy and Mines Address Tour A, Val d'hydra, BP 677 Alger Gare, Algiers, Algeria. Phone : (+213) Fax : (+213) info@mem-algeria.org Web site : APRUE National Agency for the Promotion and Rationalisation of Energy Use Address 02, rue du chenoua, bp 265, hydra 16035, Alger Phone : (+213) / / Fax : (+213) info@aprue.org.dz Web site : Main activities Coordination and follow up of the mechanisms for energy management. Field of interest Control of energy. HCDS High Commission for the Development of the Steppe depending on the ministry of agriculture Address BP 381, Djelfa, Phone : Fax : Main activities The High Commission for the Development of the steppe's main mission is implementing the national policy of integrated development of steppe and pastoral zones. Fields of interest - Improving the level of food security. - Rehabilitating the ecological balance. - Improving the living conditions of rural people. CDER Centre for the Development of Renewable Energies Address BP 62, Route de l'observatoire, Bouzaréah 16340, Alger Phone : / Fax : / Main activities - Research and Development. - Scientific research. - Equipment manufacturing. - Engineering studies and consulting. - Technical services. Fields of interest - Photovoltaic solar. - Thermal solar. - Biomass. - Hydraulic Energy. - Geothermal. - Energy and wind energy. 81

82 ONM National Office of Meteorology Address 1 Av. Khemisti BP 153 Dar El Beida, 16112, Alger Phone : Fax : webmaster@meteo.dz Main activities - Research & Development. - Administration. - Technical services. Fields of interest - Photovoltaic solar. - Thermal solar. - Wind energy. Public companies NEAL New Energy Algeria Address 10, Rue de Sahara Hydra, Alger Phone : Fax : Main activities - Engineering studies and consulting. - Promotion and Development of new and renewable energy. Fields of interest - Photovoltaic solar. - Thermal solar. - Hydraulic energy. - Wind energy. - Biomass. CREDEG Research and Development Centre of Power and Gas Address 38, colline des grands vents, El Achour, Algiers Phone : /83 Fax : /12 Main activities - Research & Development. - Engineering Study & Consulting. - Scientific research. Fields of interest - Photovoltaic solar. - Wind energy. - Thermal sola. - Geothermal energy. - Biomass. 82